Collective bargaining

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in collective bargaining, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your collective bargaining paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! I see collective bargaining, in its most basic form, as the process by which an organised group of employees, in the form of trade unions, negotiate with employers, their representatives or their associations in relation to any aspect of employment within the employers organisation. The reason that collective bargaining and trade unions are used is the reason cited in the first paragraph; Theres strength in numbers. The individual threat by a single employee to withhold labour is not very great. But when the majority of a workforce in an organisation threaten to strike, or threaten any other form of industrial action this threat becomes altogether more substantial. Collective bargaining gives redress to the imbalance of power between individual workers and employers (Gunnigle et al, 15). This is the main purpose that collective bargaining is used in industrial relations, and essentially gives collective bargaining a political purpose; the equalisation of power. Once this extra power is attained, collective bargaining is then used for primarily economic purposes. It is only in recent times that social issues have been included in the negotiations in collective bargaining. As this process tends to lead to equal pay for all workers doing the same work, there is as a consequence a social benefit; equality amongst the workforce. While this can have its downside, namely complacency among the employees as there is little incentive to do better in work, this disadvantage has been partly eroded in recent times with the advent of productivity deals, which I will discuss in more detail later in this essay.

Collective bargaining is also a political institution in that it regulates and defines the interaction between trade unions and management. In a social context, the consequences of this is a system for regulating industrial conflict. This can help ensure that any industrial conflict is kept within reasonable bounds, and that in most cases the more militant elements in trade unions are kept under control by virtue of the fact that the majority of the workforce see an alternative avenue of dealing with disputes. I believe that this consequence of collective bargaining contradicts the optimistic Marxist view that trade unions and collective bargaining are a school for socialism and a potential revolutionary force. It does confirm the pessimistic view that it ensures that trade unions will never be any more than trade unions, and that collective bargaining oils the wheels of capitalism. But thats not a bad thing at all, and is one of the great social benefits of collective bargaining. So how exactly does collective bargaining oil the wheels of capitalism?

Collective bargaining provides management with a method for dealing with employees in an equitable way. But not only equitable, but also seen to be equitable. If areas of common interest are maximised, and stressed in the collective bargaining process, this can reinforce a an acceptance of common interest by the workforce (Purcell, 17). The process of collective bargaining also legitimises trade unions within the company or employing organisation. Purcell also contends that this legitimacy can give trade union members a sense of belonging to the organisation (17). These three things; the sense of equality, common interest and belonging will make workers more content, minimise conflict and create a feeling of stability within the company. Collective bargaining, when agreements that come from it are for set time periods, can allow management to plan for the future based on those agreements and the knowledge that the unions are likely to cooperate. All of the above oil the wheels of a capitalist society. And as I both live in and believe in a largely capitalist society, this has to be a good social influence.

Collective bargaining also has its disadvantages as far as capitalism is concerned. In cases where radicals have managed to hijack the unions side of collective bargaining then unreasonable demands can lead to severe conflict. The same can be said of the employer side. Inflexible and uncompromising employers can cause severe disharmony, and possibly cause irreversible damage to the employee-employer relationship. But this will only occur in a minority of situations. The greatest disadvantages of collective bargaining in a capitalist society lie mainly in the financial arena. Collective bargaining in the form of wage rounds leads to both wage and grade drift. Wage drift leads to higher wage costs for employers and higher inflation within the economy, which in turn leads to higher interest rates and lower investment. Lower investment means that fewer jobs are created, unemployment rises, social welfare payments increase and possibly an increase in the national debt. Following these consequences there would be less money in the economy overall in real terms. Grade drift is a problem for employers which is linked to wage drift. Grade drift occurs where secure jobs are one of the trade unions aims in collective bargaining. As jobs become more automated with the advance of technology, employers are forced to keep staff to keep to previous agreements. As companies no longer need as many staff the workforce tends to get older, with rising wage costs and mainly static skill levels.

Cheap University Papers on collective bargaining

In Ireland over the last 5 years, the focus of collective bargaining has been widened to a nation-wide one from localised and industry level, with various degrees of success. This focus on the nation-wide picture has led to 7 national wage agreements, national understandings, and three other agreements or programmes; the Programme for National Recovery (PNR), The Programme for Economic and Social Progress and the Programme for Competitiveness and Work. It is my opinion that centralised collective bargaining has evolved in much the same manner as collective bargaining itself; focusing on purely economic issues, and then steadily including more social issues. While the national wage agreement secured certain pay increases, the real value of those wages dropped. It was during the era of the National Wage Agreements that inflation rose to 0%, days lost through strikes increased and unofficial strikes increased (Gunnigle et al, 15). Although this may seem that this type of collective bargaining had a bad social influence, it must be noted that the OPEC recessions of the 170s would have had been a contributing factor to all of the above.

In 187 the government, trade unions and the FUE negotiated the PNR. Other than the provisions for pay increases, social issues were taken into consideration The programme was to cover the period up to the end of 10 and entailed the following provisions -The creation of a fiscal, exchange and monetary climate conducive to economic growth. This included a commitment that the ration of debt to GNP should be reduced to between 5 and 7 percent; -movement towards greater equity and fairness in the tax system -measures to generate employment opportunities -Reduction of social inequalities (Gunnigle et al, 15; 11..1)

Overall the PNR proved to be a successful venture, although it was helped along by the boom period of the late 80s. There was substantial economic growth, a reduction in the debt to GNP ratio and a decline in strike levels (Gunnigle et al, 15).

The PESP contained similar, but widened social commitments to the PNR. While not as entirely successful as the PNR, the PESP had its positive social influences in the form of low interest rates and low inflation, in spite of the recession of the early 10s. Industrial peace also continued throughout this period.

The PCW, like the two programmes before it, focused on social issues in increasing strength. As this programme is still running, we can say little about its success or otherwise, other than to say that there is still relative industrial peace, sustained economic growth and low inflation and interest rates.

In the above discussions on the three programmes, I have only considered the more obvious social benefits, i.e.. those which the programmes set out to achieve. There are other social benefits which follow on from those discussed above. One of the most important of these is confidence in the Irish economy. With industrial harmony, low interest rates, low inflation and sustained growth comes confidence in the economy. One indicator of the fact that the programmes inspire confidence is this In 187, when the PNR was being negotiated, the Federated Union of Employers had to be coerced into the negotiations. Yet in 1, 5% of senior personnel managers were in favour of a further PESP style agreement. (Gunnigle et al, 15). The stability of the agreements has provided management with a situation where they can be reasonably sure of what is coming and can plan ahead based on that. The programmes have also allowed successive governments to plan ahead, something normally unheard of. Previously, governments had tended to plan for one fiscal year in the form of the budget, but now we have a situation where they are planning for three years with the programmes. The programmes have also provided a sense of continuity, as successive governments from all political parties have continued the programmes. This form of planning ahead has allowed significant progress in the areas of debt reduction, social welfare and taxation.

It is not only in an Irish context that collective bargaining has been seen as desiring an effect on social aspects of the economy. In the UK, where there has been little, if any centralised collective bargaining, Fox states [Collective bargaining] has often been seen as, though not by all pluralists, not only as levelling up employee power to an acceptable approximation of that of management, but also as reinforcing government social welfare and redistributive policies in gradually reducing class difference. (Fox, 185) But it would seem that the lack of any centralised bargaining has reduced this impact of collective bargaining; Collective bargaining has not substantially shifted the proportion of the national product going to wages and lower salaries, nor have welfare and other so-called redistributive policies had the equalising effects imputed on them (Fox, 185;) In Ireland, while there have been few dramatic changes with regard to social welfare, there have been significant cuts in the effective tax rate in favour of the lower paid. If we take the 14 budget as one example, the effective tax rate for a single person earning £10 per week was cut by % from 0.6% to 17.6%. For the higher paid, if we take the example of someone earning £600 per week, the effective tax rate was only cut by 1.5% (McCarthy and Tansey, 14). While this cannot be directly attributed to the success or otherwise of Collective bargaining, I maintain that the stabilising effect of the three agreements, along with the commitment therein would have had a distinct influence. This reduction in taxation will have a social influence to re integrate larger numbers of the unemployed back into the labour market, it is clearly desirable that the taxation burden on earned income be reduced (McCarthy and Tansey, 14;67)

Centralised collective bargaining didnt actually do away with localised collective bargaining. Instead it changed the focus of collective bargaining. Gunnigle and Flood contend that the focus changed from pay increases towards employment conditions, pay anomalies and productivity. (15). This is another of the good social influences of collective bargaining in Ireland. Now, rather than haggling over minimal wage increases, localised collective bargaining is instead working at improving working conditions, reducing grievances and increasing productivity. This change in focus has led collective bargaining away from the adversarial win-lose situation to a more cooperative model, with management and unions working together to achieve common goals.. While management have had to pay out more to improve working conditions and fund productivity deals, they have gained increases in productivity, worker flexibility and industrial harmony. In the negotiation of these win-win deals, one added bonus is the extension of trust. Where both parties to the negotiation stand to gain, communications between them tend to be more open than would occur in an adversarial situation. If agreements are made under good faith, both parties to the negotiation may feel a moral obligation to follow the agreement. This can cause dual loyalties in staff, that is loyalty to both the Union and the company. This can become a problem should the good relationship between management and unions break down. (Fox 185).

I must say that although I believe that collective bargainings origins lie mainly in an economic arena, had it been a social invention it would have been a good one. In an Irish context, where the prevailing ideology and public opinion has allowed collective bargaining to flourish, its social impact, while not as great as some would have hoped, has been for the better. When collective bargaining addresses a range of issues which are inter-related, and addresses the interactions between them, the benefits can be great. But when collective bargaining focuses on one issue, without regard for its effects on other issues that the effects can be disastrous, as seen in the case of the national wage agreements..

Collective bargaining is not however, and never will be, a revolutionary force. As Fox wrote in 185 Collective bargaining... emerges as a process through which employee collectives aspire, not to transform their work situation, but to bend it somewhat in their favour (Fox, 185;15) In conclusion then, while I believe that collective bargaining has many good social influences, it cannot hope to change society in any dramatic way.

Please note that this sample paper on collective bargaining is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on collective bargaining, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on collective bargaining will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Frankenstein

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Frankenstein

A Tale of Destructive Parenting

There are many issues prevalent in Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly's gothic tale Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus. These issues range anywhere from mythological to satanic to cultural to parental. When studying this novel, I couldn't help but link many of the issues faced by Victor Frankenstein and his creation to a lack of parental involvement in their lives, whether this is intentionally or unintentionally. Many obstacles these characters face came to be by their irresponsible actions, which can be linked back to the amount of attention, love and discipline bestowed on them by their parent(s).

In order for a child to grow up with good morals, a high self-esteem and a positive outlook on life, it takes a positive role model dedicating lots of time and energy into helping him or her overcome the many obstacles they will face. According to the book "The Rollercoaster Years" by Charlene C. Gianetti, there are seven basic needs that must constantly be met in order for a child to grow up happy and healthy. These are bodily needs; the need to feel safe and secure; the need for affection; the need for self-esteem; the need for knowledge and understanding; the need for beauty and harmony; and eventually the need to develop and pursue personal goals (5). The most important need is the need for guidance. This is the main need that was not provided for Victor Frankenstein and therefore caused his downfall.

Custom Essays on frankenstein Within the first few pages of the novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, Robert Walton is introduced to Victor while his ship is stranded in the great ice of the Arctic. Upon his meeting Victor, Walton stated the following of his appearance

"[…] His eyes have generally an expression of wildness, and even madness; but there are moments when, if any one performs an act of kindness towards him, or does him any the most trifling service, his whole countenance is lighted up, as it were, with a beam of benevolence and sweetness that I never saw equaled." (18)

One can only continue reading the novel wondering what could have caused this man to become what modern psychologists would call "mentally unstable." The truth of the circumstances of his downfall can be seen early on in the story.

During his youth, Victor's family was a constant in his life. His father relinquished many of his duties so he could concentrate more on being a good father. Very little is mentioned about his mother aside from the fact that he states "No youth could have passed more happily than mine. My parents were indulgent, and my companions amiable." Victor relied heavily on the relationships between both he and his parents and he and his friends. These people fulfilled all of his needs.

As Victor grew in maturity, his father slowly became lenient with his guidance. At one point, he noticed that Victor was reading the studies of Cornelius Agrippa which at that time and still today is considered preposterous. At this point, his father stated "my dear Victor, do not waste your time up with this; it is sad trash." This is the point where his father made a fatal mistake; he gave the book back to Victor instead of condemning it and taking it away. Even Victor realizes this mistake and acknowledges it when he states

"If, instead of this remark, my father had taken the pains to explain to me, that the principles of Agrippa had been entirely exploded, and that a modern system of science had been introduced . . . I should certainly have thrown Agrippa aside, and, with my imagination warmed as it was, should probably have applied myself to the more rational theory of chemistry which has resulted from modern discoveries." (4)

This circumstance can be compared to one of your child experimenting with marijuana. If you catch him or her with marijuana and they tell you they like it, would you simply tell him/her that it's bad and return it to them? Or would you take action to make sure it never happens again? Simple parental guidance could have made this young man a completely different person at the end of the novel, not a "mad man." Due to the lack of guidance, he continued his studies "undisturbed by reality" (Shelly 05).

A child's needs increase during adolescence. Outside forces, like illness or death of a loved one, also magnify their needs along the way (Gianetti 14). Early on in his life, Victor encountered an obstacle of great significance, one that succeeded in making him pursue his studies with even more intensity. This obstacle was the death of his mother. He was never asked to talk about his feelings after this tragedy and his father became more distant. Into his studies he bounded with the hope of finding what some call the "elixir of life". If he found a way to bring the dead back to life, he could maybe succeed in reincarnating his beloved mother. His studies were no longer out of want; they were out of need.

Eventually, Victor decided to go to college so he could learn more about the sciences. There he had access to any equipment he needed and was exalted on several occasions for finding ways to better the equipment used in laboratories. Due to the lack of guidance as a result of him being so far from home, Victor slowly became engulfed by his studies. He eventually starting fantasizing that if he could succeed in creating life in his laboratory, he would be like one of the Gods. "A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve theirs" (Shelly ). He was now like a child, learning things for the first time and not having anyone there to guide him in the right direction.

He started to assemble a creature much like a human by collecting material from a charnel house, the dissecting room and the slaughterhouse. He had no one there to inform him of the possible outcomes of his work. He was like a child discovering a dog for the first time. Even though it looks mean and ugly, the child is amazed by something they haven't seen or a situation they haven't experienced before. Naturally being curious, the child goes to touch it. Without a parental figure present, this situation could be disastrous. Much like this child, Victor is amazed at what he sees and what he can accomplish and is incapable of thinking of the possible results of his actions.

As he pieces together his masterpiece, he slowly starts deteriorating physically, mentally, and spiritually. Not until the day that life was brought upon his creation did Victor realize in part what he had done

"His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Great God! His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriance's only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same color as the dun white sockets in which they set, his shriveled complexion, and straight black lips." (5)

Appalled by his creation, Victor fled, disowning the very creaturethe very child he created. His first experience of Victor, his parent and maker is one of rejection, and this sets the pattern for his life. This was also the final step in Victor's downfall. Any child brought into life cannot survive and become a respected member of society without, as I mentioned before, having the basic needs provided for them. When a child is brought to life only to be condemned by his creator, he is doomed to a difficult and unhappy life. This is the fate Victor bestowed upon his creation. In the article "Creator and Created in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein" by Naomi Hetherington, it states that "in recalling his own childhood, Frankenstein stresses the love and constant attention that he received from his parents. Yet it occurs to him only fleetingly that his own creature may require some of the same affection" (15-16).

When returning to his house and finding the monster gone, Victor was not at all saddened by the fact. Instead he was relieved. A good friend of his, Henry Clerval, had come for a visit and Victor hadn't known the happiness he experienced at that moment since the day he left for school. He at last had a friend he could talk to someone to be there for him. The image of his creation was pushed into the back of his mind while he continued to enjoy life again. He hides his secret from society so they will not disown him. "Victor is able to work his way back into society though still isolated from it after creating the creature, but the creature is never able to integrate into society" (Franco 85).

Victor's creation is forced into society with no knowledge of right and wrong. Due to his ghastly appearance, he learns quickly that he is not like everyone else. Whenever he tries to enter society, he is beaten and chased away. With no one to love or care for him, Victor spends his first days in the forest near the town. Eventually he learns that drinking from the stream will quench his thirst and nuts and berries will ease his hunger. These sooth his bodily needs, but he has no one to provide his remaining needs. He has to learn everything on his own with little guidance.

He eventually finds a hovel in the barn of the De Laceys. He learns language by watching and listening to the De Laceys teach Safie who could barely speak the English language. The creature also managed to get his hands on a few books so he could learn to read and read more about the world. According to the essay "Frankenstein a Cautionary Tale of Bad Parenting" by Susan Coulter "In the same way that Frankenstein is self educated, the creature is also and, like his creator, he is learning in a vacuum, with no other influences to balance his views" (). If he had only an active parental figure in his life, he could have grown up quite happily. Yet if all of his basic needs were met and Victor, who gave him life, would have gradually introduced him to society and been proud of him, the creature could have grown to be a very loving and generous individual.

Instead, the creature was given life and forced to lead it alone. All his interactions with society proved fatal to his self-esteem. After being expelled from the De Lacey's, the creature tries yet again to live in loneliness, constantly cursing his creator for giving him existence. There are several instances throughout the novel in which the creature unknowingly placed individuals in danger, and even took others lives. For instance, he did not know the destructive nature of fire, only that it helped him survive by keeping him warm and cooking his food. One evening he lit a dry branch and was dancing around, exulted, when the flame came into contact with some straw and an entire village was destroyed (8). Following this incident, he came into contact with a little child playing. She was playfully running from her father when she slipped and fell into a raging river. The creature instinctively jumped in and saved her. When she was recovered from the water, she was not breathing and the creature knew not how to help her. At this point, her father came running and grabbed her from him and ran away (85). During another part of the story, the creature came into contact with a child. He though that something so young could never turn against him, so he grabbed him. The young child reacted by screaming and the creature tried snuffling his cries, not knowing that by covering his face, the child could not breathe (86). The child he accidentally killed turned out to be Victor's brother. Had the creature had a father who had introduced him to society and taught him everything he needed to know, none of these incidents would have had the negative outcome they did; and many of them would have never happened.

He never manages to interact positively with others or find friendship, and gradually his self-esteem sinks lower and lower, the more he is rejected, and he becomes lonelier and more alienated from society. It is this that eventually changes him from a kind, affectionate, and reasonable being, to a bitter murderer. During one of the few intercourses between he and Victor, he states "I am malicious because I am miserable. Am I not shunned and hated by all mankind? [. . . ] Let him (man) live with me in an interchange of kindness; and, instead of injury I would bestow every benefit upon him with tears of gratitude at his acceptance" (84). He wants nothing more than to simply be accepted by society. Victor can help him with that but has no intention of doing so. He cannot face the fact that he was wrong in giving him life and even more so in abandoning him.

The monster learns, after the death of Victor's brother, William, that family is very important to Victor. Expectedly, the creature feels that if he has someone to be with that is just like him, then he, too, would be happy. He proceeds in tracking down Victor and asking him to grant this one wish (86). Victor agrees, but after beginning the project, he realizes that what he is doing is wrong and quits the task, destroying it in front of the creature. This, in turn, enrages the creature. He feels that no one could ever love him, and therefore there is no reason for him to live aside from making Victor's life miserable, much like his own.

The monster, having nothing left to hope for, proceeds to kill Victor's wife on their wedding night. This causes his father to die due to a nervous break down. Left with nothing, Victor spends the remainder of his life chasing his creation. After a long chase in the Arctic, Victor becomes ill. Eventually, due to the harsh climate and exhaustion, he dies. "When he succeeds in killing his creator through mental and physical exhaustion in the final chase across the Arctic, he feels only the grief and repentance of an abused child" (Hetherington 1). The final words of the monster, upon seeing his creator dead were the following

"That is also my victim! […] In his murder my crimes are consummated; the miserable series of my being is wound to a close! Oh, Frankenstein generous and self-devoted being! What does it avail that I now ask thee to pardon me? I, who destroyed thee by destroying all thou lovedst." (101)

The monster, having nothing left, then leaves to end his own life.

You see, had Victor's father actively sought to keep him from studying Agrippa and had been a constant in Victor's life, the events named in this essay could have never been made possible. That failure of one parent led to the creation of another child who was also failed by his father. Coulter sums it up best in her article when she states that "an unloved creation is driven to wreck revenge on an indifferent creator. Herein is the warning love what you create or be utterly destroyed by it" (10).

Please note that this sample paper on frankenstein is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on frankenstein, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on frankenstein will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Police officers

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on police officers. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality police officers paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in police officers, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your police officers paper at affordable prices!

Police officers

What really do police officers do when at work? Police officers some are friendly and

some are not. Police officers are suppose to in force the peace and not violence but yet there are

lots of corrupt police officers. Not all police officer are bad though there are some that are in the

Write your police officers research paper

uniform to in force the police but yet not all have that same plan others are there in that uniform

to take advantage of the uniform and do things that they should not do in the uniform and should

not really be in the police officer uniform unless they are there really to in force the peace and

not to take advantage of people.

To become a police officer at minimum all u will need is to be a US citizen, over 0

years old, not be a convicted felon, have a GED or a high school diploma. Also u must pass some

competitive written and physical examinations, but federal and state law enforcement's require a

college degree. To become a police officer you will need certain kinds of training like many law

enforcement agencies encourage applicants to complete either a two-year associate's program or

a four year bachelor's program in a criminal justice related areas. When u are accepted in to the

law enforcement agency, you'll receive 1 to 14 weeks of training in a police academy. The

training will include classroom instructions in constitutional law and civil rights, state laws and

local ordinances, and accident investigation. Also recruits will receive training in patrol, traffic

control, firearms usage, self-defense. first aid, and emergency response. Continuing education is

a necessary requirement for police officers and detectives. Many agencies pay all or part of the

tuition for officers to earn a degree in criminal justice, justice administration or public

administration, and pay higher salaries to those who earn such a degree. You can also earn your

criminal justice degree online, your degree on campus. In this career u will have lots of

opportunities like u will be in a large department and u can be promoted to detective or to a

specialty area of police work, such as juvenile justice administration. When promotions to

corporal , sergeant, lieutenant, and captain usually are made according to a candidate's position

on a promotion list, depending on your on the job performance and examination scores. Many

officers retire with a pension after only 0 - 5 years of service , and pursue a second career

while still in their 40's. The salary for police officers according to the bureau of labor statistics.

police and sheriff's [patrol officers had median annual earnings of $,70 in 000. Police

chiefs, deputy chiefs, captains, lieutenants and sergeants earned between $5,000 and $78,600

per year. In 000 detectives and criminal investigators earned between $7,40 and 61,750 per

year.

Police officers maintain law and order, collect evidence and conduct criminal

investigations. Urban police officers have a general law enforcement duties including

maintaining regular patrols and responding to calls for service. Many are assigned to patrol a

specific area, such as a business district or residential neighborhood. The certain type of law

enforcement's are sheriffs and deputy sheriffs who enforce the law on the county level.

Sheriffs who are elected to their posts, perform duties similar to those of a local or

county police chief. A deputy sheriff in a large agency has duties similar to those of officers in

urban police departments.

Detectives gather facts and collect evidence for criminal cases. They conduct interviews,

examine records, observe the activities of suspects, and participate in raids or arrests.

State police officers, also known as highway patrol officers, arrest criminals statewide

and patrol highways to enforce motor vehicle laws and regulations. At the scene of accidents,

they may direct traffic, give first aid, and call for emergency equipment.

Police are not always the people you would think they were just because they have the

police officer uniform on does not mean they are the protectors of the peace. Police are some

times using there uniform to do things that they should not. Police some times even take

advantage of the uniform by some times doing things like pulling people over for no reason.

Unfortunately nowadays the people who are supposed to protect us and help us when we

are in need cant be trusted. Police brutality has always been a problem, but there's been a

dramatic rise in police murders and brutalization of citizens. Being harassed is much more

common though then being murdered by a police officer. Such people as famous actor and

rapper will smith was pulled over once a week. When will asked the officers why he was being

pulled over they simply answered because he was black in a nice car. Young people get

followed constantly just because the officer wants to make sure that the young person is not

getting in to any trouble. Police officers can some times make the wrong judgments such as

when a young women was in a diabetic coma in her car. The police felt threatened by her and

shot at her and killed her. In another case when a young man was sitting in his car the police

pointed guns at him from every direction cause they thought he had a gun. The police officers

made him put his hands up and get out of the car, but he was shot to death cause a officer

thought he saw a gun but the young man was unarmed. Four police officers approached a man's

door in search for a suspected rapist even though this was not the man. He was shot at 41 times

and killed and he was unarmed. One police brutality incident police officers tortured a Haitian

immigrant by driving the handle of a toilet plunger into his rectum and they also punctured his

small intestine. After they put the plunger in his mouth and called him some racial names and

said they'd kill him if he said anything.

The most famous of all police brutality cases is of course Rodney king's case. On March

,11 four Los Angeles police officers beat Rodney King as eleven other police officers stood

by watching them do so. Rodney King was in a high speed car chase with the officers, when he

finally stopped the car, he hesitated to get out of the car. When he did he was said to jump at the

officers. He was also hit by two darts from a stun gun, Rodney King still refused to obey the

officer and lie flat on the ground. In less than two minutes, he was hit with 56 baton blows and

kicked six times. He suffered from eleven skull fractures, brain damage, broken bones, knocked

out teeth and kidney damage, also emotional and physical trauma. Not in all cases are the

victims of police brutality innocent, obviously in you can tell in Rodney Kings case. No matter

how rude or uncoopitive a suspect is being this extreme force from officers should not be used

These cases are just some of the ways that police officer miss treat there badge of being a

police officer. Police officers some times cant help it cause they are some times put under a lot

of stress in this job. Stress is a term used by a lot of people, it is somewhat misunderstood and

often is used to describe a negative condition or emotional state. People experience various

forms of stress at home, work. or n social settings. Police officers experience stress the same as

others. but also in ways much different than average people. The dangers, violence and tragedies

that have been seen by officers result in added levels of stress not experienced by the general

population. Police work by its very nature calls for an incredible amount of continual stress.

There as been a demand on police officers to show a greater restraint has been increasing over

the years has increased the effects of stress on police work. Some of the most stressful things

some police officers have to deal with are things like having there partner killed in the line of

duty, lack of support by the department or bosses, shift or work and disruption of family time.

Police officers can not let stress take over them cause people depend on them event though stress

is a hard thing to get over some officers have committed suicide cause of stress. Also when

under stress u cant deal with some things the way that u should deal with them. So the police

officers deal with it by beating a person and I guess that would get rid of the stress that some one

would have. Even though it is not right for a person to beat another person for no reason. It

should be especially wrong for some one of the peace to beat or discriminate against some one

at.

The things that most of theses so called police officers do is because of corruption.

Corruption is both a result and cause of the separation of the police from society. The isolation

police can lead to a divergence of the values of law enforcement officials from those that the rest

of society professes to uphold. Corruption within any policing must not be tolerated at all. The

constant misconduct of law enforcement officials affects public trust in the police force and in

turn imperative that the system be reformed to prevent human rights violations. The Rodney

King case contributes to a decreased level of respect for law enforcement officials. Most people

were angry mainly because the officers deprived Rodney King of his rights to be safe from the

intentional use of unreasonable force.

Even though there are officers that discriminate and beat others for no reason there are

also the good ones that do really protect and serve. There are police officers that have saved

people out of houses and crashed cars and so on. These are police officers that have been

awarded for the things that they have done with medals and things for the good doings that they

have done. The officers that do the good deeds that they do should and deserve to be awarded

with medals and other things. Even though officers might be good they also can become

corrupted just like all of the other officers that are. The good police officer most of the time

become corrupted because of there partner that they are with. Such things as money can make a

good person turn bad, cause money is the root of all evil. Lot of police officers come in to this

career figuring that they are going to do all this good and take criminals off of the streets. Yet

they are the ones that are fingering innocent people for crimes that they never did like how they

use to shoot people for the color of there skin and just place a gun in there hands or putting drugs

on that person. Yet the good cop never says anything so that must make them equally responsible

for that officer that if fingering someone for some thing that they never did. Police officers let

there uniform and badge go to there head and just figure at first there going to help people but

then turn around and hurt people and steal from others just cause of the money just because they

want the American dream to have lot's of money.

In the police force there are also other police officers that walk and talk different than

other officers. They are dogs they have k- units that are trained with dogs and they use them to

get a suspect if they do not listen to the officer and run or wont get down on the ground. Officers

use to use the dogs to attack black people for no reason at all but just cause they were black. But

know they use the dog for a better reason like for someone who runs from the police and that is

hiding in a spot that the police can not get to they send in the k- unit dog. They train the dog

with a police officer who will be there master also partner. They train the dog to obey there

partner so that the dog does not just run off and bite who ever. They also have dogs that are

trained to sniff different things out such as bombs and illegal things that do not need to be there.

They also have dogs that are trained to sniff out people like a bank robber that ran off from a car

or an abducted child and so forth. The police dog is treated just like an real person and honored

just like one also if killed they are honored or shot they also are honored and if they do some

thing worth honoring they are.

The women police officers were treated different than other males officers cause they

didn't believe that they could do the thing that other officer can do now a days. But as time went

by women officers were treated more of the same as other officer and could do more things that

they would not allow them to do. No one would really take women officers all that serious cause

they were women and no one really thought that they could do it. But once again that has

changed and the can do it some can do it better than some males.

There also is another type of police officer and they are called military police but they are

not like other police officers. They police the military and take care of things of military people

like say a military person is killed or some one needs to be arrested on a military base. Then the

military police would take care of it and arrest that person and take them to a military facility to

hold and they will be prosecuted in a military court. Military police also dress different than

police officers they were military uniforms and were helmets instead of hats. Military police is

also called M.P.. short for military police.

Police officers also have helicopters which assist them in things that they can some times

not do. Like when in a car pursuit they get the helicopter to help in the pursuit so just in case

they loose the car they have some one in the sky to do some thing and which will spot the car

were ever it is and lead officer to it. Also they have the helicopter in case someone runs from the

police so that it can also stay on them were ever they go and spot a light on them. Helicopters

also have heating divide so that it can spot some one hiding in like a bush or some thing. They

also have a tracking device that stays on the person and will not come off of that person so that

they will not loose them.

Police officers have lot's of devices to do different things with people like they have

ways so that they will not kill someone and just hurt them in none lethal ways. The police can

track sartant cars that have a device in it call lowjack in about 1 min. Police officers use to be

know for protecting and serving and doing good for the people but not know a days. Know u

have to be careful cause there are some crooked cops also there are people the portend to be

police officer and really are not police officer and are trying to get people for the things that they

have. Even though lot's of people do not have any respect for the police or lost respect for the

police have gained it back after the tragic /11. Police officer are here to protect and serve and

with out them things would be wild and crazy. So even though there are bad cops there are also

good cops that we need.

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If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! In this essay "If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably", Philip Meyer (reporter for the Esquire) writes about a social psychologist named Stanley Milgram. Milgram began his career as a psychology professor at Yale University in 160. He is a Jewish man who was in one way or the other effected by Nazis. So he planed to prove that Germans were different by scientific experimentation.

He wanted to prove that Germans are different because they obeyed Hitler and did his dirty work. So Milgram developed a laboratory experiment to measure obedience level of Americans and Germans. So with the results he could conclude that Germans are more obedient. He was highly motivated to find the truth in his hypothesis mostly because of his Jewish Background.

Milgrams experiment was in a play format in which everyone was an actor except for one person. This person was the subject of the experiment. Obviously this person was not aware of the experiment and thought of it as real life.

The experiment worked like this the subject read an ad asking for volunteers for an experiment. The ad also said the experiment would take about an hour and pay $4.50. So the subject goes to The Yale Interaction laboratory. Inside He meets two men one of the men is the experimenter who's says he is Jack Williams. The other man looks like a regular citizen. But before the experiment starts the Jack tells both men that if you want to you can leave at any time during the experiment and you still would be paid $4.50. Then jack begins to explain the experiment. He tells them that it's about learning and negative reinforcement. The negative reinforcement in this experiment is an electric shock.

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Then Jack puts two pieces of paper in the hat and shakes them. Both papers say "teacher" but the one subject who is not the actor thinks that the other paper he didn't pick says "learner". After the teacher and the learner are selected they are enlighten more about the experiment. The teacher gives some material to learner to memorize. After the memorization is done the learner will be ask number of question. The teacher will be asked to administer an electric shock of increasing intensity to a learner for each mistake he made during the experiment. The range of increasing intensity was from 15 volts up 450 volts max.

Some times when the teachers questioned the experimenter, asking to stop but the experimenter tells him to continue because he takes full responsibility if there was some thing terrible to happen. Teacher seemed to accept the response and continue shocking, even though some were clearly uncomfortable in doing so.

After doing the experiments many times Stanley Milgram concluded that Americans are obedient people and he didn't need to take the experiment to Germany.

Please note that this sample paper on If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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How far was the sinking of the belgrano justified

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An Introduction to the Falklands

First discovered in the 1500s, the Falkland islands have long been a subject of international dispute. The Islands were first colonised by a French aristocrat, Antoine de Bougainville, in 1764 for the French. The islands were then handed to the Spanish as part of an alliance deal between the two nations. During this period the British first became involved in the claims of sovereignty over the Falklands. At the same time as the French had landed on the eastern island of the Falklands, the British had landed on the western island. They were forcefully ejected from the island by the Spanish in 176 and as a matter of ‘restoring the kings honour' the British wished to return. A small group returned as part of a settlement reached between the British and Spanish government, but the British officially acknowledged Spanish government over the islands. In the early 1800s, the Spanish empire began to fracture, and in 1810, the Argentine government removed the few Spanish settlers left on the islands and an argentine governor was placed in control. Britain saw her chance and in 18, steamed to the Falklands with two warships HMS Clio and Tyne and took the islands by force.

In April 18, Argentina attempted to retake the Falklands. In what is widely regarded as the most unneeded war in Britain's recent history, The single largest loss of life was caused when the General Belgrano was hit and sunk by the HMS Conqueror with the loss of 68 crew on the nd May. For both the remainder of the war and some time after, this was an issue of great controversy that seemed to sum up the war, pointless and with a tragic loss of life.

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On the nd May, the Belgrano's position had been known for several days. She was steaming with her two destroyer escorts approximately 50 miles to the South of the Falklands, followed by the nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror. On the same day, the Argentine aircraft carrier Veinticinco de Mayo was detected on radar to the north of the islands with her destroyer escorts by a harrier patrol early in the morning. Admiral Sandy Woodward, the commander of the naval task force, was woken as soon as the aircraft carrier was detected and a meeting was called. This is the first issue in the justification of the order to attack Belgrano. From the positioning of the two ship groups, The commanders of the task force came to the conclusion that a pincer movement against the task force was about to go underway

it all looked to me very like a classic pincer attack on the British Battle Group. To take the worst possible case, the Belgrano and her escorts could now set off towards us and, steaming through the dark, launch an exocet attack on us from one direction just as we were preparing to receive a missile and bomb strike from the other.

Admiral Sandy Woodward - One Hundred Days - pg147

It is important to note now that from the task force's point of view it was very important that action was taken before the perceived pincer attack was instigated, so that one of the ‘claws' of the attack would be eliminated, thus reducing the uncertainty of which group would make the main attack. It was the Veinticinco de Mayo group that was the major threat, the group's destroyer escorts had the anti-ship exocet missile, and the carrier itself was a station for ten A-Q4 Skyhawk combat jets, which could each hold three 500lb bombs, totalling 15000lb of explosive that could be hurled at the British task force. On the other hand the Belgrano's escorts were both armed with exocet anti-ship missiles and the Belgrano herself was armed with fifteen six-inch guns and eight five-inch guns. These guns were bigger than any in the entire British navy's task force, and could pose a serious threat to ground troops if the Belgrano was to get close in to the shore.

An alternate threat was also perceived by the commanders of the task force. Directly south of the total exclusion zone is an area of very shallow water that runs two hundred miles east to west and sixty miles north to south. This area named Burdwood bank and is approximately one hundred and fifty feet deep compared to the two mile depth in the rest of the Atlantic ocean . The perceived threat in this position is that the Belgrano would steam over the shallows of Burdwood bank. Over the bank the depth of the sea is too low for the Conqueror, the nuclear submarine that was following the Belgrano, to follow without compromising herself by leaving a wake. This wake could have been spotted and then the Conqueror would have to retreat or face three vessels all equipped with anti submarine measures, losing the Belgrano in the progress and leaving her a clear path to the shore and the task force. Of both the possible paths the Belgrano could have taken, they were both great threats to the safety of the task force and so the decision to attack was made.

Opposers of the decision to sink the Belgrano say that the she was steaming towards home when attacked by Conqueror but this information was not known by the commanders of the task force when the decision to attack was made. By all appearances the Belgrano was preparing for a strike upon the British task force around the island and as such was a threat that must be dealt with.

Opposers of the sinking also make light of the fact that during the war, the TEZ (total exclusion zone) controlled whether an argentine vessel or aircraft could be attacked or not. At the beginning of the Falklands conflict, the total exclusion zone was set up as a 00 mile perimeter around the coast of the Falklands. Any argentine ship or aircraft that entered the exclusion zone would be attacked. When the Belgrano was sunk, she was outside of the total exclusion zone, and this is what is pointed out by the opposition of the sinking. Unfortunately, there is a flaw in the reasoning of these people, because on the -rd April 18, the following statement was issued to the Argentinean Junta (Military Government)

‘In announcing the establishment of a maritime exclusion zone around the Falkland islands, Her majesty's Government made it clear that this measure was without prejudice to the right of the United Kingdom to take whatever additional measures may be needed in the exercise of its right of self-defence under article 51 of the United Nations Charter. In this connection, Her Majesty's Government now wishes to make it clear that any approach on the part of Argentine warships, including submarines, naval auxiliaries or military aircraft, which could amount to a threat to interfere with the mission of the British Forces in the South Atlantic will encounter the appropriate response.'

The Falklands War 18 - Martin Middlebrook - pg 14

The statement was released to the world press the following day. Going through the release, two points can be picked up on. Firstly, looking at the sentence ‘In this connection, Her Majesty's Government wish to make it clear that any approach on the part of Argentine warships, including submarines, naval auxiliaries or military aircraft, which could amount to a threat to interfere with the mission of the British Forces in the South Atlantic will encounter the appropriate response.' The emphasis on any approach is important. The statement is saying that no longer will Argentinean military be attacked only in the total exclusion zone, but also outside of it, if they ‘amount to a threat to interfere with the mission of the British Forces in the South Atlantic'. It is safe to say that a 1,500 ton cruiser with guns and two exocet carrying destroyer escorts in the position for an attack was sufficient a threat to be targeted by the British.

This determination of the war zone is the most important factor in deciding to sink the Belgrano, as most anti-sinking supporters point to the fact that she was sunk outside of the total exclusion zone. With the above statement, released by the government, there should be no doubt that the Belgrano was a legitimate target for the British forces. With the knowledge they had, that she appeared to be steaming into a position to attack, and that fact that this meant she was a threat that must be countered, they made a tactical decision to attack and it was taken.

Morally, it becomes harder to justify, because of the huge loss of life involved. With the loss of 68 crew, the loss of life was huge not only in the war as a whole but that it was a single incident. There are a number of reasons for the tragic loss of so many, and they point to poor discipline and preparation on the side of the Argentineans rather than the ruthlessness of the British.

On the nd May the order was sent to the Conqueror, following the Belgrano, to engage. Conqueror had been following the Belgrano and her two escort ships since the previous night, and had not found it particularly hard to stay undetected. The Argentine vessels were in poor formation to protect themselves from submarines and did not even have their sonar switched on, the group was also steaming on a very steady course, rather than using anti-submarine tactics. Anti-submarine methods that should have been in use range from the hi-tech to the simple. Firstly, the sonar should have been switched on as an early warning system so the argentine group could detect the Conqueror before it was in attack range. Secondly, the group should have been weaving, and varying their speed often, which makes it very hard to predict where a vessel is heading and therefore predict where to aim a torpedo so it will hit the hull of the ship. The fact that none of these measures were in place made the Belgrano a sitting duck, ripe for attack by the Conqueror. For this reason there was no doubt that when the Conqueror struck, it would strike with full force. Even the captain of the submarine, Commander Christopher Wreford-Brown, was amazed by the destruction his attack caused. A salvo of three mark 8 torpedoes was launched into the Belgrano's path and two hit, causing severe damage. The third torpedo hit one of the escorts, the Bouchard, a glancing blow but did not go off. The explosion upon impact with the Belgrano almost ripped off the Bow (front) of the ship and caused a huge amount of damage.

Most of this damage was due to the poor preparation of the crew and the ignorance of the captain, Hector Bonzo. Bonzo had failed to follow effective anti-submarine measures, allowing the Conqueror an easy shot in, which did exactly what was intended, and had not prepared the crew for the possibility of a submarine attack, which was quite likely considering his country was on the offensive and his ship was completely unprepared for such an event. Actual reasons for the loss of life stem from the safety precautions taken on board. General Belgrano was built and commissioned in the United States of America for the U.S Navy under the name U.S.S Phoenix in 10. As the phoenix she saw active service in the Pacific and was a survivor of the 141 attack on Pearl harbour by the Japanese. Over 50 years on, the Belgrano as she was then known, was soon to become obsolete. For example her multitude of guns for ship to ship combat had been replaced on other vessels by ship to ship missiles such as the exocet, which plays an important part in naval warfare and was a major threat to both navies during the Falklands, yet she was still outfitted with guns. Her resilience to damage was also lower than modern warships, and her damage defences inside were also of a lower standard. Inside the ship are many compartments which have each their own blast doors to contain water, explosions, or fire to a small section of the ship. In the Belgrano, these doors were left unlocked, and through Argentine reports of the incident a fireball spread through the ship killing almost 0 of the 68 total. If the crew had these doors locked down there may not have been such a loss of life.

Once the torpedoes had hit home, the Conqueror left the scene as is submarine practice so that she would not become vulnerable to attack from the destroyer escorts of the Belgrano and to allow the escorts to pick up survivors. Unfortunately, the escorts headed back to the Argentine coastline after a half-hearted attempt at engaging the Conqueror. Now the surviving crew of the Belgrano had no way of rescue and had to wait for rescue. This rescue did not come until the next day, and over the night, which was ice cold due to its far south position more of the crew died. In the morning the rescue effort went underway and the remainder of the crew was rescued from the sea and taken home.

Death tolls from the sinking of a cruiser such as the Belgrano would undoubtedly have been high, it was old and therefore had a larger crew than the more automated modern warships and was a large ship anyway so would have had a large crew even if modern. Unfortunately, the ill preparation of the crew to deal with such an attack, the foolishness of Captain Bonzo in his ignorance of the submarine threat, and the delayed rescue attempt all made the sinking much worse than it should have been.

In the end it has to be said that the decision to attack the Belgrano was taken in a war. In a war not all the facts are known, the commanders of the British task force did not know that the Belgrano was steaming for home, just that she appeared to be preparing for an attack and needed to be dealt with. Neither did they know that the attack would be so devastating due to the ill preparation of the crew and the rescue effort. So the attack appears to be justified. In fact, after the sinking of the Belgrano, the whole of the Argentine Navy returned to port and stayed there for the duration of the war. How many more lives would have been lost had a sea war been fought as well? More than the 68 lost on the Belgrano that can be said for certain.

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1936: The Nazi Olympics

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The modern Olympic Games is an international sporting event held every four years at different sites throughout the world. Many countries, totaling more than ten thousand athletes, compete against each other in a variety of sports. Began in Athens, Greece, in 186, the Games were established to promote a more peaceful world. Although an athletic event, numerous countries have used the Olympics as an opportunity to make a political statement. One such Olympics were the 16 Olympics in Berlin, Germany…The Nazi Olympics. Due to the Spanish Revolution, the Spanish athletes returned home before the finish of the games. Brazil sent two teams, each representing a different political viewpoint. They were both barred from competing. And then there was the host country Germany. In the following pages you will read about a sinister leader of that country trying to prove to the world that the Aryan race was supreme and how he would use the Olympics to prove this idea. You will also read about how one man did as much as anybody to dispel those notions.

The 16 Olympics was awarded to Berlin in 11, two years before Adolf Hitler came to power. Obviously, the committee that selected Berlin had no way of knowing what was going to happen. In 1, Hitler came to power and the Nazi movement would soon control the country. Hitler, of course, jumped at the chance to promote the Nazi Party. The Berlin Olympic Games of 16 was a gigantic Nazi showpiece. There were more swastikas bedecking the main stadium than there were Olympic flags. The Nazis spent approximately $0 million, more than all the other Olympics combined. Hitler arranged for Leni Riefenstahl, a German television and movie producer, to make a $7 million film of the event. He ensured that all streets were cleaned and that all signs of the state-run anti-Jewish campaign were removed. By the time the 4 countries arrived, the stage was set.

Of course, it almost did not happen. Many people throughout the world did not feel comfortable attending the Berlin Games. An alternate event, dubbed the Peoples' Olympics, was scheduled for Barcelona, Spain. The plan, however, was dismissed due to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July of 16. When it became known that Jews were banned from any German National team, a violation of the Olympic charter, many Americans in the United States demanded a boycott of the games. The Committee on Fair Play in Sports seemed to sum up the general attitude of the nation

...sport is prostituted when sport loses its independent and democratic character and becomes a political institution...Nazi Germany is endeavoring to use the Eleventh Olympiad to serve the necessities and interests of the Nazi Regime rather than the Olympic ideals.

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Avery Brundage, head of the United States Olympic Committee, made a personal visit to see the situation for himself. As I stated earlier, though, Hitler had everything removed that showed any hint that anti-Semitism existed in Germany. Brundage was convinced by German officials that Jews could try out for the German team just like anybody else. Short-lived boycott efforts formed in other countries as well. Great Britain, France, Sweden, Czechoslovakia and the Netherlands were other countries voicing strong objections to the games. Once the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States voted for participation in December of 15 (by a margin of .5 votes), the other countries, however, fell in line. Although no countries boycotted, several Jewish athletes on various national teams from Europe boycotted. Despite the preliminary doubts and the growing tensions that were to culminate in World War II, the Berlin Games attracted 4 countries and 4,066 athletes, more than any other previous Olympics.

On the positive side, there were many great technological achievements that happened during the Berlin Games. Events were televised on a closed-circuit system throughout the Olympic Village and to public halls and theaters around the country. Although it is common to have complete coverage from start to finish in this day and age, this was a novelty in the Summer of 16. Radio had been around for several years but television was just beginning its popularity run. Zeppelins, a rigid airship having a long cylindrical body supported by internal gas cells, carried newsreel film to other European cities. Results were transmitted to other news media by telex, a communications system consisting of teletypewriters connected to a telephonic network to send and receive signals, as soon as events were completed. This allowed people throughout the world to be relatively up-to-date with what was going on in Berlin in 16. A glorious tradition was also started during the Berlin Games. Twelve days before the Olympics began, a torch was lit at Olympia, Greece, the site of the first Olympics in the history of the world. Carried by more than ,000 runners, each person carried it for one kilometer as it passed through Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria and Czechoslovakia. Arriving at Olympic Stadium in Berlin just before the start of the Games where 110,000 spectators awaited anxiously, thirty trumpets blared over loud speakers as Hitler presided over the ceremony. Composer Richard Strauss led an enormous orchestra and chorus that featured Deutschland über alles (Germany over all) and a new Olympic Hymn. Hitler himself reviewed all athletic teams as they marched in. Teams that dipped their colors and saluted Nazi-style were greeted with thunderous roars from the crowd. Those that didn't were met with silence. The moment of truth was at hand.

From the beginning, many athletes and members of the press were alarmed of the nationalistic state that surrounded Germany. The military atmosphere, with the ever-present swastikas and portraits of Hitler, sure did not make it any more comfortable. The martial music that blared through loudspeakers was deeply disturbing to many. Many journalists, suspected of anti-Nazi sentiments, found that their hotel rooms had been looted by the secret police. But not all of the atrocities went detected. Most tourists were unaware of the "clean-up" that went on before the Olympics started. They were also unaware of the 800 Gypsies that were arrested and interned under police guard in a special Gypsy camp in the Berlin suburb of Marzahn. In spite of all this and in Nazi Germany's pro-Aryan setting, it was ironic that the greatest athlete of the Games turned out to be an African-American sprinter.

James Cleveland Owens was born in 11 in Alabama and was the grandson of slaves. Owens was an outstanding athlete throughout his high school career. He later was a member of the Ohio State University track team. At the Big Ten Track and Field Championships of 15, he set or equaled world records in six events the 100 and 0-yard dashes, 00-yard low hurdles, the long jump, 00-meter run and 00-meter hurdles. That is six world records in one afternoon, and he did it all in 45 minutes! The following year, he swept the 100 and 00 meters and long jump at the Olympic Trials and headed for Germany as a favorite to win all three.

Owens run to glory was going as planned. He won the 100 meters and had two Olympic-record-breaking heats in the 00 meters. He would eventually win the 00 with a new Olympic record of 0.7 seconds. Soon after was the 4 x 100 relay race. With Owens running the first leg, the U.S. team ran the 400 yards in .8 seconds, a new world record. Sandwiched between these events was the long jump. Being this was his best event and since he was the world-record holder in this event, few people thought he would have problems. But under the gaze of Hitler, Owens twice illegally crossed the starting line, disqualifying his jumps. After successfully performing this tasks probably thousands of times, he botched it on his first two tests in the biggest event of his life. Owens was standing alongside the jumping pit when another competitor, Luz Long, approached him. This, however, was not just another competitor. Luz Long was from Germany. Tall, blond and blue-eyed, Long personified the pure Aryan that Hitler thought of as the Übermensch, a kind of superman. Fortunately for Owens, Long did not share any of the Führer's racial notions. In Owens, he saw a fellow athlete that needed help. Long suggested that Owens draw an imaginary line a few inches in front of the starting board. Owens qualified easily on his next jump. A friendly competition was just starting between these two competitors. In the finals later that day, Owens reached 5 feet 5 ½ inches and 5 feet 10 inches on his first two jumps. Long tied him at 5 feet 10 inches on his fifth jump. Motivated by his new friend's competitiveness, Owens then cleared 6 feet on his fifth jump and on his final attempt reached 6 feet 5 ½ inches, his final leap and an Olympic record. Ironically, Long's advice to Owens quite possibly might have cost him the gold medal in that event. After the event Owens and Long walked arm-in-arm away from the landing pit. They would never meet again after the Games. They did however write to each other and, after Long was killed in Italy during World War II, Owens continued to write his family. Before he died of lung cancer in 180, Owens wrote

"You can melt down all the medal and cups I have and they wouldn't be plating on the 4-carat friendship I felt for Luz Long."

Jesse Owens won a total of four gold medals during the 16 Olympic Games. Astonishingly, no other athlete would equal that feat until 184 when another U.S. sprinter-jumper, Carl Lewis, won gold medals in the same four events. But the differences between the two put Owens feat on a much higher plateau. In 184, the Soviet Union boycotted the Olympics, by far our closest competitor. Lewis also accomplished his feat in the United States, far away from Nazi Germany and many years after any type of legal discrimination and racism was banned. He did not have to perform under extreme racists conditions or under a ruthless dictator's watch. Owens did not have these comforts. Owens' achievements had consequences far beyond the arena, for they effectively debunked the myth that Aryan superiorityright in front of Hitler. In fact, the 10 African-Americans on the U.S. track team outscored all other national teams, winning 1 medals in all (eight gold, three silver and two bronze).

A common fable from these games is that Hitler refused to congratulate Owens in his remarkable accomplishment. Although part of the story is true, not all of it. It is true that Hitler did not shake the hand of Owens. But, after the first day, he shook nobody's hand. Beaming with extreme national pride, Hitler summoned Hans Woellke, the Games first gold medal winner (a shot-putter) and a German, to his box to offer him personal congratulations. He also congratulated two more athletes, a German and a Finn. Immediately, Olympic protocol officers asked Hitler to receive all winning athletes or none of them. He chose the latter. Although unclear of his intentions, it is quite obvious that he did not want to shake the hands of non-Aryans. Privately, Minister of Propaganda Goebbels called the victories by Blacks a disgrace. Ignoring censors orders to avoid offending foreign guests with racist commentaries, the radical Nazi newspaper Der Angriff (The Attack) wrote on August 6

If the American team had not brought along Black auxiliaries . . . one would have regarded the Yankees as the biggest disappointment of the Games.

Besides Owens, several people shined during the 16 Olympics. German gymnast Konrad Frye was the individual overall medal winner with six (three gold, one silver and two bronze). Dutch swimmer Hendrika Rie Mastenbroek won three gold medals and a silver medal. Alfred Schwarzmann, also a German gymnast, won three gold medals and two bronze medals. The top ten medal standings were as follows

Place Gold Silver Bronze Total

1. Germany 6 0 8

. USA 4 0 1 56

. Italy 8 5

4. Finland 7 6 6 1

France 7 6 6 1

6. Sweden 6 5 0

Hungary 10 1 5 16

8. Japan 6 4 8 18

. Holland 6 4 7 17

10. Great Britain 4 7 14

Germany won the total medal count mainly because of an expanded men's gymnastics program. To no one's surprise, the U.S. men's basketball team won the gold medal. Yet another landmark for the 16 Games, this was the first year that basketball was an Olympic sport. It was not done, however, in a very professional matter. The games were played outdoors, often in the rain. This did not pose a problem for the Americans, though, as it easily defeated almost every opponent. There was really only one concern. Shortly after the games started, the International Basketball Federation put into effect a rule which prohibits all players over six feet three inches tall. The rule would have affected only three players, all Americans, so it was quickly rescinded.

Hitler's Germany emerged as victors in XI Olympiad as they captured the most medals. The preparation and meticulous planning for the Games paid off. Visitors were quite impressed with German hospitality and the magnificent organization of the Games. Most newspaper accounts claimed that the Games put Germany back in the fold of nations and that it made them even more human. But there were a few disbelievers. William Shirer, a foreign correspondent, regarded the Berlin glitter as merely hiding a racist, militaristic regime

Im afraid the Nazis have succeeded with their propaganda. First, the Nazis have run the Games on a lavish scale never before experienced, and this has appealed to the athletes. Second, the Nazis have put up a very good front for the general visitors, especially the big businessmen

In fact, Hitler was so pleased with the Olympics that he planned on building a stadium that would seat over 400,000 people. According to him, all Olympics after the 140 games in Tokyo would be held there. All athletic competition would be confined forever to "pure" Germans. Ironically, the completion date for the stadium was supposed to be in 145. That is the year that the Nazi nightmare would end.

The 16 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany, was a lavish affair. Although anti-Semitism was around, it was well hidden by the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler. More countries and more athletes performed at these Olympics than ever before. Great technological achievements were made and wonderful traditions were started. Hitler used this platform to show the world that the Aryan race was the supreme human race. Overall, his country was victorious but one man single-handedly disproved this notion. Jesse Owens used this platform to show the world that the Aryan race was not the supreme human race. Under the conditions that he was met with in Berlin, Germany, it was an amazing feat. I believe another great hero of the 16 Olympics was Luz Long of Germany. Against everything that his native land was saying, he befriended Owens and helped him in his time of need. I cannot imagine the courage that these young men had, walking arm in arm away from the jumping pit. It is a symbol that should be displayed at every Olympics. This is the true purpose of the Olympics. Black, white, Jewish, Christian…it doesn't matter. What matters is that we are all human beings. Some, though, seem to be a little more human than others.

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TV and Advertising

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After a long day's work or a hard day at the office, people come home, sit in the Laz-e-Boy recliner, and flip on the television. Watching a favorite TV show has become many people's favorite way to relax or past the time. A wide variety of programming exists and most anyone will be able to watch something they can enjoy. The television industry is part of the entertainment business and has high entertainment value for viewers. In that respect, it is an important industry, for example in terms of the time people spend watching TV. At the same time, it is important as a means of transmitting advertising. Television therefore has a two-fold role, both as a provider of entertainment and a transmitter of advertising. This paper will discuss the relationship between the TV market and the product markets through the market for advertising. It will also examine the different types of advertising, advantages and disadvantages of TV advertising, and how the rivalry between TV channels and the profit potential in product markets affect TV channels' prices on advertising slots, programming decisions, and the producers' purchase of advertising on TV.

From the beginning of television, advertising and programming were connected through network personnel and sponsorship. At first, television programs were owned by advertisers, which based the content of the shows on the interests of the audiences they wished to reach (Folkerts 41). Today it is rare for an entire program to be sponsored by one advertiser. Rather, networks or stations sell time for ads during a show. A basic feature of the television industry is that viewers dislike commercials and are attracted to a channel that invests in its programming. However, a TV channel earns its revenues by selling advertising slots to producers in the product market and attracts viewers for this advertising by investing in programming. Producers in product markets increase sales by advertising. Since an increase in advertising tends to reduce the number of viewers, there are diminishing returns to television advertising. The law of diminishing returns states, "as successive units of a variable resource are added to a fixed resource, beyond some point the extra, or marginal, product that can be attributed to each additional unit of the variable resource will decline" (McConnell Brue 160). Thus, the more a producer advertises its products on a TV channel, fewer viewers are available there for other producers to advertise to.

There are several common types of television techniques and advertisements used by producers. The first is the straight announcement, which consists primarily of someone looking at the camera and delivering a sales talk. Demonstration is important in TV because viewers are interested in what the product will do for them. A testimonial by a famous person can draw attention to a product or idea. Testimonial commercials work best when the celebrity has credibility as a source (Dunn 4). In a dramatized commercial, the point is presented through a story that can be told very briefly. Dialogue is a commercial in which two or more people are talking. The basic advantage of the dialogue is its ability to involve the viewer and encourage them to participate in the dialogue.

The biggest advantage of television advertising, if used wisely, is the unbelievable impact on viewers. It is basically almost the same as a door-to-door sales staff that can make visits at a very inexpensive rate. And when the person presenting the sales pitch is a popular personality, the advertising can be extremely effective. Another benefit of TV advertising is that it impacts a large number of persons not reach by print media. If a person doesn't want to read a newspaper or magazine to find out what's going on, they will more than likely turn on the evening news. Constant repetition of a sales message helps make people feel that they know the product, whether or not they like it. Television makes it possible to repeat a message as often as an advertiser can afford. Commercials are extremely flexible and allow advertisers to demonstrate their product, create a mood, make a blockbusting announcement about the product, or try it out in certain areas. Advertisers can usually find some combination of TV presentations that will communicate the desired impression.

Television advertising also involves several unique problems. Advertising messages on TV come and go quickly. If people have their sets on, but are not watching or listening, they cannot return later. And when commercials are bunched together, a viewer might use the time to get a snack or see what else is on. Although some network shows reach viewers for a surprisingly low cost, certain minimum cost considerations can price the medium-sized advertiser out of the television field. Newspapers and other printed information carry a stamp of authenticity that television broadcasts don't have. People tend to believe something more if they actually see it in print. Another disadvantage is that mass coverage creates the lack of selectivity for the audience. It is difficult to determine exactly the viewing audience and there by choosing which commercials to air at certain times.

Television is used to build and reinforce brand image and awareness. TV gets more than half of all national consumer-advertising dollars. Using the networks as a marketing strategy has become very popular. In the short run, television advertising can dramatically increase a producer's share in a specific market. In a study done on dry cereal advertising, all brands except Ralston's made heavy use of network television. The goal was to observe the effects mass-market advertising would have on Ralston's market share. Ralston began using some network television advertising halfway through the 1-week study period. Ralston saw its market share go up from 4.8 in the pre-TV period to 5.% after utilizing the networks (Jones 7).

Company sponsorship of individual TV programs saw decline after the quiz show scandals of the 160s. Although one advertiser doesn't sponsor an entire show today, the influence it has on programming still exists. Individual advertisers occasionally affect content, but advertising as a form of financing has a more pervasive impact. A decision a TV channel must make within its schedule is the amount of advertising to allow. Some programs that are very flexible, such as newscasts and sports events, permit channels to air large quantities of advertising time. When a channel only sells a small amount of advertising, it can fill in with advertising for its own programs. A TV station's time scheduling will in many cases put restrictions on the quantity of advertising to allow. If, for example, a TV channel broadcasts a series of 5-minute sit-coms during an evening, there will only be time for 5 minutes of advertising per half hour. By considering the amount of advertising a channel allocates, a producer can speculate the audience size their commercials receive.

TV channels programming decisions, as well as advertising firms advertising decisions, are always made before TV viewers make their choices. At the same time, the effect of advertising on the product markets is only felt after the advertising has been actually aired and watched by the viewers. Thus, product-market competition takes place after the TV viewers decisions are made. Advertising firms make their decisions about how much to advertise on each channel only after the TV channels have committed, not only to their programming, but also to their quantities of advertising.

For discussion purposes, television advertising can be broken up into four stages. The first stage involves each TV channel choosing its quantity of advertising and a programming schedule. A TV channel's profit is the difference between its revenue from advertising and costs of investments in programming. The goal is to maximize profits by determining how much advertising to allocate and which programs to broadcast. In the next stage, each producer determines how much to advertise on a specific TV channel. An advertising firm looks at viewer demographics and audience size when deciding which channel and commercial to use to realize the most benefits. The viewer then decides whether or not to watch TV and, if so, which TV channel to watch. They make their decision after the TV channel and producer have already completed their advertising decisions. Finally, the producers compete in the product market by advertising and differentiating their products. The goal is to distinguish their product from others. By making price less of a factor than product differences, producers participate in non-price competition (McConnell Brue 0).

We are now in a position to investigate how the equilibrium outcome detailed in

Section is affected by a change in the number of advertisers, n. This number may

increase, either through an increase in the number of firms in each market, i.e., a decrease

in market concentration throughout the economy, or through an increase in the number of

product markets. Total spending on advertising increases as a result of a reduction in the number of firms, keeping constant the number of product markets. A reduction in the number of firms makes each remaining firm more concerned about the fact that own advertising tends to reduce the number of viewers. This dampens the incentive for each firm to increase advertising and would, all else equal, result in a reduction in total advertising. On the other hand, fewer firms result in a higher price-cost margin. This encourages firms to advertise more. The latter effect turns out to dominate, and it is reinforced by the TV stations' responses. They invest more in programming, thereby attracting more viewers and even more advertising. The result is that both total advertising and total investment in programming increase following a reduction in the number of firms.

Note also that the total number of viewers increases following a reduction in the number of firms. Since advertising increases as well, which tends to reduce the number of viewers, the driving force behind this result is the TV channel's increased investment in programming. Finally, note that the price per advertising slot also increases. This follows directly from the fact each TV channel's two choice variables mutually reinforce each other [see Nilssen and Sørgard (001) on this reinforcement property].

However, total spending on advertising can also increase as a result of an increase in the number of advertising firms, if this latter increase is solely due to an increase in the number of product markets. In such a case, price-cost margins are unaffected by a change in the number of firms. Now, an increase in the number of firms makes each firm less concerned about own advertising's effect on the number of viewers. This spurs an increase in total advertising. Again, the TV channels' response reinforces the initial effect. They invest more in programming, thereby increasing the total advertising even more.

The economic literature on advertising has been slow on modeling the market for

advertising. The present contribution aims at filling this gap, by presenting a model of the

market for advertising that incorporates some crucial features of the TV industry, the

main provider of advertising space.

Most importantly, we assume that viewers are attracted by TV channels' investments in programming but dislike their advertising. Combining this model of the TV industry with a model of product-market competition with advertising, we are able to discuss how asymmetries between various product markets affect the equilibrium outcome. We find that even small asymmetries have dramatic effects. In the case of two product markets where one product market has more firms than the other, but where the markets otherwise are identical, the firms in the product market with many firms choose not to advertise. The crucial feature of our model producing this result is TV viewers' dislike for advertising, entailing congestion among advertisers. At an increase in the price of advertising, the firms in the market with many firms would, as expected, reduce their demand for advertising. This would, in turn, reduce the congestion of advertising on TV and thereby attract more viewers. The firms in the market with few firms would respond to an increase in the number of viewers by increasing their demand for advertising, despite the price of advertising having increased. The TV stations exploit those firms' ‘perverse' demand by increasing their price so that, in equilibrium, the firms in the market with many firms decide not to advertise at all on TV.

The second issue is how product-market competition affects the equilibrium outcome. We found that the profit potential in the product market is of importance for the amount of programming investments as well as for the amount and price of advertising. The less intense product-market rivalry is, the larger is the potential revenue generated by advertising. A TV channel exploits this in two ways. First, it reduces its supply of advertising slots. Second, it invests more in programming to attract more viewers and thereby to encourage the producers to advertise more. As a result, a relaxation of price competition in the product markets results in higher prices of advertising, more advertising, and more investment in programming. This suggests that there are two successive battles over the profit potential in the product markets one among the producers and one among the TV channels. An escalation of advertising by the producers spurs more investment in programming, and vice versa. Product market competition may also be affected by a change in the number of firms. We found that the effect of increasing the number of advertising firms depends on whether the increase is by increasing the number of firms in each market, making the markets less concentrated, or by increasing the number of markets. The former way of increasing the number of advertising firms reduces the price-cost margin and thereby the profit potential in the product markets. Thus, while there now are more firms demanding advertising, they also earn less from advertising.

Please note that this sample paper on TV and Advertising is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on TV and Advertising, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on TV and Advertising will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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