COMMUNISM AND ANIMAL FARM

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Communism and Animal Farm

Imagine if you are one of the animals on Animal Farm. You stage a revolution to free yourself of Farmer Jones so that you can have rights. You will be tricked into thinking you are in a socialist government where everyone is equal, when in fact, you are in a communist government where there is a cruel leader. As an animal you will be treated unfairly not just once but many times by Napoleon, a pig, and by the other pigs who slowly take control of all the animals living on the farm, so that they could have absolute power.

One of the inequalities in Animal Farm is how the animals get less food then the pigs. One of the times where this happens is the milk and apples incident. This is the first sign of corruption. While the animals go out to harvest the fields, they leave Napoleon with the milk. They are surprised to find out the milk has disappeared. Later on this is all justified when Squealer a pig says, "Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health…. Do you know what would happen if we failed in our duty? Jones would come back!" (5) In other words, the pigs should deserve better than the rest of the animals because they are protecting the other animals. None of the animals like Jones, so they agree. 1

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Another act of inequality is the way the animals have to work, while the pigs just supervise and don't have to earn their privileges. For instance, the animals have to work

for food, if they don't work they don't get food, while the pigs always get food. Towards the end of the book Orwell writes, "…[O]ut came Napoleon himself, he carried a whip in his trotter."(1). This tells how the pigs started using whips to get the animals to work.

Initially all the animals are equal, and the commandments are made for every animal to follow. The commandments are

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.

. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings is a friend.

. No animal shall wear clothes.

4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.

5. No animal shall drink alcohol.

6. No animal shall kill any other animal.

7. All animals are equal. (4)

Yet the commandments are all changed eventually by the pigs for their own needs. For instance commandment three, "No animal shall sleep in a bed", is changed to," No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets", ( ) so the pigs will be able to sleep in the house. Squealer justifies all this by saying, "A bed is just a sleeping place, all animals sleep in beds. While sheets are a human invention and the house is a more suitable place for us more suitable." ( ) This implies that as leaders, the pigs deserve a better place to live and sleep.

All of this has to do with how Animal Farm starts equal and what the commandments finally stated by the end of the book, "All animals are equal, but some are more equal then others."(1). Which means, that the pigs have more power then the other animals. This is just like communism, because communism is where there are two parties the communists who the pigs stood for because they are in charge, and the working class, which the animals stood for because they are the ones who work. All of this happened so Napoleon could lower the animals' privileges and raise his and the pigs' privileges so they could get absolute power.

Orwell, George, Animal Farm, Penguin Putnam Inc. NY, 156.

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Critical issues in US foreign policy in Angola

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INTRODUCTION

United States foreign policy has been, and still is based primarily on the expansion of its economic, political and military interest . This imperialistic nature of the United States moreover has been triggered by an obsession to dominate, to maintain its global hegemony, and to maintain this disparity . In the process, many countries, especially in the Third world have been stumbled upon. Angola for instance, is a country that has been deliberately derailed and destroyed by the U.S. foreign policy objectives .

This paper, in examining the covert but important role that the U.S. has played in escalating the civil war in Angola, brings to light a major critical issue in U.S. foreign policy. First, it brings to clarity rhetoric in the supposed interdependence between U.S. foreign policy and liberal democracy- isolated strands of the relationship are recognized more easily than the overlapping patterns. This cleared it goes ahead to illustrate that in the new world order of globalization, capitalism and free trade are the determinants of the general direction of U.S. foreign policy. Globalized economic structure supports the warfare in Angola . This paper examines this perilous U.S. foreign policy objective in the country, as the value of human life is overlooked.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR HIGHLIGHTING U.S. INTERVENTION

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Angola gained independence on 11 November 175, when the red and black flag with the yellow star representing independent Angola was raised over Luanda, the capital city, after five hundred years of Portuguese rule . This was after guerilla warfare raged against the fascist Portuguese by the three parties, MPLA, FNLA and UNITA. Since the MPLA, led by Agostinho Neto had a stronghold in Luanda at the time, victory was theirs and they become, legitimately, the first government in Angola .

Immediately after independence there was a threat of a catastrophe, since the three parties' talks on a transitional power-sharing agreement at Alvor in January 175 had collapsed. The MPLA invited Cuban military support in Angola since FNLA-under Holden Roberto-, and UNITA-under Jonas Savimbi-, were being backed mainly by the U.S., covertly .

On 10 February 176 Savimbi announced the beginning of a new war, producing a manifesto that threatened, "…No peace in Angola, no economic development…while the Luanda regime hangs on to power thanks to the Cuban soldiers and Russian armor and fighter planes" .

Post-independence also witnessed a period of South African insurgency. Since Angola had harbored the African National Congress (ANC) from South Africa, the South African apartheid government waged an undeclared war upon Angola . Pretoria and the CIA created Jamba, the Potemkin village in the southeast corner of Angola which was Savimbi's headquarters for 1 years , and from here UNITA launched bloody attacks to the southern towns in Cunene and Bie provinces . Savimbi was riding high.

The period of 181 to 188 saw the threat against the society as a whole as the country was drawn into the cold war by the U.S. via the policies of Constructive engagement and Linkage . With Chester Crocker as the architect, ‘constructive engagement' was the U.S. strategy to bring apartheid South Africa back from the brink of chaos. Pretoria was to cede Namibian Independence and give up its illegal military occupation of the country. This Crocker linked to the pullout of Cuban troops from Angola. This was the period when South Africans occupied the southern provinces of the country, and which ended with the defeat of South Africans at Cuito Cuanavale. The war continued between UNITA and MPLA up to the Bicesse Accord of 11 .

The Bicesse Accord was signed on 1 May 11 at Estrol in Portugal, and saw the exhausted sides agree to end the long post independence war . It provided for a cease-fire; disarming and demobilizing of both armies; the formation of a new national army with an equal number of soldiers from UNITA and the government's FAPLA, under Portuguese and British instructors; and multi-party elections which would be monitored by the UN .

Various indications of the gravity of the situation during post-Bicesse were ignored. Two of UNITA's top generals; Antonio da Costa Fernandes and Miguel Nzau Puna defected and sought political asylum in Portugal. They warned of Savimbi's 0,000-man secret army which he was not going to demobilize, and was preparing to return to war if he did not win the elections. The U.S. did not take them seriously enough to drop their support for Savimbi . Worst of all, UNITA remained in control of 4 municipalities and 16 communes against Bicesse. "If there is no opening up there will be no electoral registration, and no registration means no election- there can be no moral justification for this", head of UNAVEM warned. Yet the UN continued to act as if everything was on track as planned. When U.S. Assistant Secretary for African affairs, Herman Cohen visited Luanda, he reinforced the decision to, "…focus on technological difficulties, minimize them, and ignore the political implications" . U.S. foreign policy was so fixated on the need for change from the MPLA government in Luanda that the issues of human rights and of democracy were conveniently forgotten.

Not surprisingly, even before MPLA was announced to have won the elections-President Dos Santos had won 4.57% of the votes for presidency, compared with Savimbi's 40.07%, a result which meant a second round was to be held as no one had a clear majority - UNITA was preparing for war . The war after the 1 elections and the takeover of two thirds of the municipalities in the country in three months by UNITA was made possible by various factors. There was a vast re-supply and logistics operation from South Africa (both South Africa and the U.S. lacked good faith for MPLA, and were allies ); support by units of the Zairian army, which had been equipped by the U.S. as a contingency plan if Jamba fell ; monitoring of airstrips by allied Frontline states, which the U.S. had influenced through high diplomatic pressure ; and a network of former SADF (South African Defense Force) personnel working as mercenaries . The capture of diamond mines at Cafunfo and the oil town of Soyo provided UNITA with significant resources to fuel the war. This period of war, termed as ‘The Siege of the Cities' was the bloodiest (more than 1000 people died every day), and abated the sighing of the Lusaka Protocol in November 14 .

The Clinton Administration in 1 extended recognition of the Angolan government, after 0 years of diplomatic frost from Washington . However by then, MPLA was slowly experiencing death of principle and idealism, as had been advanced by Neto's dream ‘the most important thing is to solve the peoples' problems' . In December 15, Angola failed to vote in the annual United Nations General Assembly debate against the U.S. blockade of Cuba . The height of MPLA's degeneration has been the establishment of close links with the same forces that backed Savimbi and UNITA while they eulogized MPLA .

The Lusaka Accords called for a cease-fire, a new national army, and four ministries and seven vice-ministries for UNITA, plus ‘special status' for Savimbi . A massive war erupted again years later and is the fifth full-scale war in the country since it gained independence in 175 . The current Bush Administration is willing to end the war; but almost obviously, this is to the economic advantage of the United States. Peace in Angola would allow the Benguela railway to be brought back into use and would fit into U.S. plans for the whole of central Africa . After all, U.S. had already established itself by the policy of free markets.

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF U.S. FOREIGN POLICY INANGOLA

Democracy is the pillar of American political tradition . In the Gettysburg Address in 1864 Abraham Lincoln extolled the virtues of what he called, "Government of the people, for the people and by the people" . Liberal democracy is an indirect and representative form of democracy; based on competition and electoral choice; with a clear distinction between state and civil society, maintained through the existence of autonomous groups and interests; and the market or capitalist organization of economic life .

The American Executive, the key players of foreign policy, have paid so much lip service to the issues of human rights and of democracy, that these terms have been thought simultaneously to U.S. foreign policy. In his book ‘Promised Land, Crusader State' McDougall defines three U.S. foreign policies that directly link with liberty and democracy. ‘Exceptionalism', so called ‘liberty' that gives impetus to other U.S. policies; ‘Progressive Imperialism', making the world safe for democracy; and ‘Global Meliorism', making the world democratic .

During the Cold War, Washington was well aware that the Kremlin bureaucracy was not interested in exporting revolution. Stalin and his supporters had wiped out a generation of revolutionary leaders in the Moscow trials and hunted down Trotskyists all over the world. After the Second World War they had suppressed revolutionary movements in Europe, Asia and Africa . Yet the U.S. over exaggerated the threat of Russian communist menace to argue successfully the global crisis of the free world . This rendered states dependent on the United States for economic and military assistance, as the U.S. accessed their resources.

U.S. intervention in Angola began in the pre-independence years in the name of fighting communism. The CIA was directly but covertly involved in Angola. There were several incidences where the CIA manipulated the media for certain outcomes . One Lusaka fabrication accused Cuban soldiers of committing atrocities in Angola. It mentioned false reports of their rape of some Ovumbundu girls in the Washington Post that led to UNITA soldiers rage and executing of 16 Cuban soldiers . The CIA-manipulated media also ensures response of American citizens to enlist to fight communists in Angola on the FNLA front . They were also successful in exposing Soviet Arms program to the world while they effectively hid their hand in the war . The CIA was also involved in recruiting of mercenaries, building support for the factions of FNLA and UNITA and garnering allies from other African political leaders with the approximate goals of overthrowing a government, building up its replacement, and strengthening a friendly group in its drive to power . Weren't all these policies emanating from a simple frustration that the strong nationalistic forces would have pursued an independent foreign policy that would have posed a threat to America's interests in Angola? That the global meliorist emergency food and humanitarian assistance to the Angolan people was merely a means to a more selfish end, oblivious to human rights and democracy?

During independence, the U.S. did not extend recognition to the MPLA government in Angola. Instead, it continued to fuel UNITA even against the Clark Amendment of February 176 which specifically outlawed U.S. arming of opposition groups . By 18 U.S. support for Savimbi reached a record $50 million (the year that George Bush senior, former CIA chief came to power). Two military flights a day maintained a UNITA campaign that became increasingly destructive . Angola is the grim holder of the world record for mine victims . Malnutrition, Kwashiorkor and Marusmus were visible everywhere, where people died from dehydration because nobody had the strength to walk as far as the rivers . Yet U.S. continued support for UNITA despite these atrocities and consequences of the war.

The three major ‘peace accords' that were signed at Alvor in 175, at Bicesse in 11 and Lusaka in 14 never ushered in peace in Angola . From the period of Alvor to the Lusaka Protocol, the well being of the Angolan people was never a consideration in the formulation of strategies for peace. For instance, the preoccupation of the United States with the presence of Cuban troops in Angola led to UN Security Council under Resolution 66 of 188 to establish UNAVEM I which successfully saw the withdrawal of the Cuban troops . Bicesse Peace Accord and the UN Security Council 66 of 11 authorized the deployment of UNAVEM II. The U.S. State Department was convinced that the details of the accord would support a victory for UNITA in the elections that were to take place in 1 and the Bush Administration provided technical and financial support to UNITA. A visible sign of this support was the brand new four-wheel vehicles by the American company General Motors that UNITA forces cruised in during the elections . As indicated earlier above, indicators of UNITA's plan were ignored. Their losing the elections led to the failure of UNAVEM II. Some insights from UN officials, revealed that since the United Stated supported one of the parties at war, implementation of the peace agreement was difficult . The U.S. illustrated in Angola that it was the boss of the UN.

Clearly therefore, the drive for U.S. intervention in Angolan civil war was neither democracy and liberty nor human rights. In the words of Tom Hanahoe, ‘war has always been at the hart of U.S. foreign policy' . Not surprisingly, there exists a link between oil, militarism, liberalized markets and U.S. foreign policy in Angola.

Angola is the second most important oil producer in Africa after Nigeria. Oil was discovered in Angola in 155 and by 17 oil became the country's principal export. Crude oil accounts for 0% of total exports, more than 80% government revenue, and 4% of the country's GDP.

More than 7% of oil imports of the United States emanates from Angola. Chevron, Elf, Petrofina, BP, Texaco and Petrobas dominated the extraction of petroleum and the management of operations in the exploration blocs by 178. The establishment of the Angolan Exclusive Economic Zone attracted an investment of over $18 billion. With the discovery of massive oil fields the U.S. established a bi-national commission with Angola which supports further liberalization of the Angolan economy so that the vast wealth can still serve external forces.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Thomas J. McCormick, "America's Half Century; United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and after" (Baltimore John Hopkins University Press, 15)

Ellen Ray (Ed), "Dirty Work ; The CIA in Africa" (New Jersey Lyle Stuart Inc., 17)

Nincic Miroslav, "Democracy and Foreign Policy; The Fallacy of Political realism" (New York Colombia University Press, 1)

Victoria Brittain, "Death of Dignity; Angola's Civil War" (London Pluto Press, 18)

Stephen N. Ndegwa & Bradshaw York (Ed), "The Uncertain Promise of Southern Africa" (Bloomington Indiana University Press, 000)

Walter A. McDougall "Promised Land, Crusader State The American Frontier Encounter with the World since 1776" (Boston Houghton Muffin Co., 17)

Ann Talbot, "The Angolan Civil War and US foreign policy" World Socialist Website April 00 http//www.wsws.org/articles/00/apr00/ango-a1.shtml

Tom Hanahoe, "America Rules US Foreign Policy, Globalisation and Corporate USA (Dingle, Ireland Brandon, 00)

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A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought

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A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought

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A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought.

Michael Porter is the Bishop William Lawrence University Professor at Harvard. He is seen by many as a leading authority on strategic management and competitiveness. Throughout the western world universities, chief executive officers of billion dollar corporations and governments have used his principles on competitive strategy. Porter's major contribution has been to detail carefully how management can create and sustain a competitive advantage that will achieve profitability above the industry average (Robbins, 17, p. 60). Evidence of his work in management thought is highlighted by his expansive writing. Porter has written 16 books and 75 articles to the area of strategic management. Three of his major contributions in strategic management have been the books ‘Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors (180)' which is now in it's 5rd printing, ‘Competitive Advantage Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (185)' and ‘The Competitive Advantage of Nations (10)'.

These three texts are concerned primarily with structure-conduct-performance theory (O'Shannassy, 1, p.1) where economics had an important role in the management context. From these theories Porter devised three main frameworks (the five forces analysis, the value chain and the diamond model). Within his writings these became valuable tools in the management world.

Although it is widely accepted that Michael Porter has made a huge contribution in the field of strategic management he is not without his critics. For instance, people such as Mintzberg and O'Shannesy believe that Porter's scientific approach does not pay enough attention to the firm itself or management intuition. Other studies suggest that Porter's one generic strategy model does not apply to all industries and his ‘stuck in the middle' theory is inconsistent.

Porter's main contributions

Strategic management came into trend in the 180's with a focus on competitive advantage. Michael Porter has made a strong contribution in understanding the external entities confronting organisations. Porter's major contribution to strategic management has been his ability to help organisations create and sustain a competitive advantage that delivers a higher than average industry profit.

In his first major work in 180, ‘Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors' Porter's goal was to

‘present a comprehensive framework of analytical techniques to help a firm analyze its industry as a whole and predict the industry's future evolution, to understand it's competitors and its own position, and to translate this analyse into a competitive strategy for a particular business' (Porter, 180, p. x).

In Porter's aim of trying to bridge the gap of business economics and strategy he developed the five competitive forces model. The forces involved consist of industry competitors, potential entrants, suppliers, buyers and substitutes. Porter believes that these forces dictate the rules of competition and determine industry profitability as they directly influence prices, cost structures and capital investment requirements and manager's should assess their organisation by evaluating it in the terms of these five factors.

Porter believed that companies needed to choose one of the following strategies cost-leadership, differentiation or focus. Cost-leadership related to striving to become the lowest cost producer in the relevant industry; differentiation meant striving to develop a product or service that was unique and also valued by buyers; and focus aims at segments of industries such as specific consumer groups or product lines.

Porter believed, also that for a company to be at a competitive advantage by pursuing a low cost approach they needed to adopt one of these three generic strategies. He believed by trying to be all things to all people companies are spreading themselves too thinly and therefore not obtaining in advantage or ‘difference' in the industry. These three specific generic strategies are considered a classic and have become a ‘dominant paradigm' in business policy and research (Hill, in Rubach, 18, p.1). Studies by Hambrick (18) have also found support for Porter's generic strategies. Research has clearly shown that among the higher producing firms all three generic strategies are present and that one strategy was clearly the focus in individual circumstances. (Rubach, 18, p.1).

Porter uses the term ‘stuck in the middle' to describe organisations that have failed to gain a competitive by using one of the above generic strategies. Such companies find it hard to achieve long term success unless they are apart of an industry doing particularly well or by coincidence all their competitors happen to be stuck in the middle as well. Porter believes that the secret to long term success is resisting the actions by their competitors or changes in the industry for a reason to change their strategy. Porter is the first to admit that this is no easy task due to technology and customer change and the fact that competitors can easy imitate advantages an organisation has. Ways of achieving long term success include strong economics of scale, reducing price gain to volume, tying up suppliers with contracts and encouraging government policies that reduce foreign competition (Robbins, 17, p. 61). Management must also stay on their toes in order to sustain competitive advantage and keep one step ahead of the competition.

However, despite the developments in the mid-80's strategic management, many believed it was developing short falls in the implementation of strategy. In 185 Porter felt that many companies had lost sight of competitive advantage in their struggle to pursue growth and diversification and turned to such tools as total quality management (TQM), benchmarking and reengineering (Porter, 185, p.x). This lead to his second major work entitled ‘Competitive advantage creating and sustaining superior performance'. Out of this work Porter developed the value chain. The value chain distinguishes centrally between activities that directly produce, market, and deliver the product and those that create or source inputs or factors (including planning and management) required to do so (Porter, 11, p. 0). The value chain is a tool that helps management to focus on value for their customers.

Porter's third major contribution to strategic management was his book ‘The competitive advantage of nations'. By the 10's Porter's theories were regarded highly across both institutions and the industry and his contribution to global competition was welcomed. This again provided management with another tool, the diamond model, toward implementing and maintaining a competitive advantage. The diamond model relates firm strategy, structure and rivalry, factor conditions, relating and supporting industries and demand conditions. Porter believes these attributes shape the information firms have available to perceive opportunities, the pool of inputs, skills and knowledge they can draw on, the goals that condition investment, and the pressure on firms to act (Porter, 11, p. 101)

Criticisms of Porter's contributions

Porter was the first to attempt to create a management strategy from economics; this did not come without its criticisms. It is felt that Porter pays far too much attention to the environment facing the firm and to how it should position itself in that environment and almost no attention to the firm itself (Langlois, 000, p.1) it would appear that Porter's organisation would be quite hollow relying heavily on an unpredictable environment.

Porter's 180 text proposes that for a company to sustain competitive advantage they needed to stay significantly different to their competitors. While Porter's generic strategies received considerable support there has also been doubt that these strategies can be separate. There have been a number of studies done by people such as Hill (188), Murray (188), Wright (187) and Miller (1) that disagree with Porter's one generic strategy method (Rubach, 18, p.1). These studies suggest that a combination of strategies can achieve superior performance, especially within mature industries that are experiencing technological change. The greatest complaint of Porters generic strategies model is that it does not fit all industries. A study done by Pitelis and Taylor suggests that they use of a variety of strategies combined is far more effective in the retail industry (Rubach, 18, p.1).

This leads to Porter's ‘stuck in the middle' concept. As some of the above studies have shown, a combination of generic strategies can work this suggest that Porter's ‘stuck in the middle' theory is not consistent with these results. Porter believed a company that was ‘stuck in the middle' would last or get ahead in its field, the above study by Pitelis and Taylor had shown that this is not so in the retail industry (Rubach, 18, p.1).

Another criticism of Porter is a study done by Dawes and Sharp reassess Hooley's interpretation of the Generic Marketing Structures clusters using the dimensions upon which Porter based his strategy scheme (Dawes, 16, p. 6). The study was done to provide insight into strategy clusters using a mapping technique; the results were designed to show whether or not similar strategies would result in similar performances or if unknown factors were influencing results (Dawes, 16, p. 6). Hooley felt the results of his research could lead managers to take a very different approach. Dawes and Sharp went against Hooley's findings and felt that Porter's generic competitive strategies were of little use in the interpretation of the clusters identified. Further they felt it provided no evidence that these generic strategies were routes to superior profit.

Porter's later work too has been criticised. It has been suggested by many that Porter developed a ‘theory of strategy'. However, economists and marketers tend to dispute this (Harfield, 18, p.1). Foss (16) used Porter as an example of the field becoming too pluralistic and that the later Porter is adding nothing to the ‘foundations' of the field (Harfield, 18, p.1). Hammonds believes that strategy has suffered simply because people tried it, had problems with it and turned instead to the fads of the time. While many people acknowledge Porter's contributions but found them extremely difficult to implement. There has been a view that if you had a strategy it was rigid, inflexible and out of date by the time that you used it. In an increasingly changing technological environment these issues were extremely important. Although Porter always pointed out that ‘technology changes, strategy doesn't' a lot of organisations got very confused about strategy and how to address it. Mintzberg (10) and Bartlett and Ghoshal (11) criticised Porter for narrowing the focus of strategic management by focusing on the industry and the situation confronting the firm regarding the position. Mintzberg also felt that the scientific approach to strategic management felt so wrong and that many managers favour intuition when making strategies (Mintzberg, 14, p.10).

Finally Porter acknowledged that there are four principle issues that challenge a theory of strategy (Porter, 11, p. 84-85). The four principles issues include approach to theory building; chain of causality; time horizon and empirical testing. The main problem behind these issues is that they are all situation/organisation specific where as Porter's frameworks and models are generic and suited to all. Therefore a company can not simply implement Porter's ideas without being faced with some seriously difficult questions.

Porters theories do not relate to practice as well as they do to theory for many. However, despite these criticisms Porter was amongst the first with the ability to analyse management in the competitive economic context. His highlighting the need to focus on external entities confronting organisations and how to gain a competitive edge in business has lead to scholarly thought and critical review of business, profit and context. The implementation of his theories and strategies by business has assisted many in the western world to gain the competitive edge for their company. As is always the case theories will continue to be critically examined and evolved within the changing economic context. At this stage, despite criticism, Porters contribution to management theory continues to have relevance for many in business practice.

Bibliography

Dawes, J & B Sharp (16) ‘Independent Empirical Support for Porter's Generic Marketing Strategies? A re-analysis using correspondence analysis' Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, 1 pp. 6-5. Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 http//msc.city.unisa.edu.au/msc/JEMS/Pubs/jems/Hooley/Hooley.html

Foss, N.J. (16) ‘Research in Strategy, Economics, and Michael Porter' Journal of Management Studies (January) pp. 1-4

Gavel, D (000) ‘Michael Porter named University Professor' Harvard University Gazette December 7. Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 http//www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/000/1.07/01-michaelporter.html

Hammonds, K.H. (001) ‘Michael Porter's Big Ideas' Fast Company, 44 p. 150. Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 http//www.fastcompany.com/online/44/porter.html

Harfield, T (18) ‘Strategic Management and Michael Porter a post modern reading'. Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 http//www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/depts/sml/journal/special/harfield.htm

Langlois, R.N. (000) ‘Integrating Management and Economics Perspectives on Competitive Strategy An Oasis or a Mirage?' Academy of Management Annual Meeting Toronto (August). Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 http//www.sp.uconn.edu/~langlois/AOM.html

Mintzberg, H. (14) ‘The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning' Harvard Business Review Jan-Feb pp. 107-114

O'Shannassy, T (1) ‘Lessons from the Evolution of the Strategy Paradigm' Working Paper Series RMIT Business, WP /0. Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 http//www.bf.rmit.edu.au/RDU/staffinfo/oshann_lessons.pdf

Porter M.E. (180) Competitive Strategy techniques for analyzing industries and competitors New York Free Press

Porter M.E. (185) Competitive Advantage creating and sustaining superior performance New York Free Press

Porter M.E. (10) The Competitive Advance of Nations London Macmillan

Porter M.E. (11) ‘Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy' Strategic Management Journal 1 pp. 5-117

Porter M.E. (16) ‘What is strategy?' Harvard Business Review Nov-Dec pp. 61-78

Robbins, S.P., R Bergman, I Stagg & M Coulter (000)) Management nd ed. Sydney Prentice Hall Australia

Rubach, M.J. & J.M. (18) ‘"Stuck in the middle" for retailers, perhaps not such a bad place to be' . Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 www.sbaer.uca.edu/docs/proceedingsII/8asb.htm

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History: Uses for Today

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History is a broad subject. In fact, it takes up so much time, since the beginning of humanity until the present. Defined in Longman's Dictionary, history is ‘all things that happened in the past, especially in the political, social, or economic development of a nation' (Longman's 48). History explains why are things the way they are today, as history adds specific events, inventions or ideas that make a transformation, major or minor. History is almost unlimited, but what it contributes to our present will never be forgotten once we truly know why the study of history is significant.

The foundation, or base of history, is a very long but significant time (Rabb 7). History is built from one hundred thousand years, when the first humans, our ancestors, were populating Africa, Asia and Europe (7). During these times, history itself is a ‘blurred, almost invisible mist' (Fromkin ). However, as time goes on, historians try to ‘penetrate the mist' () for information, or simply finding artifacts or writings from the past to help us with our knowledge of history (Hartman ii).

Key moments in history have always enabled us to be, politically, socially, economically and technologically, what we are today. Agriculture was started when people learned to grow crops and herd animals, for supporting larger populations and surviving after the latest Ice Age (Rabb 7). Because of food surpluses, people can look forward to secondary needs after survival needs, like pottery and other goods, and this eventually led to civilization (Roberts 4). A civilization is formed when the people are as one in their culture, way of living and togetherness (5). The first seafarers opened the door to sea navigation, and they traveled to populate countless islands in the Pacific Ocean (Rabb 18). Their navigational abilities still puzze today's scientists (18). When civilizations reached the Iron Age, with the ability to smelt and produce iron tools and weapons, conflicts peaked at the highest in the ancient world with sharp and firm weapons that provided both offensive and defensive power (Roberts 11). When the Roman Empire fell in 476 AD, because of constant attacks and extortion by barbaric tribes, like the Goths and Vandals, which caused history to come to a standstill (). The Dark Age after the fall of the Roman Empire ended when Columbus discovered the Americas, and it was a miraculous event that restarted history (45). In 1776, USA declares itself independence after a revolution that saw Britain lose its grip on this land, eventually increasing its power in all sectors to become today's most powerful nation. (577). Japan is today's Asian powerhouse, because they were influenced by the Europeans during the 1800s, then adding European technologies to the nation, and though Japan failed to cruelly gain Asian colonies as they wanted, they have grown to be an economically and technologically advanced nation (61). These key moments help shape today's world and history, and it is almost certain that specific event will continue to modify the world.

Looking at history at a glance, we can see the plain diversity in history. From the changes of Asia and Africa to Europe, we can examine how the nations transformed from its earliest times (Roberts xii). Asian and African societies were much less developed than the rapidly advancing Europeans (xii). Also, the architecture, writing, religion and everything that has a relationship with society are contrasting in the ways they worked and the rate they advanced (xii). The Egyptian temples and Hebrew priest towers resemble different cultures and purposes, as monotheism in Jewish societies and polytheism in Egypt demonstrates different ways to worshipping gods in the ancient world (xii). There is an unlimited amount of ways to diverse history.

Custom Essays on History: Uses for Today History will also help us to understand how cultures and religions have evolved to this present state. For example, when USA was just independent, most of its people followed all of the teachings of Christianity, but today, only basic rules for Christianity are followed (Ellis 80). This is because of the fact that lifestyle has evolved more economically, and people will not be able to have the time to worship God (80). In addition, village life that focuses on worshipping a tribe's own god and practicing an own specific culture has faded away, because city life that is centered on economy and politics rather than cultures and religions has replaced them during the 1th and 0th centuries (80). As the world begins to concentrate on other areas rather than the traditional religion and culture, history will have different transformations in the future.

Dr. George Grant, Ph.D. in Education, explains to us about how history has a significant relation with religion. "Instead of a collection of dates and dead people, history should be in the Biblical viewpoint taught by example

(http//gileskirk.com/q_a_frame.com)". Also, he says that history is the main part of education, because most of the contents in the Bible shows how we came about and how certain people like Abraham, Moses and Jesus changed history (http//gileskirk.com/q_a_frame.com). He also mentioned that the Bible, which already teaches history, indirectly also explains literature, narrating, beliefs and other subjects (http//gileskirk.com/q_a_frame.com). Religion in different societies can have a relation with history, mostly in religious books with beliefs and stories.

Architecture has evolved over time and tracing its development will enable us to understand how architecture has reached this level today. Egyptian architecture was very advanced, and they proved this fact by build the Great Pyramid of Giza that is 750 feet on each side (Roberts 58). This wonder of the world required 100,000 men to pull stones from 500 miles away (58). Architecture continued to improve in stability and comfort (60). The next key point in the history of architecture is during the 180s, when the first true skyscraper, "The Reliance Building", was constructed and completed (Ellis 540). This building stood 16 storeys high (540). Elevators enabled skyscrapers to be built, so people could climb a great amount of floors conveniently (540). We could just stare at the Petronas Towers in Malaysia and wonder what advancements in architecture can be included in history.

If we look back in history, we can trace how health has been enhanced, especially at the component of lowering casualties during times of war. Before the 1800s, soldiers fell like dominoes in wars because of the lack of medics (Ellis 541). A Swiss banker established the Red Cross in 185 during an Italian war (541). This organization was meant for healing soldiers during wars, and the success of this new establishment gained reputation (541). As the Red Cross continued to aid the world in wars and basic healthcare, new technologies for decreasing deaths came up to significant use (541). We have looked back at history to examine the evolution of health to its acceptable state today.

History can be interpreted and taught to us in the form of entertainment, since youngsters prefer to enjoy entertainment rather than learn boring history. Revolutionary War plays are made comedy by adding in humorous dialogues and actions (Ellis ). At the Renaissance Fair, we participate in various activities that teach us about life in the Middle Ages (). We have probably had class trips to a museum that shows dinosaur bones, pictures, sculptures, traditional cultures, and many other exhibitions (). Almost everyone in the world would enjoy watching exhilarating and fascinating movies, whether it is about a past ship disaster, the legend of Robin Hood or King Arthur, or whatever else portrays the past (). Little does anyone know that what may seem to excite the mind also educates about history.

There are a couple of views of how to teach history, all involving different methods. The first method is by studying the Bible, so we can understand history in a religious perspective, how the world came about, and how it changed over time (http//gileskirk.com/q_a_frame.com). Another way, mentioned by Dr. Victor M. Uribe, though the most common method, is to teach in an encouraging way, rather than lecturing for hours after hours about specific topics, and this can be achieved by dedication and motivation to teach your students, and letting them read entertainment but educating books about history (http//lacc.fiu.edu/uribe/philosophy.html). He also added that history should be taught integrated with language arts, so assigning research papers and essays will improve the students' skills in expressing historical facts and theories through language (http//lacc.fiu.edu/.../philosophy.html). History can educate people in many ways, because of the various styles professionals look at the subject of history.

Today's countries' relations are fixed in a specific way, because of significant events, diplomatic or military activities, or various actions in history (Ellis 80). Trade relations are not established overnight but rather take years or even ages to open an effect and beneficial trade relation (80). In Singapore today, Asian countries such as China, India and Britain, all of which traded since Singapore was under British control in the 1800s, have a very good relation today (80). Relations are only at its peak when two nations share moments together (80). During the 18 Winter Olympics, where a wide range and race of people competed and cheered for their nation, relations were improved as one people share their own history with another people (80). Trade and sharing history and moments are ways to maintaining and improving relations from the past.

Warfare and conflicts add an important asset to history, as it brings destruction, revolutions, and other effects that enable the world to move forward. The first conflicts happened when the first great civilizations were at their height (Roberts 71). The Egyptians recorded wars with the Nubians, Greeks, Babylonians and other civilizations who struggled for power (71). Julius Caesar's personal book recorded the great battles of his great campaign that saw him conquer lots of land for the Roman Empire (71). Peace in Europe ended in 114, when Germany and Austro-Hungary declared war against England, France and Russia, who were the Allies, and this war decided who would lose power in Europe, and the war ended when the Allies won (707). After Germany's defeat in World War I, Adolf Hitler rose through the 10s, promising them a new Germany, but what he, as an individual, started ended as a devastating war (http//www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/516/history.html). World War II started when Germany invaded several neutral European nations, along with Italy and Japan, who also began invading powers, and these three nations became known as the Axis (Roberts 81). Again, the Allies, with the USA, defeated the Axis, marking the end of the war with the dropping of two nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Yokohama (84). The world has learnt from this mistake in the past by not trying cruelly to gain power by massacring millions of Jews as Hitler did (Ellis 674). Nuclear weapons started the Cold War, because of what the world saw that happened in Japan (675). USSR and USA built up weapons stockpiles, especially nuclear, and though no one died in the Cold War, the world had the fear never imagined before (Roberts 8). The Cuban Missile Crisis, which happened when USSR was sending and setting up nuclear weapons in Cuba as a possible attack base against the USA , almost started what would most likely be the most lethal war in history, and ended when USSR agreed to dismantle those nuclear weapons and take them back to USSR (0). This age of fear ended when USSR dismantled its nuclear weapons and army because of an economic crisis (16). Many wars have altered the course of history, but it has shaped up the world as it is today.

History is the story of our species, and whatever we do affects history and changes its course to what we desire. "History is story of human (Ellis )", and this means that the stories of an individual's life or society's events merge together to form the history of us (). Historians merge these stories in order to unveil a mystery we want to know about (). History explains the route we humans have taken to our position in the present day (http//ppp.unipv.it/Pages/Group/Group1.htm). In history, we examine how our technologies have evolved from the past, so we, as humans, will be able to continue history into the future from the ideas of the past (http//ppp.unipv.it/.../Group1.htm). As an individual, we merge all of our contributions into history as a generation to include as a portion of history, since our descendants have always been adding since the beginning of humankind (Ellis 7). These examples above will show the path humankind has taken to its present area and also how it will continue.

Historians are people who dedicate their life to the study, teaching or examining of the broad subject history. Dr. Victor M. Uribe changed from a law student to a historian, because he wanted to have an exciting and hard-working life and to serve the people of the world and contribute to the worldwide society (http//lacc.fiu.edu/uribe/philosophy.html). He also said that history can never be perfect and historians have a tough task to make history as perfect as possible (http//lacc.fiu.edu/.../philosophy.html). Dr. Uribe stated that devoting time to history is a low paid and overworking life, and only real passion and devotion will make a suitable historian (http//lacc.fiu.edu/.../philosophy.html). He also says that history is a lifetime experience, since the amount to learn in history is almost unlimited, from discovering hidden techniques to adding a new page in history (http//lacc.fiu.edu/.../philosophy.html). Charles K. Goodwill is a historian who is very dedicated and persistent to the study of the history of Southern Sahara Desert, and he revealed a lot of new information about the region, especially about their lifestyle (Reuters ). Emerging historians, such as Lori Walker, an undergraduate student in history, adds to the study of history by establishing a website that enables history teachers and emerging historians to improve their knowledge about history (http//scs.une.edu.au/StudentFiles/HomePages/HP_1_7/STME7/LoriWalker/LoriWalker.html). The life and philosophies of historians will always continue to prevail to add facts of history into history itself.

If children look into history, role models are there to help persuade youngsters to achieve specific goals for the future. History can help future generations to become significant but positive, especially revolutionists and people that changed the way we think (Ellis 178). There are also science geniuses, like Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton, explorers, like Christopher Columbus or Neil Armstrong, and many other types (178). The figureheads who changed the world positively today will be the role models for the future (17). They will be included in history, and most likely, children will be influenced by these people who have changed the world greatly (17). Children can be attempt to reach their potential by positive role models that have taken an important stand in the world.

We have all seen why history is unlimited, and what it holds is basically the key to unlocking the future and continuing history. Now, you would know that history is more than memorizing facts, dates or places. We look at the cultures, religions, technologies, architecture, health, education and whatever else we can think of. From their base of history since the beginning of humanity, it has been growing richer and larger. History will always continue to prevail, even in the future, and while the base of humanity will be gone, the base of history and history itself will be preserved until the end of time.

Works Cited

1. Burns, David. Geocities. History Page. http//www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/516/history.html . May 15, 00 150.

. Ellis, Elizabeth Gayner and Anthony Esler. World History Connections to Today. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 00.

. Fromkin, David. The Way of the World. New York Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 18.

4. Grant, George. Gileskirk. An Interview with George Grant, Ph.D.. http//gileskirk.com/q_a_frame.html. May 15, 00 11, May 16, 00 1.

5. Longman. Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow, Eng Clays Ltd., 187.

6. Rabb, Theodore K., ed. People and Nations A World History. Orlando Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 18.

7. Reuters. "African History in the south Saharan Desert." Canberra Time. 4 April 16 4

8. Roberts, J. M., ed., History of the World. New York Oxford University Press, 1.

. Uribe, Dr. Victor M. Florida International University. Teaching Statement. http//lacc.fiu.edu/uribe/philosophy.html. May 15, 00 11, May 17, 00 165.

10. Walker, Lori. University of New England. Lori's Homepage. http//scs.une.edu.au/StudentFiles/HomePages/HP_1_7/STME7/LoriWalker/LoriWalker.html. May 16, 00 1515.

11. Volta, A. Pavia University. Research of Pavia University's Department of Physics. http//ppp.unipv.it/Pages/Group/Group1.htm. May 15, 00 17, May 16, 00 1

Please note that this sample paper on History: Uses for Today is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on History: Uses for Today, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on History: Uses for Today will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Killing

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Killing. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Killing paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Killing, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Killing paper at affordable prices! ¡§She was not asleep, as her roommates had thought when they approached the bed of Joni Lenz on the afternoon of January 4, 174. They found her lying in a pool of blood that was seeping from her head and face. Terrified, her roommates removed the covers from Joni Lenzs body only to find an even more horrible sight. A bed rod had been torn away from the bed and savagely rammed into her vagina. Shortly after her discovery, Joni was transported to the hospital as she lay in a coma, suffering from brain damage that would affect her for the rest of her life. However, she was lucky to be alive. Joni was one of the few victims to survive an attack by Ted Bundy who reigned terror across the United States during the 170s. There were countless more victims before and after Joni who were not so fortunate to have lived. Some thirty-six women may have fallen prey to Bundy, but only he knew for sure. It is a number that Bundy has carried with him to his grave¡¨ (Bell, par. 1). No one could have imagined that the handsome young man by the name of Ted Bundy, a native of Philadelphia, could be responsible for the terrifying reign of vicious rapes and murders that left women across the state of Washington wondering if they would become the next victim on his criminal record. Or how could people fathom the fear that ran rampant as the serial killer known as David Berkowitz, otherwise known as the Son of Sam, brought the city of New York to its knees during the mid 70¡¦s. Then there is the case Albert DeSalvo, who till this very day still brings on debates as to whether or not he is the infamous Boston Strangler who¡¦s victims ranged from the age of 1 to 85 (Lester 1).

Regardless of geographical location, serial killers baffle police departments all across the globe. The obvious question raised when researching these criminals is how they were able to turn the corner from being law-abiding citizens to terrifying and in some cases sadistic maniacs. Upon labelling an individual as a serial killer one must

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understand what exactly is it that separates a serial killer from just an ordinary murderer. By popular definition, an individual who attacks and kills and least three to four victims one by one in a series of incidents in a relatively short interval would be deemed a serial murderer. This however is a fairly subjective definition for many reasons. Firstly, if an individual goes to prison after a couple of murders and upon release continues his spree of killings, does his time in prison automatically reduce his victim count to zero? What if the killings were separated by years instead of months is the individual still considered to be a serial killer? Or even so, what if the individual kills twelve people is he only considered being a serial killer after the third victim or is he not a serial killer if he is caught after his second victim? For the sake of argument we will use the definition of a serial killer stated above as the tentative definition for our future references to a serial killer.

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Sociologists have many theories as why people decide to live outside the accepted social standards of living and become deviants. Everything from Robert Merton¡¦s Strain Theory to other theories such as Control Theories, Opportunity Theories and finally Emile Durkheim reasoning that deviance has its positive benefits. Serial killers are the most extreme cases of deviant people who do not live within the constraints of the law but exercise their behaviour outside of the accepted norm. Is this behaviour genetic, hormonal, biological, or cultural? Do these people consciously kill or are they basically a slave to their uncontrollable urges? We all at some point in our lives experience irrepressible rage when we felt that following normal human conduct could take a little breather so we can act strictly on our impulses, but just as we all have these violent urges, we also have internal blockades that keep us from practicing these urges. Be it universal morality or cultural programming, these strongholds do not exist in the mind of a serial killer. Their mind operates seemingly outside of normal consciousness, or does it? Many people would assume that they would have to be insane to slaughter another human being and in some cases dismembering it for that momentary pleasure, but the most chilling fact about a number of serial killers is that they are many times fairly rational beings. As investigator Dennis Nilsen put it, ¡§a mind can be evil without being abnormal¡¨ (par. 4).

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So how does a seemingly normal person take the path to becoming a serial killer? In most instances, sociologist looks to the individual¡¦s upbringing for explanations. Some serial killers are precociously sadistic from a very early age as Edmund Kemper, a sexual predator was. As a young child he was beheading his sisters dolls and engaged in sexual games. He once told his sister that he wanted to kiss his own teacher but ¡§if I kiss her I would have to kill her first¡¨ (Scott, par. 1). In other cases, early childhood head injuries could be put to blame as with Earle Leonard Nelson, otherwise known was the ¡§Gorilla Murderer¡¨ who suffered a severe head injury as a child, which left him permanently brain-damaged, which subsequently led to retardation (Lester ). It is important to examine serial killing from different perspectives, first from a ¡§what drives people to engage in this time of criminal activity¡¨ and secondly from a ¡§why some commit crime and why others do not¡¨ (Brym 455).

Roberts Merton, whose best-known work is of the ¡§Strain Theory,¡¨ is a believer that ¡§most criminal behaviour would not occur unless a social context exist that encourages our pushes a person toward crime¡¨ (Brym 455). This believes that criminal behaviour is influenced by society and does not derive directly from an individual. Criminals by default are thus generally brought up in low-income communities and the potential to move up the social rank is not a viable or seen to be an achievable. As a result of this, people resort to crime and other deviant activities as a means to rebel against the ¡§closed system.¡¨ Carl Panzram, a remorseless, vicious, child rapist, often known as the man with no soul, was born to a poor farming family in lower class rural Minnesota in 181. At a very young age he was forced to hard labour to earn money and life was made even more difficult when his parents divorced. A series of bad luck would follow Carl as grew up, ¡§everybody thought it was all right to deceive me, lie to me and kick me around whenever they felt like it, and they felt like it pretty regular¡¨ (Gado, par. 6). Lack of opportunities and economic success can lead people down a road of destruction when they start to believe that God has dealt them an unfair hand. Merton was a strong advocate on the lower class as being more prone to criminal activity, which did draw strong critical reactions (Brymm 455).

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Control Theorist contends that, ¡§deviance and crime occur because of the absence of some kind of control¡¨ (Brymm 457). Young children who do not have close ties to social institutions such as their parents, teachers, and peers and with very weak bonds to conventional values find it easier to live outside society¡¦s norm and would therefore be more likely to submit to their deviant urges. On the other hand, adolescents with strong bonds with conventionality would be less likely to risk breaking society constraints (Brymm 457). Other versions of control theory centre on people with low self esteem who try to get what they want quickly and in some cases forcibly. Naturally this would lead to unconformity and rule breaking. Rapists are usually regarded in the manner of having low self-esteem with woman and therefore would exercise their supremacy over the opposite sex by raping them. Tend Bundy, was a young man who brutally raped and murdered young ladies. He was a very shy child and as he grew up his shyness was directed towards women especially when it was revealed to him that what he once thought was his older sister was actually his birth mother and the parents who he grew up with were actually his grandparents. His break-up with his girlfriend left him depressed and he was never completely able to recover from it (Bell, par. 7-8). According to sociologist, families are the major source of control that can prevent deviance. Early childhood socialization and proper punishment for misbehaviour is crucial in developing a strong foundation for the child. If these control measures are implemented early in life, children will be less likely to be susceptible to negative influences and would be less prone to resort to deviance when feeling strained (Brymm 457).

Opportunity theories make the claim that school shootings are not the product of negligent social institutions but occurred due to the fact that these teenagers have easy access to firearms. The theorist assume ¡§that in the absence of inner controls, such as a conscience, or external controls, such as a police officer on the corner or a lock in the door, most of us would engage in crime,¡¨ however, the type of crime we engage in is strictly dependent on the opportunity that is available to us at the moment (Brymm 458).

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Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, who were dubbed as the trench coat mafia, were two teenage boys who were constantly bullied at school. Eventually they came to the conclusion they had no reason to live, as a result they decided to kill themselves but not before taking down some classmates along with them. It was astonishing to people how these kids were able to have the access as they did to weapons but more so, how no one was able to see the tragedy coming. In a letter to the police department, a day before they boys opened fire in their highschool, they blamed the people who ridiculed them and to parents who they believed was responsible for their intolerant children (Ramsland, par. -). Although being mocked at by their fellow peers was motivation enough to take some sort of action, the availability of guns created the opportunity for them to open fire. ¡§Where lethal weapons are more available, then, the opportunities for lethal violence are much greater¡¨ (Brymm 458).

Not everyone who experiences abuse as a child, or severe head injuries become serial killers in their adult years, but there are exceptions. In some cases, the barbaric treatment of a child leaves little wonder how anything less than a serial killer could be produced from such harsh treatments. Many sadistic criminals depict their childhood as an endless nightmare of sexual abuse and torture, leaving little room for a normal upbringing to be present. As we examine childhood abuse as a possible key to understanding how children grow up to be killers, it must be remembered that childhood abuse is not the sole reason why killers are present because very few females who are victimized as children grow up to be extremely violent (Scott, par. -4).

Parents, who abuse their children, instil values of reliance on violence every time a challenging situation approaches. Physical violence not only is damaging physically to a child but also has psychological affects that are hard to forget even as the child becomes an adult. As stated before, the family is the major form of control so naturally a weak bond derived from parental beatings is detrimental for the child who is still learning what is acceptable is society and what is not. The parental institution, which is generally believed to be the essential part of a child developing, is undergoing great social change. Many problems can occur from this social shift but ¡§the main result of this change is the

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decline in the importance of the family¡¦s role in general social life¡¨ (Clinard 67). As a result of this change, other groups and institutions do the significant part of a child¡¦s socialization and because it is impossible for parental supervision to cover a child¡¦s social habits on a consistent basis, many times peers can socialize a child negatively.

Durheim believed that deviance was a necessary part of a functioning society given that it existed in all societies; therefore it must have some beneficial consequences (Brymm 45). He argues that deviant behaviour increases social solidarity because in those circumstances people are united under a common fear and a common need for retribution for the crime committed. He believes deviance allows people to clarify the group¡¦s moral boundaries and to allow societies to adapt to a changing world (Brymm 45). Durkheim realized that too much deviance can lead to chaos but a certain amount can be beneficial. Although it does seems plausible under the right circumstances that a community can be united when facing deviant behaviour it is not necessarily a necessity. Unification of society can occur in many other ways. A good amount of deaths by a serial killer although undoubtedly has the potential to unite a community, it is not an essential element for that community to function productively. The well being of a society can just as well be destroyed by a same amount of deviance that Durkheim argues is necessary for it to function.

Society plays a major role in the development of a serial killer. An atmosphere where violence is common and not controlled can influence children negatively as they see violence is only a natural part of the world. Society many times glorify killing, portraying it as exciting and the media plays a large role in bombarding youths with violence which subsequently leads to the desensitization of violent behaviour in our generation. Violence therefore becomes the norm and is no longer regarded as wrong in the eyes of the naive.

So what is it that makes a serial killer? Are serial killers born or is it forced upon them by unlucky circumstances. For the most part, serial killers are made. In many of the cases, nightmarish upbringings consisting of violence and torture either by the parents or

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the authoritative figure is what most investigators link back to when interviewing serial killers. Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, John Wayne Gacy, and David Berkowitz etc, all of which had unfortunate childhood experiences. Despite the fact that most appear to be rational there are those that are clinically insane while killing. Some suffer from sever head injuries; others claim to be under the influence of demons or even have satanic undertones while killing. The majority of cases when examined can be traced back to mistreatment at a young age. So what does this mean to us as a society? Ideally it implies that serial killers can be prevented. When we exclude someone from a group, when we ridicule someone for not keeping with the latest fashion trend, or when we bully a fellow classmate, we should stop and think of the consequences. This negative treatment can leave behind permanent emotional scars on the individual that can further lead to violent behaviour. Although not every victim of harassment becomes a serial killer, it is to the betterment of society that we treat each other as equals and promote unity. Areas in which social solidarity is high as Durkheim argues, experiences lower levels of violence as people are more in touch with one another. Communities should work within themselves to promote social solidarity, thus decreases the opportunity for violent behaviour.

Please note that this sample paper on Killing is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Killing, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Killing will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The power of non-verbal communication

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Emotions and thoughts can be expressed non-verbally without using any words. Quintilian and Delsarte talk about the importance of the body language in communication. Their description of gestures involve both daily life and theatrical movement that makes the usage of words unnecessary. While Delsarte claims that movement itself is divided into classifications in terms of the relationship among the body parts, Quintilian considers the significance of the individual body parts as movement. As a result they end up with the same idea, even though they chose different paths to explain non-verbal language.

The common point of both writers is the importance of the meanings of the gestures we make. By saying, "there is nothing more horrible, or deplorable, than a gesture without meaning or purpose," Delsarte describes his thoughts about the meaningless gestures that do not express a feeling, an emotion, or have a purpose. "…Even speechless animals show anger, joy, or the desire to please by means of eye and other physical indications" says Quintilian to show importance of the meaning of gestures. Animals, which have no other choice to express themselves, make gestures that have meanings all the time. Their gestures are pure and reliable like a baby whose feelings reflect nothing but the truth.

The gestures become more successful in meaning when more than one part of body is used. Quintilian gives the example of using the facial expressions with the tone of the speech, which will increase the effect on the receiver (listener). Delsarte describes a rejecting movement of hand and arm and adds that "using the hand and arm without any other movement in the body elsewhere, would be weak; but add to the movement of the hand and arm a strong opposed movement of the head and upper torso and you produce a stronger expression." Co-operation of the body parts in expressing ourselves increases the attitude of our response and make a strong affect. Delsarte classifies this under "oppositions" of his three great orders of movement.

The two writers approach to movements and gestures from different views. As known Delsarte classifies the movement in three categories oppositions, parallelisms, and successions. Delsarte gives combinations of movement in terms of their order of moving to show if it is a strong or a weak expression, while Quintilian claims that every kind of co-operated movement of body parts is strong. For instance, according to Delsarte parallel movements of the body parts produce a weak expression. Unlike this claim, Quintilian would call any expression that is expressed by using more than one part of the body a strong expression. The difference between the "weak and strong movements can be best noticed in classic ballet and from the Egyptian wall paintings"

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The effect of the non-verbal language to our lives cannot be ignored. Even though we often do not notice, we use gestures as much as words to make our expressions stronger and to express ourselves better. Delsarte and Quintilian focus on the importance of the meaning of the gestures for people to express their emotions and requests. Although their aim is to make us notice the power of gesture and how to use it, we see that they have different point of views in describing the power of the gestures. Their common idea is gestures and body language is expressive as much as the words or may be more than the words.

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Spanish Colonization of the Philippines

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Was the colonization by the Spanish Conquistadors a benefit for the Philippine Society?

Synopsis

The Philippines was under the Spanish ruling for 77 years. The influence of the Spanish upon the natives during this extensive period was profound. Every aspect of their society, politics, religion and culture revolutionize irrevocably. The content of this essay will include the varying opinions of sources that concern the colonizing of the Philippines by the Spanish empire from 16th March 151.

This essay will address the question analyzing the context of which the source was composed. By examining imbalances of perspectives, the question can then be answered through the validity of available sources. That is, a viable and accurate answer can be deduced through the sources. In order to answer the focus question, this essay will "redress the imbalance" of the sources that are utilized. With references to primary sources such as Jose Rizal's book "Noli Me Tangere" as well as to secondary sources, such as Renato Constantino's "Philippines A Past Revisited", various sources could then be compared and evaluated. There are differing arguments to the question, as observed in the context of the sources. One aspect that has become apparent is the segregation that the Spanish colonization was a benefit for the Philippine society. In contrast, is the dispute that the colonizing was a disadvantage for the natives of the islands. The purpose of obtaining an extensive variety of sources is that the more sources that are available the greater the insight and to broaden the field of objectivity.

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The investigation area includes the contrasting approaches to this historical issue and discusses a minor level of diverging historical views. This incorporates the contrasting approaches to a historical event and focuses on the key questions from the syllabus that apply to my project such as ‘How has history been constructed over time?' and also ‘Why have the approaches in the construction of history changed over time?'

It is in modern times that one can distinguish the contrasting views between historians that are supporting the Hispanization of the Philippines, to those who are opposed to the matter. Historians must therefore examine the causes and reflect on the potential influences on the construction of facts that is presented.

It is futile to contemplate on the character of the Asian society prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. It is difficult to understand the type of constitution that may have been established by the natives of the archipelago if the laws of development taking effect within the social divisions, that were then existing, had not been radically adapted by colonialism. It is nevertheless crucial that as the composition of Spanish society at the time of the conquest is questioned, the nature of the indigenous societies and their height of social development at the moment of confrontation with Spanish colonialism should likewise be examined.

There is limited knowledge accessible concerning the earlier period of the Philippines, as there is lack of written historical records. The feature that impedes contemporary historians from gaining an insight to the pre-Hispanic Filipinos is that the use of writing suggests that they had been unfamiliar in recording historical records; perhaps they did not think that such records would be of any use to themselves, as its basic purpose, then, was for personal communication and composing literature. The natives at the time had a system of writing, as evident with Magellan's own observation of the natives, the majority of inhabitants knew how to read and write . The earliest records about the Philippines are in archeological forms such as an ancient clay pot that was uncovered in a cave on the island of Palawan.

Also, there is proof that the islands had been in contact, through commerce, with countries, such as the Chinese and Arabs. Written records from Chinese traders of the Chou Dynasty (7ACE) and in the annals of the Han Dynasty (06ACE) describe its trade route and supplies that were imported and exported; Chinese interaction can be verified with the discoveries of Chinese porcelain in burial graves. Arabian interaction can be verified with the introduction of Islamic religion from Arab and Indian traders and missionaries c. 180ACE.

Prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, the Philippines had the Barangay system of government in which laws were enacted and enforced by the datus or chieftains. Filipinos, before the Spanish, practiced the backfiring of land in order to produce fertile plantations for their agriculture. There are also evidences of weaponry, weaving cloth (lampotes), fishing and rearing animals and pearls. The early natives had both written and oral laws which were communicated orally from generation to generation . The importance of the factors above was that there is proof that the early inhabitants of the Philippines were civilized and cultured. The fact is; upon the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, this consequently resulted in the disruption of the cultures and way of life of early inhabitants of the Philippines.

A chief Hong Kong paper recently interpreted an editorial from Manila Comercio that provides a Spanish point of view of the insurrection in the Philippines, a perspective that is rarely implemented by other foreigners who have lived in the country. The article was written and published in 186. The article is a primary source that details the Spanish settlements and portrays it as having been "earnest and intellectual of the natives." The article describes how Spain provided the archipelago a sensible society an ample administration and established judicious laws that have been emulated by various nations in their colonies.

The flaw of this source includes the fact that the language has been interpreted, therefore presenting an implication to the historian. Since various characteristics of the past are being chosen, by the writer, with specific recognition and emphasis on the benefit of the Spaniards upon the Filipinos. The unknown journalist persists in criticizing the country of "the incredible ingratitude obtained by the generous country which with a precipitancy, blameworthy because of its magnanimity, instituted laws designed to elevate these islands to the ranks of the most civilized countries." The source juxtaposes the expression of Spanish placidity throughout the article, to the events that took place at the time that the article was published. During this period, a civil revolution, organized by the Katipunan, took place against the Spanish government.

The writer is ignorant to the fact that in reality the foremost aim of the Spanish government was to profit financially from the islands. The rebellions of the Filipinos are a result of the extortions imposed by the Spanish government, such as tax, tributes and labor. The bias that requires acknowledgment in this article is that the writer has perpetrated personal thoughts and assumptions into the article with the purpose of communicating their perspective to a wide audience.

In contrast to the article is Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere. Rizal's book, which was first published in Berlin in March 1887, exposes the transgression of the Spaniards. It was not necessarily Spain itself but the Spanish friars (priests) in the Philippines that he believed were the exact barriers to reform. As Renato Constantino agrees ,

Rizal depicts the Spanish friars as underhanded, rapacious and corrupt.

Jose Rizal was born in 1861 in Calamba, located in the Laguna province, south of Manila. Rizal was an ilustrado as he was highly educated, intellectual and a Spanish speaking Filipino. Rizal came from an affluent family background and attended prestigious schools and colleges. He furthered his studies and had accomplished a where he graduated as doctor of medicine and philosophy. He traveled and studied around Europe and resided in Madrid, where he composed Noli Me Tangere. The book was controversial in the Philippines and constantly attacked by the religious clergy. As evident in a Madrid newspaper dating January, 180, written by Vincente Barrantes. He describes the book as "anti-Catholic, Protestant, socialistic." Rizal was consequently banished for the crime of telling the truth.

The Spaniards replaced the native system of communal landownership to the Spanish landholding system based on private ownership. The local people were required to pay taxes to the Spanish government and to support the church. The royal endowments that were being granted to the friars to own land produced feelings of oppression upon the natives. As the bequest meant that the "natives were being dispossessed of their ancestral lands." The Spanish friars competed with other Spanish officials in accumulating wealth and land.

Rizal, himself, describes the nature of his the Noli Me Tangere as, "The novel is the first impartial and bold account of the life of the tagalogs. The Filipinos will find in it the history of the last ten years…" The first chapter of the book describes the "racial spectrum of Filipino society as externally compatible, but beneath the surface there smoldered a mixture of resentment and suspicion" . By August 0, 1887, it was declared by a committee that Noli Me Tangere was "heretical, impious and offensive to the government of Spain". The purpose of Rizal's book is vital in interpreting the context that the book serves.

There are possible factors that led to Rizal's contempt against the Spanish. One aspect involves the arrest of his mother, Teodora Alonso. She had been charged of involvement in a murder but was ultimately released. Rizal's witnessing of his mother's arrest by representatives of the Spanish government left a permanent impression on his view of the Spanish. A second vital factor was his brother Paciano. He guided the juvenile Rizal to a reformist vocation. Paciano had studied under Fr. Jose Burgos who was an activist in reformation against the Spanish friars. The third factor of influence was the Cavite mutiny.

Rizal's perspective was based upon his intense patriotism and his veneration that the Philippines was something more than what the Spanish had made it to be. Rizal claims that the decomposing of his country was not because of the Filipino's indifference or apathy as claimed by the Spaniards, but because of the negligence of the Spanish government over the country. To demonstrate his purpose he disproved the allegations of such prejudiced Spanish authors against the Filipino race. He had commented on the book composed by the Spaniard Antonio Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. The book delves into detail the components of the 16th century Philippine culture. Rizal had commented, "Filipinos had developed culture even before the coming of the Spaniards". This contradicts the NorthChina Daily News, Impartial not Neutral article as the article describes the Spanish being "earnest" in endowing the natives with a moral and intellectual education.

The impact that these factors had on Rizal is consequently reflected in his book. This source is primary in investigating the Hispanic influence upon the people, especially from a Filipino perspective. The historical implication is that Rizal communicated personal ideas that were a result of his ideology towards the Spanish. Rizal has constructed his personal version of history as it has affected him. Rizal's views therefore have an effect on contemporary historians who may view his perspective in various ways and intersect personal views with Rizal's philosophies.

Elizabeth Medina's A Hispanized Philippines A Good Option? Is a written response to the question of why she believes that the Hispanization was feasible and beneficial for the Philippines. Medina states in her article that Spain was responsible in the development and establishment of the culture of the Philippines. Medina discusses the importance of Hispanic culture in order to "recognize" the Filipino social customs and practices. The implication is the Spanish culture is the basis of what makes up the Philippine identity. This directly conflicts with Rizal's philosophy that the Filipinos had developed culture prior to the Spanish arrival.

Medina, who resides in Santiago, Chile, has based her opinion on the "few" sources she had gathered from Filipino academics and their writings, her personal inquiries and those of independent researchers. Medina states that she was speaking as a non-expert and based her views on what she was able to gather. She displays emotive assumptions in saying that the Spaniards are responsible in "producing" such a diverse culture for the Filipinos. She constructs history by judging the opinions from those who are experienced on the subject matter and concluding from her sources that the hispanisation of the Philippines was a benefit for the country.

Professor Fraser Weir , states in his email that "at the time of Spanish conquest, the whole world was horrified by the cruelty of the Spanish conquistadors who plundered Mexico and Peru." This is in direct contrast to the Comercio that implies the success of Spanish colonies and Medina's perspectives of the impact of the Spaniards. Weir also states that the Spaniards were not as abusive in the Philippines in comparison to Spain's other colonies, such as the Aztecs of Peru . Weir describes the negative factors that the Spaniards had established during their ruling. He traces modern corruption of the government to the Spanish colonial rule.

In relation to Rizal's book, Weir states that wealth was measured by landownership. The Spanish leaders did not expand power and stature through commerce, but from taxes and tributes that they collected from the tenants who rented the land. Taxes, tributes, extortionate rents and forced labor increased tension among the villagers. An example of this was in 1745, when Bulacan villagers protested against the clergy claiming that they have been cheated from their lands and the unjust denial imposed upon them that restricted them from fishing in the rivers.

Weir's context is similar to that of Rizal's. The Spanish had brought and established corruption and extortion among the indigenous society of pre-Hispanic Philippines. Although, Weir was more passive in describing how the Spaniards "converted by gentle persuasion rather than coercively by threat or force" and that "Spanish were not as rapacious".

Based on the employed sources, one may agree that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines was a benefit in one way, such as the fact that the Spanish established a part of their culture to the culture of the people and economically advanced the country and brought about diversification. Although, the method in which the Spaniards used their power is unjust such as the heavy burden of tax collection, forced labor and corruption within the government as well as the ecclesia. The utilized sources are subjective and are bias interpretations of the nature of Philippine history. Therefore the reliability in constructing the past from these sources is diminutive. The perception of the history of Philippines from these sources can be utilized to validate contemporary events of the country. Identification of ideological characteristics in the source representations exhibits moral principles in relation to the topic. This investigation aimed to question the sources' motives and approaches that have influenced the construction of the Philippine history. It is also aimed to understand more clearly the nature of the Spanish colonialism and the consequences that it had imposed upon the nature of the Philippines. As evident, there are various opinions on the Hispanization of the Philippines.

The events of Philippines' history belong to the past. All that remains of them is the recorded impression it has made on observers. The past must be scrutinized not only to become acceptable to those in the present but also for the reason that the past has became the present with all the misinterpretations of past historical sources. ¨

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Coates, Austin Rizal Philippine Nationalist and Martyr. Hong Kong, Oxford

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Constantino, Renato The Philippines A Past Revisited. Quezon City, Philippines, Tala

Publishing Services, 175.

Corpuz, O.D The Roots of the Philippine Nation. Quezon City, Philippines,

Aklahi Foundation inc. 18.

Cushner, Nicholas P. Spain In The Philippines From Conquest to Revolution. Quezon

City, Philippines Anteneo de Manila University, 171.

Mahajani, Usha Philippine Nationalism. QL Australia, University of Queensland,

171.

Manuel, Dolores de Book Review Southeast Asia. The Journal of Asian Studies

Volume 6 (4) pp 4-50, 00.

Phelan, John K. Hispanization of the Philippines. London, University of

Wisconsin Press, 16.

Rizal, Jose Noli Me Tangere. Manila, Pambansang Suriang Pangkasaysayan,

Republished 10.

Southgate, Beverley History What and Why? London, Routledge, 001

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Context. New York, Rinehart and Winston, 17.

Please note that this sample paper on Spanish Colonization of the Philippines is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Spanish Colonization of the Philippines, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Spanish Colonization of the Philippines will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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