HRD

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(A.) Analyse the training and development needs of an individual or group of individuals within you organisation or any organisation with which you are familiar.

United Beverages is a package beer wholesalers and the brand owner of Finches soft drinks. It deals in the licensed and grocery trades. It materialised in 180 with the merger of several regional wholesalers. In 1 Guinness, who in turn in the same year was bought by Diageo, bought it. This however doesn't come into effect fully until ,004. There are over 00 employees working under the name of Finches.

Throughout the course of my research I conversed with two members of the United Beverages team, they were Sinead Cowzer, the Trade Marketing Manager and Jeanette Lindfield, the Human Resource Manager. Sinead got promoted from Marketing assistant, to her current position of Trade Marketing Manager in March of this year. Sinead has a degree in Science and is currently studying for her Marketing Degree at night in the Tallaght Institute of Technology. She reports directly to John Kershaw, the Commercial Director of United Beverages. There are ten members of the Commercial Team of United Beverages and they all work together in their offices in City West. There is both a formal and informal system of communication in the company, but according to Sinead it is quite a casual environment within the offices.

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The Human Resource department in United Beverages was only officially set up in 17. They have implemented a new system of Performance appraisals in the past year. It is still having some teething problems but it is semi successful. One of the main problems with the Performance reviews is the terminology used; there have been a lot of problems in that area so it is currently under review. Employees also feel there is too much paper involved and that it is too time consuming. The Human Resource Department are currently working on these difficulties with the Performance Appraisal so they are hopefully going to be completed electronically in the near future.

Both Sinead and Jeanette concur that United Beverages has moved on strategically only in the past few years, and really only since it became part of Diageo. They would now consider themselves to be a learning organisation. I believe that this is reflected in their commitment to training and developing their staff. They have a Diageo Brand Building Programme that is know as DWBB (Diageo's Way of Brand Building). Diageo believe that the way to build their brand is through their employee's. All employees are computer literate and all are sent to the European Driving licence course, even the employees that work in the warehouses. Diageo believe that all employees deserve to be equipped with ‘the basic work tools that are needed in almost every job today, regardless on whether they need it under their current job spec...' (Lindfield rd April, interview).

Needs analysis is critical to the development and delivery of good Human Resource Development. There is no point in an individual undertaking training or development if they don't have specific targets, and without analysis training and development is undertaken in the hope that it targets a need and it should always target a need. Although it must be recognised that poor needs analysis is worse than no needs analysis. Needs assessment is vital, otherwise the business can remain totally focused on training rather than business values. Training and development needs analysis is different in every organisation. United Beverages will determine which needs prominence should be placed on. Culture is also important to needs analysis; the environment will determine what activities and interventions will be best to bring the organisation forward.

In a company you can't train and develop all staff at all times, so training and development analysis allows management to prioritise who needs the training and development and then prioritise what areas they should receive the training and development in. Training and development needs arise from a number of things. When the goals and strategies of a company are determined, management need to look and what tasks their employees need to be able to undertake in order for the strategy to be successful. The procedure of a job and the job description is another area that training and development needs can arise from, if an employee has been promoted or moved to a different department within the company, or has just begun working for the company, they made need to acquire new skills or upgrade the ones they already have in order to successfully complete the work that is expected from them in their new position. A training and development need may also arise from the review of the performance of staff and whether of not it is perceived that training and development is needed to improve their performance.

A training and development need arose in Diageo in March of this year. When Sinead Cowzer was promoted to Trade Marketing Manager it was for many reasons. The person who previously held the job left, and so the position became available. Sinead had worked directly below him in the structure of United Beverages and so stood a good chance of being successful in her application for the job. It was determined that while Sinead didn't have all the qualifications and skills required for the job, she had the perfect attitude towards learning, training and development, which is most important when looking at prospective candidates. (Wiley lecture 00).

Analysing a training and development need involves a systematic process of determining, measuring and deciding on priorities for action. (Byrne week 5 learning pack). Also when analysing the training and development needs of and individual, the skills gap must be realised by looking at the actual knowledge, skills and attitude they possess, what KSA is needed now and what KSA is needed in the future in order for the companies business strategy to be successful. So basically there are two types of analysis, reactive and proactive. Reactive analysis is problem-based analysis, management look at an existing problem and determine the solution to be training and development. Proactive analysis is, analysis the company's strategic plan and determining the training and development needs that must be met now in order for the success of it in the future. While proactive analysis is the best approach, reactive analysis tends to be the analysis most commonly used. In the case of United Beverages and Sinead, reactive training and development needs analysis was used. Management was reacting to the skills gap that arose after Sinead's promotion.

There are three levels of needs analysis, they are, Organisational, Job and Individual (Byrne week 5 learning pack). Although, Boydell suggests that there are four levels, they are, Organisational, Occupational, Individual and Departmental. (In Wilson, 00111). Each level of the analysis works as part of a team. It is difficult to determine what the individual needs without looking and the Organisation, Occupation and Department. You can't decide what the individual needs, if you don't know what the organisation ultimately wants to achieve. The Organisational level is self explanatory, on the occupational level there needs to be a discussion of requirements of the job title e.g. new technology and how everyone will need to know how to use it. On the individual level, this is the analysis that took place in order for Sinead's training and development needs to be prioritised. Of course when this was being done the Organisations, Departments and Occupations needs were all taken into account.

Spritzer claims that there are five steps in a systematic approach to training. They are Needs assessment, design, development, delivery and evaluation. Once the needs assessment is completed and the skills gap has been identified, a course of action is designed and then the development occurs along with the delivery of the desired training and development, finally an evaluation takes place to determine whether or not the analysis and action were successful. Fitzpatrick's or Hamlin's model of evaluation can be used.

As the complete take over of United Beverages by Diageo will take place in 004, the Marketing Department will be expanding. Sinead needs to be equipped to manage more staff and to be involved in the recruitment and selection of the marketing employees. So this marked a training and development need that incorporated the organisations strategic plan.

There are many sources of information that can be used when conducting needs analysis. Company records can be used to analysis training and development needs on an Organisational level, as can secondary information, managers, employees, customers and suppliers. (Byrne week 5 learning pack). There are also many research methods that can be used when conducting training and development needs analysis, they are document analysis, statistical analysis, interviews (individual and group), questionnaires (personal, postal and telephone) and tests (single and assessment centres). (Byrne week 5 learning pack). There are two other methods, Observation and Participation but they tend to be less popular than the others. Needs analysis is really about putting al l of the above methods together in order to get the full picture.

There are two types of analysis sources they are internal and external. Internal analysis includes corporate objectives and strategies, human resource plans, skills audits and inventories, statistics e.g. defects, complaints, absenteeism, turnover, profit and cost figures, also interviews with employees, managers and customers. (Byrne week 5 learning pack). External analysis sources used are competitors, customers, suppliers, and technology, legislation (e.g. Health & Safety regulations), pressure groups and social change. (Byrne week 5 learning pack).

"Job training analysis is the process of identifying the purpose of a job and its component parts and specifying what must be learnt in order for there to be effective work performance." (Byrne week 5 learning pack (Harrison, 16)).

When conducting a needs analysis on an occupational level there are four different ways to do so. Although it is time consuming a comprehensive task analysis is one method, it in involves thoroughly looking at every task involved in a certain position and documenting the entire level of knowledge, skills and attitude required to complete the job. Key task analysis is another way of conducting a needs analysis on an occupational level. This is completed by looking at the tasks that are absolutely essential to the success of the given job. Reactive organisations tend to use a third type of needs analysis when dealing with the occupational level. Problem centred analysis is done by looking at a problem within the occupation and determining that training or development is the way to solve it. Competetency Based Analysis is the final analysis used when conducting a needs analysis on an occupational level. Competencies are the link between the personal traits, skill and characteristics and effective behaviour required to fill the job adequately.

Needs analysis on an individual level is very important also. There are generally two reasons why a needs analysis is required, firstly it can be to improve the current performance of an individual and secondly it is to ensure the continuous development of their career, e.g. to have the required skills for a promotion. There are numerous was of assessing the training and development needs of an individual, performance reviews, discussion with management, assessment centres (this is generally used for managers), self assessment and statistics. Statistics can indicate absenteeism and customer service area's that need attention.

In the case of Sinead Cowzer, a training and development need arose because of promotion. While she didn't possess all the skills that were required for the job she had the perfect attitude to training and development. There was a skills gap present and so Jeanette Lindfield undertook training and development needs analysis. The analysis was both reactive and proactive. On the organisational level Jeanette looked at United Beverages strategy and analysed what Sinead's role was going to be. She also looked at the job description for Trade Marketing Manager and Sinead's old job description as Marketing assistant and determined what skills gaps there was. She undertook both a Comprehensive task analysis and a key task analysis. On the individual level, Jeanette identified the training and development needs through discussion with Sinead and John Kershaw the Director. Jeanette also used Sinead's performance reviews to determine training and development needs. Both Sinead and John outline objectives for Sinead during her bi-annual review and Jeanette determined what training and development needed to be undertaken in order for those objectives to be met.

(B.) Identify an appropriate learning activity to address the needs identified.

There were four main needs identified by the needs analysis

1. Interview Skills

. Management skills

. Brand responsibility

4. Media Advertising

1. Interview Skills

Lindfield found that when she compared Sinead's job descriptions that there was a deficit in interview skills, since now Sinead would be officially head of the Marketing Department she would be required to interview potential employees, especially in 004 when United Beverages is completely taken over by Diageo. Lindfield determined that the best way of teaching interview skills was through practical experience. She gave Cowzer notes on how to prepare for interviews, how to conduct one and how to initially identify the candidates you wish to interview. Coaching was deemed to be the most effective way of closing the skills gap. As the Human Resource Manager Lindfield was very familiar with Interviewing, so she volunteered herself to coach Sinead in Interview skills. This coaching was free and therefore cost effective. The coaching was also on the job coaching and therefore not much time was wasted. One advantage of coaching is that it is focused on performance and therefore generally an improvement is noticeable almost immediately, if the individual is open and keen on the development of their skills, which Sinead definitely was.

. Management Skills

As this is the first Management position that Sinead has held she has some skills gaps when it comes to managing people. Sinead was chosen for the position even though she didn't possess all the desired skills as she has a great attitude towards her colleagues and shows great determination when dealing with problems, she is very self confident and was decisive under pressure, and this was reflected in her performance appraisals. The mentoring system could be used in this training and development.

"…(Mentor refers to) experienced and often senior employees who support and advise less experienced and often younger colleagues through their personal and career development" (Walton, 11, in Byrne, week 6 learning pack).

Your boss should not do mentoring, yet John Kershaw was appointed as an internal mentor to Sinead, but she also had an external mentor within Diageo on the whole. Mentoring focuses on a broader aspect of achieving higher performance than coaching. While this will take time it is an ongoing process that will be invaluable to Sinead in the long run, she must learn how to efficiently delegate tasks and how to interact with staff. I believe that mentoring is the best way of establishing this.

. Brand Responsibility

Under her new role as Trade Marketing Manager Sinead is responsible for maintaining the finch's brand in regards to marketing. While she was already somewhat responsible in her previous role of Marketing Assistant the onus is completely on her and she will be held responsible to any problems that arise within the marketing department. Sinead is already studying for her degree in Marketing and brand responsibility is one of the key areas covered on her course. United Beverages have therefore offered to pay Sinead's college fees. While it is costly in involves very little effort on their part and almost insures that she will remain in their employment for sometime and at least until she completes her degree.

4. Media Advertising

This is another area that will be covered in Sinead's degree course, although United Beverages feel that it would fit better with their strategy if she covered it more intensively and quicker. They enrolled Sinead in a media-buying course with another member of her marketing team. While this was expensive and time consuming it proved to be a complete success. United Beverages also sent her to an advanced course in media buying to cover her gap in Media Audit Skills, as the other course had been so successful.

Finally in conclusion, United Beverages have shown a commitment to the training and development needs of their staff. Although they may need to assess the performance review system currently in place, especially when it is used as one of the primary information sources when determining and training and development need.

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Analysis on outbreak of SARS

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Wang Dan is the most prominent new exile to the U.S. He was one of the leaders of the Tiananmen Square democracy movement in 18 in China. By conducting a textual analysis of his address to Taipei Times I will show how Wang Dan used propaganda to portray the Chinese people are innocent victims and frame what the Chinese government should have done particularly with regard to the mass media to remedy government's slowness and inappropriateness of response to an outbreak of SARS in order to maintain the stability of the society and the development of the economy. In order to support my thesis, I will use examples and ideas from five periodical articles and three additional publications and theories like Harold Innis's concept of center vs. periphery and Marshall McLuhan's concept of the medium is the message in my essay by elaborating detail in terms of the following three aspects

1. The public panic and the function of mass media.

. How do the mainstream media and government deal with the crisis caused by an outbreak of SARS?

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. The impact of the economy by SARS

This review of an outbreak of SARS focuses on these three main areas.

The public panic and the function of mass media

1. WangDan presents Chinese people as innocent

Wang Dan presents Chinese people are innocent in an outbreak of SARS. He said the Chinese authorities tried to cover it up, but paper cannot cover up fire. The consequence was panic among the people. Obviously, he tried to show that people who were infected by SARS were innocent due to irresponsibility of the Chinese government. As we know he was one of the leaders of the Tiananmen Square democracy movement in 18 in China and he has sufficient knowledge in history and politic of China, but he have been isolated from China since 17. That brings me to think how much he knows about the nowadays of China. Does he qualify to criticize China about SARS? Does his message reliable? From Marshall McLuhan's conception of the medium is the message, Wang Dan himself can be looked as a medium. He himself as a medium automatically sends me a message before reading his address to Taipei Times. The positive or negative of the message depends on who receive the message. The message I received from him is that he probably will not say any good side about China, so the message what he said most likely will be biased which can not be fully trusted. This is because I do not appreciate what he did in the Tiananmen Square democracy movement in 18 in China. What he and his other classmates did is totally in threaten of the social stability of China at that time. In the article ¡°People Against the Mentally III Community Opposition to residential Treatment Facilities, author Fanny, M shows that Chinese government tried to cover the truth of mentally illness people up in order to put them in a local living area, but people who live around those mental illness people find out the truth later and caused the society unstable. ¡°the typical AIDS story tended less to sensationalize than to reassure, largely because journalists depended upon government officials......Such sources had interests either in avoiding coverage or in pointing toward breakthrough; (David C. Colby, Timothy E.Cook, 11, p.15). Later this epidemic seemed likely to affect general population. Above two examples exactly shows what Wand Dan said paper cannot cover up fire. In my view, as a big country like China sometimes do need authority to cover outbreak like SARS up before knowing the source of SARS and knowing how to treat this disease in order to make the society stable. I think this is not irresponsible to the people. Especially, a country like China who has 1 billion people, any inappropriate issue will cause great impact in the whole society. From Lasswell's conception of the propaganda, even country like United States, it also use propaganda to make up a story of a hero woman soldier to cover the truth of that soldier in order to encourage American soldier to win the war in Iraq and the effect of that among American soldiers is great during that war.

. How does message become rumor?

Wan Dan says that no control to the new technology of transmitting message is the reason that caused the rumor of SARS among people. The new technology of transmitting message can be the internet and the cellular phone which are hard to be controlled. Non-professional opinions are important factors that caused rumor. From Harold Innis's conception of center vs. periphery, Wan Dan can be looked as a center that he sends the message to people. People who receive message from him can be looked as periphery. ¡°In societies in which modern means of communication predominate, rumor always moves faster than fact. Often, when a fact arrives it is interpreted in the light of a rumor which manages to become more real than the fact. (Herbert Daniel, 11, p.54). Although author Herbert Danniel talks about AIDS which is different from SARS, he has the similar idea why the message become rumor as Wan Dan has. The wide range of using the cellular phone and the internet can also be considered as a result of propaganda of the new technology. From Lasswell's conception of the propaganda, we can see that why so many people in China use the cellular phone and the internet is because of the propaganda of the new technology.

The reason that the rumor of SARS generated such a wide impact among mass in china can be explained in the following two ways first, because the information related to SARS concerns the health and even life safety of the common people; Wan Dan said the Chinese authorities tried to cover up the cases of SARS, but paper can not cover up fire. The consequence was panic among the people. ¡°Irresponsible press and media coverage highlighted the spread of AIDS¡­ (Herbert Danniel, 11, p.5). Obviously, we can see that the occurrences of the rumor are mostly caused by the government or the mass media. From Innis's conception of center vs. periphery, we can understand that people who spread message of SARS can be looked as center and who receive the message is periphery. In here, The Chinese government is center and the mass media is the periphery. I realize that the power of center is so important, anything inappropriate messaged sent by center can cause great impact on its periphery. SARS is the great example of this. Second, the common people are lacking knowledge of medical treatment and medication for SARS. The uncertainties related to SARS are high. As a result, hearsay becomes wide and the great of impact is hard to avoid. Wan Dan said if the news about SARS can be reported in an official way, then the impact of it on the society can be greatly reduced. This is true, I agree with this point. The government should be responsible to issue news of SAR in its early stage in order to stop the rumors of SARS and can maintain the stability of the society. ¡°Suggestions for resolving the paradox included in the planning, application of the knowledge and skills of social Psychology in dealing with public panic, and cooperation with the mass media to reach the public. (Fanny M. Cheung, 10, p.05).

With SARS, Wan Dan think there are additional factors that affect the transmission of hearsay. First is the way of information dissemination. According to an investigation reported in one local newspaper in Beijing, it was discovered that the common people acquire information about SAS is from cellular phones and the internet. New ways of transmission easily break through the localized community conversation. The second factor is culture. ¡°¡­, individuals tend to share information with others and with people whom they perceive to have good relations (Lai & Wong, 00, p. 58) Medical experts report that Chinese people are more likely to consult with non-professionals. They would rather to listen to opinions from their relative or friends. In contrast, western people would rather to listen to the opinions of medical professionals. This hobby of Chinese is not good for the whole society.

The different people transmitting hearsay have different motivations. Some of them try to help others, let others know what really happened, however some of them want to benefit from this event. These people intentionally magnify the epidemic situation. This kind of motivation goes against the social morality. It harms the benefit of the public. From Lasswell's conception of propaganda, different people use propaganda to relay the information of the SARS to the public for different purposes. ¡°Disasters for some are opportunities for others. (Virginia Berridge & Philip Strong, 11, p.1). This statement clearly shows that some people will use disaster as a tool to make their own benefit from the public.

From the above we can see that the supply of professional information related to SARS would cut down on the spread of hearsay. Thus facing the hearsay as early as possible is very important to prevent rumor from flooding. There is a need to increase the average trust of the mass media. The information relayed by the mass media should be by professionals. Government officers also are important roles, if they have ability and experiences know how to deal with the relationship among the public, then the spread of the hearsay can be limited in a certain range.

. Why do the rumors about SARS pass so quickly?

Wan Dan says that it is now impossible to completely control the dissemination of information. From Harold Innis's conception of center vs. periphery, the government can be looked as center while the mainstream media are an intermediate and people who receive the message from the mass media is periphery, the government use its power to control the dissemination of message to media which are around it. Especially, nowadays the technology is so advanced, people can easily relay information by using internet or the cellular phones. Therefore, it is not possible to control the dissemination of the information. ¡°¡­, many people heard about the rumor even before news announcements on television and radio. Apparently, they had obtained the news through personal channels.(Gina Lai, Qdalia Wong, 00, p.54). In deep, common people have the right to know the true story of the event even when the event threatens people's safety. Because the Chinese government did not want the public to know about SARS in the beginning, there was no any related news about SARS being issued by media. However it is impossible to prevent people from communicating with each other in this information era. If the mass media was not allowed to function properly and in a timely manner by the Chinese government, this certainly will lead to a lost of control of public opinion. In terms of the mass communication, a government should serve as a source of information for its people, fulfilling their rights of know the facts related to their lives or safety by offering them a timely and actual flow of information. People's rights to information should be the only principle for the government to follow, regardless of whether the information is about an infectious disease or not. In an outbreak of SARS, the mass media also did not fulfill their responsibility. In the beginning, the mass media did not relay the information related to this infectious disease to public, therefore rumors about SARS pass very quickly and caused mass panic. ¡°Governmental inability to solve these problems, or even to address them in a timely fashion, is likely to generate dissatisfaction or distrust.(Patricia & Dietram, 000, p.744). From Harold Innis's conception of monopoly of knowledge, we can understand the reason why mass media did not relay the information of SARS to the public mainly is because the Chinese government controls the information of the sensitive issues and never allows these issues to be covered in order to maintain social stability.

How to deal with the crisis caused by an outbreak of infectious disease

1. In the information era the government needs to be much more efficient in making information public in the event of emergency.

When important event concerning the lives of people happen, the public needs to know the facts as a matter of respect and human rights. ¡°The states did not introduce full individual human rights, including the right to communicate with others.(Miroljub Radojkovic, 14, p.17) Wan Dan says in the information era, it is impossible to block information, because the speed of transmission as well as the broad of scope creates a huge of impact. From Harold Innis's conception of time bias and space bias, we understand that the internet and the cellular phones can be looked as space bias, because they are transportable and can be used to transfer information very quickly. The government should have good relationship with the mass media. When people urgently want to know the exact information about an infectious disease, if the mass media keeps quiet, the only thing that will happen is the rumor about the disease will get bigger and bigger. If some related departments of government relayed information about this event through the mass media they could have a good image in the public.

. Increasing trust in the government

Wan Dan addressed that the message should be transparent to the public in order to increase trust in the government among people. ¡°¡­, it is very clear that an underlying motivation was to protect economic interests of San Francisco and the State of California by denying the existence of the plague and deriding those who claimed it existed.(J. Gerard Power, 15, p.8). ¡°the distrust potentially stems from discrepancies between the output produced by the government and citizens expectation.(Patricia Moy, Dietram A., 000, p.744) Again, from Innin's conception of center vs. periphery, San Francisco and the State of California are the center and the mass media is intermediate that used the information sent by the local government to its periphery which is local people. I think the negative effect of the action of San Francisco and the State of California is great. Since the message of plague is not transparent to the local people, once plague is out of control will decrease trust in the government among the local people.

. There is no shirking the responsibility for mainstream media

The government should try to establish a sustained and stable relationship with the mass media so that the media can be the government's capable assistant when facing a sudden crisis, issuing true and reliable information to ensure the stability of the society. From Harold Innis's concept of center vs. periphery, the Chinese government is the center and the mass media is intermediate and the Chinese people are the periphery. Since the effect of the center always can cause great impact on its periphery, the Chinese government can use the mass media to replay information to the public after creating good relationship with the mass media. In order to allow the mainstream media to sufficiently exert the above function, the government should start with the following steps First, should regard the superiority for mainstream in public opinion; second, should persist in guide of correct public opinion; lastly, the government should set up an efficient system of emergency.

The impact of the economy by SARS

Wan Dan says the Chinese authorities expect foreign investors to have faith in China's economic development. On the other hand, they tell lies and conceal message. From Harold Innis's concept of center vs. periphery, the Chinese government is the center and the Chinese people are the periphery. The effect of the center on its periphery always has great impact either positive or negative. So when the Chinese government tell lies and conceal message of an outbreak of SARS, this will cause great negative effect such as distrust in the government among people. That can easily bring the economy down because no one wants to do business with a person who can not be trusted.

A. Credibility

1. ¡°In China, how can a market economy develop successfully if credibility is destroyed by the government?

B. Political reform

1. China's slowness and inappropriateness of response are unlikely to be remedied without political reform

By conducting a textual analysis of his address to Taipei Times we can see how Wang Dan used propaganda to portray the Chinese people are innocent victims and frame what the Chinese government should have done particularly with regard to the mass media to remedy government's slowness and inappropriateness of response to an outbreak of SARS in order to maintain the stability of the society and the development of the economy. ¡°The reform of china's economic system after 178 was no doubt one of the most significant events in the 0th century (Harding, 187, p.467) China is in a more exoteric environment now, especially after joined the WTO, the economy of china has become part of the world economy and the contact with international countries has become more frequently. A crisis such as SARS was reviewed only as Chinese before, but now it will probably have a ripple effect in the world. I believe after this outbreak, both the chinese government and the mass media will change the way they look at and judge crisis such as SARS and as a result they will set up a healthy ordered system of information.

Please note that this sample paper on Analysis on outbreak of SARS is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Analysis on outbreak of SARS, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Analysis on outbreak of SARS will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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1998 Water front dispute:how it could be avoided

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Waterfront dispute is one of the biggest and the most important disputes in the history of Australia. The waterfront dispute of 18 was an incredible tale of legal drama, violent confrontation, strange alliances, betrayals, family difference and nefarious deceit. The stakes were high the economic viability of the company at the centre of the dispute, Patrick Stevedores, was at risk; the government was pursuing a cornerstone of its labour market reform and the breaking of unionisation on the docks; the Maritime Union of Australia and it's supporter's, were fighting for survival and the principle of freedom of association the right to join a union and not be sacked for it. Everyone involved in this dispute faced problems. This dramatic battel between MUA and Patrick Stevedores represented the first major trial of strength between government and the unions.

As said by Tom Sheridan "History is important in understanding labour relations, particularly in those singular industries, notably coal mining and stevedoring, which often seem to challenge the old saw that if we forget history we will be condemned to repeat it again", it is important that if we don't remember what had happened and repeat it again we will responsible for another waterfront dispute in the future.

This dispute was not unavoidable. It could have been avoided if proper steps were taken to make it easier for both the parties to solve the dispute without dissolving personal interest of both the parties, in such a way that everyone gains something out of it rather than everyone loosing, like how it happened where the employees lost their jobs, employers a lot of money and the unions and government faced lots of problems. Some of the most important steps that could have helped are the proper human resource management practices by the stevedoring industry. If stevedoring industry would have taken proper steps and used proper human recourse practices it could have avoided lots of problems that it faced.

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Role of Human Resource Managers to Avoid 18 Waterfront Dispute

In today's world Human Resource Manager play a very important role in industries. They have many jobs like recruiting, human resource planning, job analysis and design, selection and placement and many more. In waterfront dispute stevedoring industry could have used proper human resource management practices and with the help of human resource managers could have avoided the dispute. Here some of the points the managers could have concentrate in order to avoid the dispute are

1. Managing Change

. Handling Workplace Grievances And Disciplining Employees

. Development; Training & Career

Managing Change

"Managing change means managing peoples fear. Change is natural and good, but peoples reaction to change is unpredictable and irrational. It can be managed if done right". Human resource mangers duty is to manage this change and let the employees feel comfortable and accept the change. Employees are usually feared of this change, they usually have negative attitude and perception towards change. They have different fears like losing their jobs, their status or their social security, afraid of a higher workload and many more.

The first effect of change on employees is negative these effects include fear, stress, frustration and denial of change. They are afraid of loosing something as they have incomplete information on how the change process is going to effect their personal situation in the terms of task, workload or responsibilities. Sometimes in changes there are job cuts and people who survive these cuts may also have negative attitude like feeling guilty because they still have the job while others became unemployed and other things which causes stress and thus lead to inefficient and ineffective work which will lead to lesser productivity of the company.

The managers need to keep all these in mind and try to achieve positive results and handle the change effectively. There are certain steps to be taken by the managers to manage change effectively they are

· Understanding The mangers have to do a proper study of the business environment, the organization and its culture and knowing the organizations capability to respond to critical factors and decide wether changes can be coped with and how they might be handled.

· Planning The second step to be taken by the managers is to set the strategic direction, communicate at all levels and give a clear idea both to the organization and its people of where it is going and why.

· Implementing The third step to be taken by the manager establishing a change programme, led by a good manager to make things happen and support people through training and development.

· Controlling the Change Process Last but not the least the managers had to expect the unexpected, keep track of progress, continue to learn and improve from the experience.

Changes can occur because of many reasons. It could be due to new product developmet, introduction of new technology, change in work force, reduced productivity, product quality, satisfaction, commitment and many more. Change can happen anytime and in any organization and cause of anything the human resouse managers role is to undertand it and try to manage it so that everyone gains something or the other from it.

In Australian Waterfront Dispute of 18 these mangers could have played a major role to avoid it to happen if stevedoing industry would have used proper human resource management practices. The stevedoring industry knew that there would be major changes in the industry because of the introduction of new technology and they knew that a lot of people would be left job less but didnt take any step. The employees used the help of unions to threaten the employers for better work facilities and other demands but the stevedoring industry with the help of govenment tried to get rid of the unions thus resulting in a big dispute in which everyone involved lost something .

If the human resource managers who were involved would have taken appropriate measures, they would have helped the employees to retain their jobs, the employes not to loose the huge sum of money they lost and the other parties as well. Some of the steps that would have helped the managers to avoid thes dipute are, they could have put up Voluntry redundancy plans by which the employees could have taken some proper benifits and awards and left the job themselves without creation such a big problem, they could have used Multi tasking for helping the employees to learn more skills and training them in different types of works and skills and helping them out, they could have Seeked new jobs for redundant employees by doing this the managers could have helped the employees at least of not loosing everything as they already have many industries in many fields they could have employed them there to help avoid this conflict.

Human resourse managers could have helped a lot to avoid this conflict they could have understood the changes that would have taken place and taken proper steps to help everyone involved in the dispute. This could have helped the stevedoring industry a lot.

HANDLING WORKPLACE GRIEVANCES AND DISCIPLINING EMPLOYEES

A grievance is a statement given by an employee about a problem, concern or even a complaint that arises in the work place. These may arise may be mainly due to allocation of work, job design, performance management, a workplace communication or interpersonal conflict, an occupational health or safety issue, an allegation of discrimination within the meaning of the Anti-Discrimination Act 177 including harassment, or a question, dispute or difficulty concerning the interpretation, application, or operation of an enterprise or any other agreement.

If the grievances of the employees are not resolved promptly, it may have a major impact in the organization. These may include problems like

· Lost productivity;

· Lower quality work, products and customer services;

· Distraction from corporate goals;

· Loss of confidence and communication between employees, managers and supervisors;

· Low morale and job satisfaction which can lead to industrial problems, increased absenteeism and increased staff turnover;

· Loss of reputation as an employer and service provider;

· Loss of reputation to the employee;

· Lost working time of everyone involved in dealing with a complaint; and

· The potential for legal action and damages.

Grievances and other issues rose by the employees need to be considered and effectively solved by the human resource managers. Grievances are just to deal with matters relating to an individual employee. The employees have got every right to take up any issue and report those problems to the management. The employer can also point out to any employee if the rules of the agreement are not followed. In some cases the use of grievance procedures can result in a recommendation that the employer take action through the disciplinary process. Unlike a grievance procedure, a discipline process deals with performance or conduct matters identified by the employer. If a grievance is raised during a discipline process, the grievance needs to be finalised but the disciplinary process should continue independently.

External support in dealing with grievances

The right of employees to seek appropriate external support and assistance to deal with their work-related concerns and grievances should be respected and incorporated into agency procedures. The employees should be made aware of the procedures of seeking and getting advice from the union and they should free to be represented by the union. People should be informed, when relevant, of their right to have an issue dealt with by an external organization such as the Anti-Discrimination Board or the Industrial Relations Commission.

It is the responsibility of the human resource managers to encourage employees to understand the agency's procedures for resolving work-related concerns and grievances and providing timely and confidential assistance to the employees in order to make sure that no conflicts arise between the employees and the management. It is the duty of the employees to take prompt action on work-related issues if they are not satisfied or feel that there is anything wrong with the agency's procedures.

As there are changes occurring in the workplace environment, organizations must adopt to that change in order to avoid conflicts between the employees and the employers. The Human Resource manager should ensure that they show considerable involvement in the selecting the right employees and providing them the right set of policies and procedures. He should also possess the ability to strategically assess the form of employment instrument that will be best suitable for the workers. By taking all these into consideration, the chances of arousal of industrial conflict in an organization can be avoided.

In the waterfront dispute, if the Human resource managers had been more vigilant about all the factors that need to be considered with regard to disputes with employees, then the industrial dispute that had led to during the waterfront could have been avoided. It is just that the employers were not aware of the requirements of the employees because of which the union had to rely on the police to remove pickets from the workplace. But if the problems were resolved between the employers and employees among themselves, then it would not have taken them so far to the police and disputations. The employees were also not very much aware of the policies of the organization. It is the human resource manager who is accountable for all these issues relating to problems in the work for the employees. The manager should have given some other opportunities for the employees as well if the unions alone were not able to solve the problem. They should have provided them with some other high authority or an agency that will be the right person to effectively understand and resolve the problems. It is the responsibility of him to ensure that all employees are aware of the policies and procedures of the unions and agencies, so that there will not be any conflicts in the future due to this. Employees need to be aware of the options available to them in a strike situation. If strikes are allowed to continue uncontrollably, there will be no incentives for employers and unions to deal with their problems constructively, which is the key issue on the waterfront. Therefore, if the human resource managers had effectively implemented the tools to select the employees, made them aware of the policies and considered their grievances and resolved them in order to grow satisfaction from employees and also to gain profitability, then it would not have been a necessity for the union to request the police to remove pickets. Thereby, measures could have been taken to avoid the dispute.

Development; Training & Career

Employee development is a key component of a company's human resource management efforts. It is a necessary component of a company's efforts to improve quality, to meet the challenges of global competition and social change, and to incorporate technological advances and changes in work design. Also companies (and their employees) have to constantly learn and change, to meet changing customers needs and compete in the ever changing markets, the emphasis placed on training and development has increased.

According to psychology, every one has some psychological needs & one of them is career and development accompanied with proper training. To retain and motivate employees, companies need to provide a system to identify and meet employee's development needs.

Measuring and managing performance is also an important function of HR management. HR manager must be aware of best suitable method of performance measure for employees and once performance is measured a major component of a manager job's is to feed that performance information back to employees in a way that result in improved performance rather than defensiveness and decreased motivation. Mangers should also take appropriate action on the cause of poor performance, whether it is ability or motivation or both.

The waterfront dispute can be seen as direct failure of human resource policies of the Patrick Stevedores employed at that time. The management practices of the employer, Patrick Stevedores was not able to motivate the employees indeed they were responsible for increasing the fear to lost the job among the employees. It is quit obvious that management was not serious towards fulfilling the psychological needs of the employees that were quit related to work practices. So if the HR management in relation of development, training & career of the employees would have done the serious and sincere efforts, this dispute could be avoided.

CONCLUSION

From the above discussion it is quit clear that the industrial dispute that rock the world could be avoided. Despite a number of third parties involved in the dispute, the main players in the dispute were the employer, Patrick Stevedores and the employees of the employer. If the appropriate HR management practices were employed by the management at that time, it is possible that instead of talking about dispute we would have been discussing about the waterfront reform by the HR managers. However some key management practice which could be useful to avoid the dispute were

1) Managing change, ) Handling Workplace Grievances And Disciplining Employees,

) Development, Training & Career. If the management of Patrick Stevedores would have been used appropriate measures to motivate their employees, and if it would have been successful in giving them full job satisfaction, the waterfront dispute would not happened.

References

Books &Articles

De Cieri, Kramar et al (00) Human Resource Management in Australia, McGraw Hill, Sydney.

Deery S, Plowman D, Walsh J, Brown M (00) Industrial Relation A Contemporary Analysis, nd edition.

Tom Sheridan, The 18 Australian Waterfront Dispute In its Historical Context, International Employment Relations Review, Vol 5, No. , 1.

Barbara Pocock, Success in Defence Union Strategy and the 18 Maritime Dispute, International Employment Relations Review, Vol 5, No. , 1.

Gerard G, & Stuart S, Industrial Relation and 18 Waterfront Dispute, International Employment Relations Review, Vol 5, No. , 1.

Web sites visited

http//www.ogc.gov.uk/sdtoolkit/reference/deliverylifecycle/impplans/manag_change.html

http//members.aol.com/AllenWeb/change.htm

http//www.themanager.org/Strategy/Change_Phases.htm

http//management.about.com/library/weekly/aa00.htm

http//www.intelligo.ie/newsletter/February/hrmanagers.htm

http//www.hrworld.com/

http//www.eeo.nsw.gov.au/employee/grievanc.htm

http//www.scope4u.com/grievance.asp#6

http//www.acci.asn.au/text_files/issues_papers/Waterfront_Reform/WR0.pdf

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Porters five forces model

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Proters 5 forces and macintosh

Introduction To perform the Industry Analysis it is better to follow Michael Porters five forces model. This analysis framework was created so that it helps managers in their task to analyze competitive forces to the company. (Hill & Jones 80) This model is only one of the models that can be used for this task but it is one of the more popular models. The five forces that we will have to look at for this model are (1) the risk of new and potential competitors; () the bargaining power of suppliers; () the threat of substitute products; (4) the bargaining power of buyers; and (5) the degree of rivalry among established companies within an industry. (Hill & Jones 80) Barriers to Entry The first force in Porters Five Forces Model is Entry Barriers. These factors are those that make it harder or easier for another company to enter into the industry. High barriers to entry will keep potential competitors out of the industry and low barriers to entry will give an opening for competitors to enter into the industry if the industry returns are high enough. (Hill & Jones 8) The fewer competitors in an industry the more the existing companies can take advantage of higher prices and better returns. One barrier to entry is brand loyalty. Brand loyalty is very important for the sales of IBM. When personal computers first came out you had to choose from IBM or Apple. Both computers were great machines but when IBM became a better-known computer the name was very recognizable. Today your choice in computers is much more extensive. Even though there are many more brands to choose from IBM is still a popular name. If not for its own products it is for their platform it has. IBM compatible is a widely used term when talking about computers. Many people when looking for a new notebook computer will then think about the name first. You may think well if the other computers are compatible then why not just get something that is cheaper? This is an option but the other way of looking at it is the name brand will be a better product. A second barrier to entry is switching costs. When IBM and Apple were the only computer systems to choose from people had to make a choice. When you went to buy one system then you had to buy all the software that went along with that system. Ultimately, IBM became the more popular system and there was more software produced for IBM computers rather than Apple. (Hill & Jones 105) So now when consumers are searching for notebook computer that will help you out in the new work environment you are more likely to stay with the brand that they picked originally or another brand that is compatible to that system. Since IBM became the more popular computer to start with, switching cost became much higher if you wanted to switch to a Macintosh, an Apple operating system. All the software that you owned for the IBM computer would be useless for an Apple computer. That means along with purchasing the new computer itself you would also have to repurchase all the software that you had on the old computer in the new Macintosh format. Also the two computers work slightly different, so you may have to take a class or two to help you understand how to work this new computer that you purchased. Overall that is much more money then it would be just to buy another computer compatible with the same system that you already own. A third barrier to entry is one of imitation and absolute cost advantages. This is were IBM has lost its advantage. IBM has created a computer that is very open for imitation. There are many different computers that are compatible to the IBM format. Each new company that has entered the market has realized that IBM had the more popular system and then tried to copy it. These new companies were producing very similar computers at the same cost but charging less. (Hill & Jones 07) This in turn caused IBM to loose their advantage over new competitors. However when IBM went into the notebook computer industry it became innovative and produced computers that were similar to their normal PC. They offered many features that most companies could not put on their laptop because of lack of room. IBM also is able to make one of the smallest and lightest notebook computers. The ThinkPad 560 comes with a 100-MHz Pentium processor, 8MB of RAM and 810MB hard drive also with an 11.-inch screen. This is all packed into a package that is 1. inches thick and about to 6 pounds, depending on your attachment setup. The best features that many like about this version are there is a full size keyboard and screen. It can be hooked up to other hardware or connected to a PC, network or printer. (www.cnet.com) Most other competitors cannot come and make a notebook computer at that weight with so many of the features that IBM is offering. Bargaining Power of Suppliers The second of Porters competitive forces is the bargaining power of suppliers. Suppliers can become severe threats to any company when the business depends on them for their products, but the supplier does not depend on the company for business. Suppliers are a threat when they are able to force up the price that a company must pay for its inputs or reduce the quality of inputs they supply, therefore depressing the companys profitability. If suppliers are weak, this gives a company the opportunity to force down prices and demand higher input quality (Hill & Jones, 001). IBM has numerous amounts of suppliers for their laptop computers. A major supplier is Intel, the worlds largest manufacturer of microprocessors. The industry standard for computers runs on Intels microprocessor family such as the Pentium series microprocessors. IBM has little choice but to use an Intel microprocessor for their laptops. Intel currently possesses about 85 percent of the market so they have supplier power over IBM. This puts Intel in a very powerful position in this situation. There are very few substitutes for Intels microprocessor, so IBM has little choice but to deal with Intel. Intel has the ability to raise prices to any level that satisfies them. This level would not prevail in a highly competitive market for microprocessors (Hill & Jones, 001). IBM does set some standards for its suppliers however. Once suppliers enter into a contract with IBM, they must follow specific instructions given to them. These instructions include document requirements (eg packaging list, billing invoices, etc.), packaging and labeling requirements, shipping instructions, and even country of origin marking (See Appendix A). IBM also has instructions for exports to IBM corporations in the United States (www.ibm.com). Suppliers to IBM are also instructed to use IBMs global procurement system. With the use of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), business transactions can easily flow electronically between IBM and suppliers. Through IBMs EDI services, forms exchange has now evolved. Suppliers can receive electronic purchase orders from IBM procurement and automatically generate an invoice from it. This method of sending invoices electronically utilizing web technology will speed up the invoicing process while reducing the use of paper at the same time. The forms exchange service translates web data into standard EDI format and transfers these messages to and from IBM Information Exchange mailbox. Communication can be made more efficiently and accurately between IBM and its suppliers (www.ibm.com). Substitute Products The third force in Porters model is the threat of substitute products. Substitute products can be any products that companies offer to consumers. These substitutes provide needs to the consumer that are similar to the needs served by the industry being analyzed. The existence of close substitutes presents a strong competitive threat to a company. This in turn limits the price that the company can charge for their product and thus profitability is also negatively affected. On the other hand, if a companys products have few close substitutes, then this company has a better opportunity of gaining more profits due to the ability of raising prices. The company does not have to worry about customers switching to other products. Companies that are not threatened by substitutes should indeed take advantage of such a situation (Hill & Jones, 001). In the case of IBMs laptop computers, the threat of substitute products is extremely minimal. Since laptops provide an efficient means for mobile computing, there is no other true mechanism that poses as a substitute except for possibly a palm pilot or even nowadays cell phones. Newer technologies are enabling products such as these to perform certain jobs that laptops do. Examples are containing Internet access features, e-mail capabilities, personal organization, etc. These products can also be easily moved along with the consumer. However, these items do not utilize the capabilities of data processing, or other means that laptops possess. Typewriters, Word Processors, and Personal Computers are the closest substitutes to laptop computers regardless of their portable inabilities. With typewriters, the printing is done through an inked ribbon that is fitted on spools, and travels with the operation of the machine. It then reverses automatically when one spool becomes completely unwound. Electronic typewriters are basically manual typewriters with the typing strokes powered by an electronic motor drive (www.britannica.com). Word processors use application programs for manipulating text-based documents. They are the electronic equivalent of the paper, pen, typewriter, eraser, dictionary and thesaurus. Depending on the program and the equipment in use, word processors can display documents either in text mode using highlighting, underlining, and color to represent italics, or boldfacing and other such formatting. In the graphics mode, fonts can appear on the screen as they will on the printed page. Some word processors can also check spelling, find synonyms, incorporate graphics created with another program, correctly align mathematical formulas, create and print letters, perform calculations, display documents in multiple on-screen windows, and also enable users to record macros that simplify difficult operations (www.msn.encarta.com). One major manufacturer of typewriters and word processors is Brother. The Personal Computer (PC) or desktop, is a machine capable of repetitively and quickly performing calculations and instructions. Its Design is to be used by a single person; a PC is smaller, less expensive and easier to use than other classes of computers, such as supercomputers, mainframe computers, or workstations. However, it usually has less computational power (www.msn.encarta.com). PCs can most likely be found within office environments, schools, and homes. Along with typewriters and word processors, their prices are far less than laptops as well. As stated earlier, these products can be considered substitutes for laptop computers if a consumer is no longer striving for the portable qualities of laptops. The word processor, typewriter, and PC can all perform similar functions of a laptop, but for traveling, they are surely not recommended. Buyer Power The fourth force of Porters model is bargaining power of buyers. There are many different levels of buyers. Two different levels would be the store that you sell your product to and the other level would be the ultimate consumer. When a buyer can demand certain things from the company then that would give them power. This is a threat to the companys profits when they have achieved a great amount of power. IBM has limited the buyers power by reducing the amount of levels of buyers. IBM sells a majority of their notebook computers off their corporate website. The buyers of notebook computers are becoming more empowered because of the use of the Internet. There have been several companies that have entered the notebook computer business by offering custom-built computers over the Internet. These companies offer that they will make a custom computer to the specifics that you need. IBM did not choose to pursue this route. Instead of making their notebook computer custom built to the customer order IBM has chosen to just make a wide variety of computers. IBM has about 10 different notebook computers and one of them has to fit the customers requirements. Therefore this shows that IBM does not have as much influence by the buyer as does many of its competitors. This reduces the cost for IBM because they do not need someone always figuring out the specific needs of a customer and putting a computer together at that point in time that will fit those needs. IBM only has to ship the notebook computer that the customer ordered. Nobody knows the customer better then the customer and he is the one that picks out the computer he wants. Competitors The last of the forces in Porters model is the intensity of competition. If the competition is low then the dominant company will be able to raise prices and earn greater profits. But when the competition is high like it is in the computer market then there is a price war where prices have to be competitive to your competitors or you will have low market share and smaller profits. (Hill & Jones 84) Computers are the worlds most innovative product. Whether youre having your groceries scanned at the local supermarket, reading your e-mail messages through a portable phone, or traveling through E-Z pass toll booths, computers are an every and all day occurrence in everyones life. From the beginning of the computer industry, IBM has led the way and set standards in the computer market today. From computer mainframes to lb. laptops, IBM next to Apple has maintained its supremacy. Aside from Apple, other competitors have emerged into the computer market. Hewlett Packard and Compaq are two primary competitors in IBMs market sector dealing with laptops today. Since the dawn of the computer era IBM has held its position at the top of the computer industry. Being that IBM has maintained its credibility, it has held its position in the computer world with a lot of market power. This was the case up until about ten years ago. That was when its suppliers broadened their distribution lines and created a larger market for computers. This is a time when IBM needed to implement new computer strategies. The early 80s is when it took hold of the laptop industry. Realizing that what its strategy needed was to be very competitive with its competitors, IBM increased its research and development strategies to achieve its superb Laptop technology. (Research Insight) This was a dawn of a new era for portable computers. Apple computer industry was already competing in the market of computers, so along with Compaq and Hewlett-Packard these three companies posed threat and competition to IBM. After going through and analyzing the income statements between these three companies. You can notice a decline in Apple and IBMs revenues over the past ten years. For Apple computer industry its gross profit has declined form . billion dollars in 11 to 1.7 billion in 1 a 4%decline in revenue for Apple and IBM went from 4 billion in 11 to 8 billion in 1 a 4% decline in revenue. (Research Insight) On the other hand due to computer competition since 1 and the introduction of new competitors and lower barriers of entry into the computer market, other companies have stolen market share from Apple and IBM. Hewlett Packard and Compaq, revenues have increased by 107% and 714% respectfully over the past ten years. By research in http//www.computer-village.com.html you can come to find that this has taken place due to competitive advantages in R & D within these opposing companies. Once youve conducted a check into the components of laptop computers, you will notice most laptops use similar products within the computer make up, Microsoft and Intel being the two biggest suppliers of programs and hardware to computer production. Many of the main components that go into laptop computers are alike among competition. As you compare IBM, Compaq, Hewlett Packard, and Apple you will notice a lot of hardware similarities. For instance, all but Apple uses the Pentium III processor (www.insite.com/computer comparison) where Apple uses there own processor called PowerPC G4. (http//www.apple.com) Along with Apple, most Laptops offer different systems to be installed depending on customers needs for the computer. (www.insite.com) For instance, whether the customer wants a laptop for business purposes, advertising and marketing, or video enjoyment they get their pick as to what computer will best suit their need. The first and most important decision youll make when buying a new computer system is whether to choose a Windows Laptop or an Apple Power book. The decision isnt as easy as it used to be. With the introduction of the low-priced, consumer-oriented Power book and an updated version of the operating system, Apple is on the rebound in both power and price. If you are looking for a computer that is easy to set up and easy to use you can find the Power book to give you the least amount of difficulties. You can find through www.insite.com that Apple laptops have superb graphics and imaging along with superb Internet capabilities such as connection time. As for Compaq and Hewlett Packard, and their Laptops, you may have a bit more difficulty of operating. For home and small-business use, a Windows PC, whether it is an IBM, Compaq, or Hewlett Packard, is generally the safest and less expensive than most laptops one can find. Another benefit is Windows software and add-on hardware are more plentiful, generally less expensive, and easier to find than Apple products. Distribution of laptops also plays a role in the amount of sales a company can expect. Hewlett Packard and Compaq laptops are basically available to the general public through diverse distribution channels such as Catalogs, through the Internet, from a computer store, or a computer expo whereas IBM and Apple both conduct sales through their web sites. This alone has been a major impact on the revenue differences. As we have looked into the Laptop industry we have noticed that IBMs competitors have somewhat taken market share away from IBM due to an increase in the compatibility among its products. Whether you want a laptop with mega memory and great graphics or high power and good Business programs, you must make a choice between many offers in your laptop selection. Because of the dramatic increases in the laptop market IBM has seen some declines in sales yet they havent taken as hard of a hit over the past ten years as Apple computers have. Because of IBMs high ratings in the computer production market, their competition has had a battle in itself to make up for losses in sales and production due to the current success level of IBM. (Research Insight) From our research we have found that IBM and Apple, who were once the leaders in the computer industries have taken pretty sharp cutbacks in production and prices to stay in competition with the rest of their competitors. Conclusion Each of these forces in Porters Five Forces model are all connected in some way. The stronger each force is the more the industry in which the company is in is competitive. When an industry is more competitive this leads to lower prices due to price wars and ultimately lower rate of return. One of the limitations to this way of looking at industry analysis is that the Five Forces model looks at an industry as a whole instead of each individual company

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Trytr

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on trytr. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality trytr paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in trytr, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your trytr paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Anatomy & Physiology 1 04/10/0

Body regions

Head

Neck

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Trunk

Chest

Abdomen

Pelvis

Extremities

Each region has a bony skeleton attached. Which will have muscle attachment, which permits movement.

Body cavities

1. Dorsal cavity-

Framework Cranium, vertebrae

Contents brain, spinal cord

. Thoracic cavity-

Framework ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, diaphragm

Contents heart, lungs, pleura, thymus, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, major vesicles

. Abdominal cavity-

Framework diaphragm, lumbar vertebrae, abdominal muscle.

Contents stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, aorta, venacavias

4. Pelvic cavity- framework pelvic bones, sacrum, and abdominal muscles. Contents Kidneys, bladder, ovaries, uterus, vagina, testicles not dropped, colon, rectum, anus

Structural units of the body

Cell the smallest functional unit of the body

Tissue - Collection of cells having similar functions and structure

Organ - Collection of tissues having similar functions and structure

Systems- group of organs having similar functions and structure

Organism collection of systems, which work together to sustain the independent functioning of the total individual

About the cell

Protoplasum- living substance within the cell. Can be organic or inorganic

Organic materials- chemicals made of carbon. Example protein, fats, carbohydrates

Inorganic materials- chemicals other than carbon. Example water, salts, gases

Electrolytes- salt compounds

Ion's- electrolytes that have been separated in a solution. Carry an electrical charge

Nucleus- control center of the cell. Contains chromosomes

Chromosomes- Made of DNA. Contains the hereditary traits

Nucleolus- pacemaker of the cell

Cytoplasm - contests of the cell other than the nucleolus. Manufactures RNA and other proteins

Organelle- small structures in the cytoplasm that carries on a specific function

Types of Mitochondria powerhouse Produces energy and ATP

Endoplasmic reticulum- produces and transports RNA and sterile hormone Ribosomes- produces RNA and other proteins

Golgi apparatus- manufactures glandurol secretions

Centrioles- per cell. Located near the nucleus and active during cell division

Enclusion bodies

Lysosomes- granules containing digestive enzymes

Pigments- melanin (black), hemoglobin (red), bill Rubin (yellow)

Glycogen- starch molicus. Found in liver and muscle cells

Lipids- fat globules

Mucus- sticky substance, protects the passages of the body that open to the outside

Cell membrane Also called plasma membrane. Its function is selective permeability (only allow certain things in the cell and out of the cell) composed of organic molecules that constantly change shape and chemically interact with other molecules.

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Cellular Physiology methods of moving substances through the cell membrane

Diffusion- movement of a substance through the cell membrane in either direction depending on the concentration of that substance on each side of the membrane. The movement occurs from the side of higher concentration towards the side of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. Example oxygen, carbon dioxide

Osmosis- (selective diffusion) solution involved is water. The salute involved is glucose or salts. Allows movement from a region of low salute to a region of high salute through a membrane. Permeable only to water.

Osmotic pressure will result from a difference in concentration on either side of the membrane.

Isotonic equal osmotic pressure

Hypertonic- intercellular pressure (outside cell) is greater than intracellular. CELL WILL SHRINK AND DRAW FLUID OUT.

Hypotonic- Intracellular pressure is greater than intercellular. CELL WILL SWELL AND BURST

Active transport- substances are moved through a membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration. Requires energy to perform the process. Example electrolytes balances

Filtration- processes that pushes water and substances from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure through a membrane. Responsible for the fluid between the cells. Blood pressure causes this process. How the kidney works

Sodium (NA++) and potassium(K) pump- movement of sodium and potassium enzymes from a low concentration to a high concentration. This requires energy. VERY IMPORTANT in maintaining osmotic pressure.

Bulk transport-

Phagocytosis. Cell membrane surrounds an external particle and encloses it within a vacuole and the enzymes from the lysosomes digest it.

Pinalcytosis- similar to phagocytosis except it intakes liquids. Cellular physiology

Tissues

Epithelial-

Char 1) covers all body surfaces

) mostly cellular

) lacks blood vessels

4) protects underlined structures

5) has cells capable of secretions group of these cells are call GLANDS

6) sensitive to sensory stimulation

7) some of the cells are ciliated.

Types 1) Simple squamos- single layer thick, lines internal organs, secretes a cerus fluid and facilitates diffusion and filtration.

) Simple cuboidal - cube shaped, single layer thick. Secretes hormones and is found in the thyroid and ovaries

) Simple columnar- single layer of tall cells, contain goblet cells, which secretes mucus. Found in the lining of the small intestines. Func is absorption and secretion

4) Pseudostratified columnar- hair growing from the cells. Has goblet cells. Found in the nose, trachea, and bronchi. Simulation of the cilia causes coughing and sneezing

5) Stratified squamas- most common type. Several layers of epithelial cells. Can be karentinised or non-karentinised this forms a waterproof protective covering. Found in the epidermis and the interlining of the mouth

6) Stratified columnar several layers of tall cells. Found in the respitory system and the male reproductive system

7) Transitional comes from the bladder. Can change shape when pulled or stretched

Connective tissue (CT)-

Char 1) found throughout body

) gives body support as a whole.

) Connects two organs together.

4) Secretes a matrix which is an intercellular substance that fills the spaces between the cells.

5) Encapleates certain organs (kidneys)

6) Has a rich supply of blood vessels.

7) It protects delicate organs with fatty deposits

8) It's a storehouse for fats.

Types 1) Adipose - fat cells under skin and around body organs, Func reserve food supply, insulation, and shock absorption.

) Areolar found in subcutaneous tissues, it contains fibrasites which secretes collagen, macrophases which carry out phagocytosis, massed cells which contains histamine causing flamatory process, heparin and plasma cells, the plasma cells contain antibodies.

) White fibers - tendons and ligaments which contains collagen

4) Yellow fibers - elastic fibers found in subcutaneous tissue and gives elasticity to the body.

5) Hyaline Cartilage hard and smooth, made of collagen. It covers joint surfaces and gives firm but flexible support

6) Fibrous cartilage flexible and moveable it is found in the nose, ears, trachea and intervertrable disks

7) Blood- aka wandering connective tissue, cells floating matrix. Made in the bone marrow and it distributes nutrients throughout body.

8)Bone it is made of ostiocytes (bone cells) which secretes a fibrous matrix where the salts of calcium, phosphorous and magnesium are stored. This is what makes the bone hard. Bones provide support and protection for the body.

Char

compact bone- it is very hard, found in shaft of long bones and the outer covering of other bones and it secretes a matrix of concentric circles (rings in a tree)

spongy bone- aka cancelous bone, it contains spaciules which are needle shaped bone fragments and trabeculae which is fibrous cords of ct. This forms a mesh work of bone that fills the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones, this keeps the bones lightweight and strong. It is arranged to absorb shock and stress(webbing)

Periosteum- a fiborous membrane covering outer surface of the bones, it secretes ostioblasts during fracture repair and can increase or decrease in size depending on the activity of the individual.

Epiphysis- growth center of bone. It is found on the ends of long bones and in the center of other bones.

Medulary cavity red marrow, makes red blood cells granulocytes (group of white blood cells) and platelets(clotting cells) This is found in all bones until maturity and after maturity only on flat irregular bones(ribs) Yellow marrow, this replaces red marrow in long bones. It is composed of ataposed tissue and is a reserve source of energy.

Articular cartilage- made of hyaline cartilage and covers ends of long bones to reduce friction.

Types of bones

1) long bones found in extremities.

) short bones( carpals and tarsals)

) irregular bones(vertebrae)

4) 4 flat bones (ribs, sternum, scapula, skull, pelvis)

Fracture Repair (Osteogenisous)

Stage 1 = Procallus where hemorrhaging leads to a clot.

Stage = Callus- granulation tissue forms between the pieces of the bone.

Stage = bony callus- periosteum secretes ostoblasts into the callus and secretes a matrix. OSSIFICATION is formed, which is minerals within the matrix that causes bone to harden. Osteoclasts are secreted to reshape the jagged edges of the damaged bone (bone sculpture cells).

Stage 4 = facture healed

Nervous

Char

1) Coordination center of the body

) Stimulus can only travel in one direction along a nerve

) Nerve fibers join together at a synapse(space)

4) Control center(brain and spinal cord) that is nervous tissue

Muscle

Char

1) Contracts when stimulated. Func enables movement

) Maintains posture against gravity

) Helps vital body functions (example digestion, heartbeat, and breathing)

Types

1) Skeletal- striated, voluntary controlled, some reflex action, muscles connect to bone by tendons and the attachment crosses for a joint

) Smooth muscle- nonstriated, involuntary controlled, controlled by the ANS(autonomic nervous system), found in digestive organs

) Cardiac tissue- striated, involuntary controlled, fibers are interconnected, when one fiber contracts the contraction is spread to all other fibers. Found only in the heart

04/11/0

Blood- (wandering ct)

Char

Blood volume

1) Vary according to species, body weight and age

) Maintains the PH of the body within normal ranges, (normal PH of blood = 7.5- 7.45) ) Acts as a transportation system for food, oxygen(O), carbon dioxide (C0), waste products, heat, hormones, enzymes.

4) Protects the body against antigens(anything foreign to the body) does this by carrying antibodies.

Parts of blood

Plasma- liquid portion of the blood that contains clotting factors. Makes up 55% 65% of the total blood volume. 0% is water, 10% is proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones and enzymes.

Types of protein in plasma

Fibrinogen- made by the liver, requires vitamin K and functions in the clotting process.

Prothrombin- made by the liver, requires vitamin K and functions in the clotting process

Albumin- most prevalent draws fluid from the tissues into the vessels

Globulin- forms, alpha and beta transports fats and fat soluble vitamins, Gamma- functions as antibodies of immunity (all of these are made from plasma cells, made in the spleen and lymph notes

Serum liquid portion of the blood(doesn't have clotting factors), draw blood allow blood to clot spine down and liquid portion of the mixture is cerium.

Cells 5% - 45% of the total blood volume.

Char

1) # from 5 7 million per cubic mm

) Size vary with species and measures in micro's and diameters

) Shape(biconcave disk) does not have a nucleus except birds, reptiles and fish

4) HGB (hemoglobin) contains within the red blood cell. Gives the red blood cell it's color. Loves o. enjoys carbon monoxide more(co),

5) Made in the bone marrow, made in all bones before maturity and only in flat and irregular bones after maturity

6) Function carries oxygen from the lungs to all body parts, carries carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs

7) Life span 4 months. The spleen will fragment the old cells and save the hemoglobin for the new cells

8)Anemia causes. To little hemoglobin, to few cells (mainly animals)

Types RBC (red blood cells, aka Erythrocytes)

WBC (White blood cells)

Leukocytes

1) 5,000 10,000 cubic mm but can go as high as 15,000 if the animal is stressed or excited during blood draw.

) Contain a nucleus

) Larger than red blood cells

4) Their spirifical in shape

5)func some produce and carry antibodies, some carry out phagocytosis, some crawl through capillary walls into tissue spaces ( called diaheapedecyst)

Types of white cells

Granularcytes- formed in the bone marrow, cytoplasm contains granuals, nuclear segments as cell ages, life span appx. 1 hours. Twice the size of a red blood cell

A. Neutrophils most numerous, they number from 60% - 70%, they stay in blood appx. 10 hours, they increase with bacterial infections, attracted to the site of infection by chemotaxois, travel through dyopedicyst, they care out phagocytosis, decrease with viral infections

B. Eosinophils- number from 1% - %, increase with allergic responses and parasitic infections

C. Basophils- number from ½ to 1%, they are occasionally seen with allergies, they secrete heparin which helps prevent blood clotting, secrete histamine which increases blood flow to the tissues

Agranularcytes (nongranularcytes)- formed in the bone marrow and the organ of the lymphatic system. The cytoplasm does not contain granules.

A. Lymphocytes- smallest white blood cell, they will number from 5% 5%, they increase to the response of viral infections, they carry antibodies on the surface of the cell membrane, the cytoplasm shrinks with age making the cell become mostly nucleus, life span may expand for many years.

B. Monocytes- number from % 8%, nucleus and cytoplasm contain vacuals, they will increase with chronic infections, they undergo dyopedicyst and phagocytosis, they circulate in the blood appx. 4 hours, live span several weeks to months

Platelets (thrombocytes) no complete cells, come from a giant cell called MEGAKARYOCYTES, made in the bone marrow, MEGAKARYOCYTES releases cytoplasmic fragments and as the fragments detach an intercirculation the smaller fragments become platelets and as they pass through the vessels of the lungs the larger fragments break down to produce more platelets.

Clotting mechanism Always found in the blood

• Platelets break apart due to rough edges in vessel

• Releasing platelet factors

• Prothrombin --) Ca+ @ platelet factors --) thrombin

• Fibrinogen --) thrombin --) fibrin (clot)

Stationary blood clot = Thrombus

Moving blood clot = embolus

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Membranes

Char

Combination of or more tissues

Covers and lines body cavities

Divides organs into sections

Types

Serous- secretes a thin watery fluid, reduces friction between the organs, joints and enclosed cavities.

Synovial- thick fluid in the joint spaces, reduces friction

Fascia- does not secrete, supports and retains structures and surrounds muscle bundles

Sclera- outer white layer of the eyeball and protects the deeper structures of the eye

Dermaoter- outer covering of the brain and spinal cord, protects the delicate nervous tissue below

Integumentary system (skin)

Structures

Epidermis- outer layer of epidermis is dead keratinized cells,

Germinal layer- area under the outer layer, living cells that undergo mitosis, replaces the cells that are continuously lost in the outer layer

Pigment color

Dermis- composed of a fibroelastic CT, considered the true skin, firmly connected to the epidermis and loosely connected to the subcutaneous tissues below, good capillary blood supply

Papilary layer- below the germinal layer, origin of ridges and valleys (example fingerprints)

Reticulary layer below the papillary layer, made of dense CT and elastic fibers, makes the skin stretch, contains nerve endings

Subcutis- composed of adiposed and lose CT, loosely attaches to the skin and underline tissues and structures, adiposed is good insulation

Glands of the skin-

Sudoriferous (sweat glands) - secretes a watery fluid, contains salts and waste products of metabolism, cools the skin by evaporation, found in pads of feet on dogs and cats,

Sebaceous gland (oil glands) open into the hair follicles, secretions lubricate the hair and skin, secretion is called SEBUM, if accumulates will cause blackheads or cyst

Anal sacks (scent glands) () located at 400 and 800 around the anus, secretion has a strong odor,

Tarsal gland secretes and oily secretion along the edge of the eyelid, prevents tear secretions from overflowing the eyelids

Ceruminous gland- found in the ear canal, secretes and waxy material

Projections from the skin (claws, hoofs, fingernails)

Germinal layer - located and the root of claw or nail, has good supply and contains nerve endings

Hair follicle originates in the dermis, consists of a bulb(root) and shaft, bulb is buried deep into the hair follicle, each follicle has a tiny muscle attached,

Arrector pili - muscle controlled by the sympathetic nerves, contraction of this muscle causes hair to stand up

Alopecia (hair loss)

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