Police officers

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Police officers

What really do police officers do when at work? Police officers some are friendly and

some are not. Police officers are suppose to in force the peace and not violence but yet there are

lots of corrupt police officers. Not all police officer are bad though there are some that are in the

Write your police officers research paper

uniform to in force the police but yet not all have that same plan others are there in that uniform

to take advantage of the uniform and do things that they should not do in the uniform and should

not really be in the police officer uniform unless they are there really to in force the peace and

not to take advantage of people.

To become a police officer at minimum all u will need is to be a US citizen, over 0

years old, not be a convicted felon, have a GED or a high school diploma. Also u must pass some

competitive written and physical examinations, but federal and state law enforcement's require a

college degree. To become a police officer you will need certain kinds of training like many law

enforcement agencies encourage applicants to complete either a two-year associate's program or

a four year bachelor's program in a criminal justice related areas. When u are accepted in to the

law enforcement agency, you'll receive 1 to 14 weeks of training in a police academy. The

training will include classroom instructions in constitutional law and civil rights, state laws and

local ordinances, and accident investigation. Also recruits will receive training in patrol, traffic

control, firearms usage, self-defense. first aid, and emergency response. Continuing education is

a necessary requirement for police officers and detectives. Many agencies pay all or part of the

tuition for officers to earn a degree in criminal justice, justice administration or public

administration, and pay higher salaries to those who earn such a degree. You can also earn your

criminal justice degree online, your degree on campus. In this career u will have lots of

opportunities like u will be in a large department and u can be promoted to detective or to a

specialty area of police work, such as juvenile justice administration. When promotions to

corporal , sergeant, lieutenant, and captain usually are made according to a candidate's position

on a promotion list, depending on your on the job performance and examination scores. Many

officers retire with a pension after only 0 - 5 years of service , and pursue a second career

while still in their 40's. The salary for police officers according to the bureau of labor statistics.

police and sheriff's [patrol officers had median annual earnings of $,70 in 000. Police

chiefs, deputy chiefs, captains, lieutenants and sergeants earned between $5,000 and $78,600

per year. In 000 detectives and criminal investigators earned between $7,40 and 61,750 per

year.

Police officers maintain law and order, collect evidence and conduct criminal

investigations. Urban police officers have a general law enforcement duties including

maintaining regular patrols and responding to calls for service. Many are assigned to patrol a

specific area, such as a business district or residential neighborhood. The certain type of law

enforcement's are sheriffs and deputy sheriffs who enforce the law on the county level.

Sheriffs who are elected to their posts, perform duties similar to those of a local or

county police chief. A deputy sheriff in a large agency has duties similar to those of officers in

urban police departments.

Detectives gather facts and collect evidence for criminal cases. They conduct interviews,

examine records, observe the activities of suspects, and participate in raids or arrests.

State police officers, also known as highway patrol officers, arrest criminals statewide

and patrol highways to enforce motor vehicle laws and regulations. At the scene of accidents,

they may direct traffic, give first aid, and call for emergency equipment.

Police are not always the people you would think they were just because they have the

police officer uniform on does not mean they are the protectors of the peace. Police are some

times using there uniform to do things that they should not. Police some times even take

advantage of the uniform by some times doing things like pulling people over for no reason.

Unfortunately nowadays the people who are supposed to protect us and help us when we

are in need cant be trusted. Police brutality has always been a problem, but there's been a

dramatic rise in police murders and brutalization of citizens. Being harassed is much more

common though then being murdered by a police officer. Such people as famous actor and

rapper will smith was pulled over once a week. When will asked the officers why he was being

pulled over they simply answered because he was black in a nice car. Young people get

followed constantly just because the officer wants to make sure that the young person is not

getting in to any trouble. Police officers can some times make the wrong judgments such as

when a young women was in a diabetic coma in her car. The police felt threatened by her and

shot at her and killed her. In another case when a young man was sitting in his car the police

pointed guns at him from every direction cause they thought he had a gun. The police officers

made him put his hands up and get out of the car, but he was shot to death cause a officer

thought he saw a gun but the young man was unarmed. Four police officers approached a man's

door in search for a suspected rapist even though this was not the man. He was shot at 41 times

and killed and he was unarmed. One police brutality incident police officers tortured a Haitian

immigrant by driving the handle of a toilet plunger into his rectum and they also punctured his

small intestine. After they put the plunger in his mouth and called him some racial names and

said they'd kill him if he said anything.

The most famous of all police brutality cases is of course Rodney king's case. On March

,11 four Los Angeles police officers beat Rodney King as eleven other police officers stood

by watching them do so. Rodney King was in a high speed car chase with the officers, when he

finally stopped the car, he hesitated to get out of the car. When he did he was said to jump at the

officers. He was also hit by two darts from a stun gun, Rodney King still refused to obey the

officer and lie flat on the ground. In less than two minutes, he was hit with 56 baton blows and

kicked six times. He suffered from eleven skull fractures, brain damage, broken bones, knocked

out teeth and kidney damage, also emotional and physical trauma. Not in all cases are the

victims of police brutality innocent, obviously in you can tell in Rodney Kings case. No matter

how rude or uncoopitive a suspect is being this extreme force from officers should not be used

These cases are just some of the ways that police officer miss treat there badge of being a

police officer. Police officers some times cant help it cause they are some times put under a lot

of stress in this job. Stress is a term used by a lot of people, it is somewhat misunderstood and

often is used to describe a negative condition or emotional state. People experience various

forms of stress at home, work. or n social settings. Police officers experience stress the same as

others. but also in ways much different than average people. The dangers, violence and tragedies

that have been seen by officers result in added levels of stress not experienced by the general

population. Police work by its very nature calls for an incredible amount of continual stress.

There as been a demand on police officers to show a greater restraint has been increasing over

the years has increased the effects of stress on police work. Some of the most stressful things

some police officers have to deal with are things like having there partner killed in the line of

duty, lack of support by the department or bosses, shift or work and disruption of family time.

Police officers can not let stress take over them cause people depend on them event though stress

is a hard thing to get over some officers have committed suicide cause of stress. Also when

under stress u cant deal with some things the way that u should deal with them. So the police

officers deal with it by beating a person and I guess that would get rid of the stress that some one

would have. Even though it is not right for a person to beat another person for no reason. It

should be especially wrong for some one of the peace to beat or discriminate against some one

at.

The things that most of theses so called police officers do is because of corruption.

Corruption is both a result and cause of the separation of the police from society. The isolation

police can lead to a divergence of the values of law enforcement officials from those that the rest

of society professes to uphold. Corruption within any policing must not be tolerated at all. The

constant misconduct of law enforcement officials affects public trust in the police force and in

turn imperative that the system be reformed to prevent human rights violations. The Rodney

King case contributes to a decreased level of respect for law enforcement officials. Most people

were angry mainly because the officers deprived Rodney King of his rights to be safe from the

intentional use of unreasonable force.

Even though there are officers that discriminate and beat others for no reason there are

also the good ones that do really protect and serve. There are police officers that have saved

people out of houses and crashed cars and so on. These are police officers that have been

awarded for the things that they have done with medals and things for the good doings that they

have done. The officers that do the good deeds that they do should and deserve to be awarded

with medals and other things. Even though officers might be good they also can become

corrupted just like all of the other officers that are. The good police officer most of the time

become corrupted because of there partner that they are with. Such things as money can make a

good person turn bad, cause money is the root of all evil. Lot of police officers come in to this

career figuring that they are going to do all this good and take criminals off of the streets. Yet

they are the ones that are fingering innocent people for crimes that they never did like how they

use to shoot people for the color of there skin and just place a gun in there hands or putting drugs

on that person. Yet the good cop never says anything so that must make them equally responsible

for that officer that if fingering someone for some thing that they never did. Police officers let

there uniform and badge go to there head and just figure at first there going to help people but

then turn around and hurt people and steal from others just cause of the money just because they

want the American dream to have lot's of money.

In the police force there are also other police officers that walk and talk different than

other officers. They are dogs they have k- units that are trained with dogs and they use them to

get a suspect if they do not listen to the officer and run or wont get down on the ground. Officers

use to use the dogs to attack black people for no reason at all but just cause they were black. But

know they use the dog for a better reason like for someone who runs from the police and that is

hiding in a spot that the police can not get to they send in the k- unit dog. They train the dog

with a police officer who will be there master also partner. They train the dog to obey there

partner so that the dog does not just run off and bite who ever. They also have dogs that are

trained to sniff different things out such as bombs and illegal things that do not need to be there.

They also have dogs that are trained to sniff out people like a bank robber that ran off from a car

or an abducted child and so forth. The police dog is treated just like an real person and honored

just like one also if killed they are honored or shot they also are honored and if they do some

thing worth honoring they are.

The women police officers were treated different than other males officers cause they

didn't believe that they could do the thing that other officer can do now a days. But as time went

by women officers were treated more of the same as other officer and could do more things that

they would not allow them to do. No one would really take women officers all that serious cause

they were women and no one really thought that they could do it. But once again that has

changed and the can do it some can do it better than some males.

There also is another type of police officer and they are called military police but they are

not like other police officers. They police the military and take care of things of military people

like say a military person is killed or some one needs to be arrested on a military base. Then the

military police would take care of it and arrest that person and take them to a military facility to

hold and they will be prosecuted in a military court. Military police also dress different than

police officers they were military uniforms and were helmets instead of hats. Military police is

also called M.P.. short for military police.

Police officers also have helicopters which assist them in things that they can some times

not do. Like when in a car pursuit they get the helicopter to help in the pursuit so just in case

they loose the car they have some one in the sky to do some thing and which will spot the car

were ever it is and lead officer to it. Also they have the helicopter in case someone runs from the

police so that it can also stay on them were ever they go and spot a light on them. Helicopters

also have heating divide so that it can spot some one hiding in like a bush or some thing. They

also have a tracking device that stays on the person and will not come off of that person so that

they will not loose them.

Police officers have lot's of devices to do different things with people like they have

ways so that they will not kill someone and just hurt them in none lethal ways. The police can

track sartant cars that have a device in it call lowjack in about 1 min. Police officers use to be

know for protecting and serving and doing good for the people but not know a days. Know u

have to be careful cause there are some crooked cops also there are people the portend to be

police officer and really are not police officer and are trying to get people for the things that they

have. Even though lot's of people do not have any respect for the police or lost respect for the

police have gained it back after the tragic /11. Police officer are here to protect and serve and

with out them things would be wild and crazy. So even though there are bad cops there are also

good cops that we need.

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If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! In this essay "If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably", Philip Meyer (reporter for the Esquire) writes about a social psychologist named Stanley Milgram. Milgram began his career as a psychology professor at Yale University in 160. He is a Jewish man who was in one way or the other effected by Nazis. So he planed to prove that Germans were different by scientific experimentation.

He wanted to prove that Germans are different because they obeyed Hitler and did his dirty work. So Milgram developed a laboratory experiment to measure obedience level of Americans and Germans. So with the results he could conclude that Germans are more obedient. He was highly motivated to find the truth in his hypothesis mostly because of his Jewish Background.

Milgrams experiment was in a play format in which everyone was an actor except for one person. This person was the subject of the experiment. Obviously this person was not aware of the experiment and thought of it as real life.

The experiment worked like this the subject read an ad asking for volunteers for an experiment. The ad also said the experiment would take about an hour and pay $4.50. So the subject goes to The Yale Interaction laboratory. Inside He meets two men one of the men is the experimenter who's says he is Jack Williams. The other man looks like a regular citizen. But before the experiment starts the Jack tells both men that if you want to you can leave at any time during the experiment and you still would be paid $4.50. Then jack begins to explain the experiment. He tells them that it's about learning and negative reinforcement. The negative reinforcement in this experiment is an electric shock.

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Then Jack puts two pieces of paper in the hat and shakes them. Both papers say "teacher" but the one subject who is not the actor thinks that the other paper he didn't pick says "learner". After the teacher and the learner are selected they are enlighten more about the experiment. The teacher gives some material to learner to memorize. After the memorization is done the learner will be ask number of question. The teacher will be asked to administer an electric shock of increasing intensity to a learner for each mistake he made during the experiment. The range of increasing intensity was from 15 volts up 450 volts max.

Some times when the teachers questioned the experimenter, asking to stop but the experimenter tells him to continue because he takes full responsibility if there was some thing terrible to happen. Teacher seemed to accept the response and continue shocking, even though some were clearly uncomfortable in doing so.

After doing the experiments many times Stanley Milgram concluded that Americans are obedient people and he didn't need to take the experiment to Germany.

Please note that this sample paper on If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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How far was the sinking of the belgrano justified

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in How far was the sinking of the belgrano justified, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your How far was the sinking of the belgrano justified paper at affordable prices! How Far Was The Sinking Of The Belgrano Justified?

An Introduction to the Falklands

First discovered in the 1500s, the Falkland islands have long been a subject of international dispute. The Islands were first colonised by a French aristocrat, Antoine de Bougainville, in 1764 for the French. The islands were then handed to the Spanish as part of an alliance deal between the two nations. During this period the British first became involved in the claims of sovereignty over the Falklands. At the same time as the French had landed on the eastern island of the Falklands, the British had landed on the western island. They were forcefully ejected from the island by the Spanish in 176 and as a matter of ‘restoring the kings honour' the British wished to return. A small group returned as part of a settlement reached between the British and Spanish government, but the British officially acknowledged Spanish government over the islands. In the early 1800s, the Spanish empire began to fracture, and in 1810, the Argentine government removed the few Spanish settlers left on the islands and an argentine governor was placed in control. Britain saw her chance and in 18, steamed to the Falklands with two warships HMS Clio and Tyne and took the islands by force.

In April 18, Argentina attempted to retake the Falklands. In what is widely regarded as the most unneeded war in Britain's recent history, The single largest loss of life was caused when the General Belgrano was hit and sunk by the HMS Conqueror with the loss of 68 crew on the nd May. For both the remainder of the war and some time after, this was an issue of great controversy that seemed to sum up the war, pointless and with a tragic loss of life.

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On the nd May, the Belgrano's position had been known for several days. She was steaming with her two destroyer escorts approximately 50 miles to the South of the Falklands, followed by the nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror. On the same day, the Argentine aircraft carrier Veinticinco de Mayo was detected on radar to the north of the islands with her destroyer escorts by a harrier patrol early in the morning. Admiral Sandy Woodward, the commander of the naval task force, was woken as soon as the aircraft carrier was detected and a meeting was called. This is the first issue in the justification of the order to attack Belgrano. From the positioning of the two ship groups, The commanders of the task force came to the conclusion that a pincer movement against the task force was about to go underway

it all looked to me very like a classic pincer attack on the British Battle Group. To take the worst possible case, the Belgrano and her escorts could now set off towards us and, steaming through the dark, launch an exocet attack on us from one direction just as we were preparing to receive a missile and bomb strike from the other.

Admiral Sandy Woodward - One Hundred Days - pg147

It is important to note now that from the task force's point of view it was very important that action was taken before the perceived pincer attack was instigated, so that one of the ‘claws' of the attack would be eliminated, thus reducing the uncertainty of which group would make the main attack. It was the Veinticinco de Mayo group that was the major threat, the group's destroyer escorts had the anti-ship exocet missile, and the carrier itself was a station for ten A-Q4 Skyhawk combat jets, which could each hold three 500lb bombs, totalling 15000lb of explosive that could be hurled at the British task force. On the other hand the Belgrano's escorts were both armed with exocet anti-ship missiles and the Belgrano herself was armed with fifteen six-inch guns and eight five-inch guns. These guns were bigger than any in the entire British navy's task force, and could pose a serious threat to ground troops if the Belgrano was to get close in to the shore.

An alternate threat was also perceived by the commanders of the task force. Directly south of the total exclusion zone is an area of very shallow water that runs two hundred miles east to west and sixty miles north to south. This area named Burdwood bank and is approximately one hundred and fifty feet deep compared to the two mile depth in the rest of the Atlantic ocean . The perceived threat in this position is that the Belgrano would steam over the shallows of Burdwood bank. Over the bank the depth of the sea is too low for the Conqueror, the nuclear submarine that was following the Belgrano, to follow without compromising herself by leaving a wake. This wake could have been spotted and then the Conqueror would have to retreat or face three vessels all equipped with anti submarine measures, losing the Belgrano in the progress and leaving her a clear path to the shore and the task force. Of both the possible paths the Belgrano could have taken, they were both great threats to the safety of the task force and so the decision to attack was made.

Opposers of the decision to sink the Belgrano say that the she was steaming towards home when attacked by Conqueror but this information was not known by the commanders of the task force when the decision to attack was made. By all appearances the Belgrano was preparing for a strike upon the British task force around the island and as such was a threat that must be dealt with.

Opposers of the sinking also make light of the fact that during the war, the TEZ (total exclusion zone) controlled whether an argentine vessel or aircraft could be attacked or not. At the beginning of the Falklands conflict, the total exclusion zone was set up as a 00 mile perimeter around the coast of the Falklands. Any argentine ship or aircraft that entered the exclusion zone would be attacked. When the Belgrano was sunk, she was outside of the total exclusion zone, and this is what is pointed out by the opposition of the sinking. Unfortunately, there is a flaw in the reasoning of these people, because on the -rd April 18, the following statement was issued to the Argentinean Junta (Military Government)

‘In announcing the establishment of a maritime exclusion zone around the Falkland islands, Her majesty's Government made it clear that this measure was without prejudice to the right of the United Kingdom to take whatever additional measures may be needed in the exercise of its right of self-defence under article 51 of the United Nations Charter. In this connection, Her Majesty's Government now wishes to make it clear that any approach on the part of Argentine warships, including submarines, naval auxiliaries or military aircraft, which could amount to a threat to interfere with the mission of the British Forces in the South Atlantic will encounter the appropriate response.'

The Falklands War 18 - Martin Middlebrook - pg 14

The statement was released to the world press the following day. Going through the release, two points can be picked up on. Firstly, looking at the sentence ‘In this connection, Her Majesty's Government wish to make it clear that any approach on the part of Argentine warships, including submarines, naval auxiliaries or military aircraft, which could amount to a threat to interfere with the mission of the British Forces in the South Atlantic will encounter the appropriate response.' The emphasis on any approach is important. The statement is saying that no longer will Argentinean military be attacked only in the total exclusion zone, but also outside of it, if they ‘amount to a threat to interfere with the mission of the British Forces in the South Atlantic'. It is safe to say that a 1,500 ton cruiser with guns and two exocet carrying destroyer escorts in the position for an attack was sufficient a threat to be targeted by the British.

This determination of the war zone is the most important factor in deciding to sink the Belgrano, as most anti-sinking supporters point to the fact that she was sunk outside of the total exclusion zone. With the above statement, released by the government, there should be no doubt that the Belgrano was a legitimate target for the British forces. With the knowledge they had, that she appeared to be steaming into a position to attack, and that fact that this meant she was a threat that must be countered, they made a tactical decision to attack and it was taken.

Morally, it becomes harder to justify, because of the huge loss of life involved. With the loss of 68 crew, the loss of life was huge not only in the war as a whole but that it was a single incident. There are a number of reasons for the tragic loss of so many, and they point to poor discipline and preparation on the side of the Argentineans rather than the ruthlessness of the British.

On the nd May the order was sent to the Conqueror, following the Belgrano, to engage. Conqueror had been following the Belgrano and her two escort ships since the previous night, and had not found it particularly hard to stay undetected. The Argentine vessels were in poor formation to protect themselves from submarines and did not even have their sonar switched on, the group was also steaming on a very steady course, rather than using anti-submarine tactics. Anti-submarine methods that should have been in use range from the hi-tech to the simple. Firstly, the sonar should have been switched on as an early warning system so the argentine group could detect the Conqueror before it was in attack range. Secondly, the group should have been weaving, and varying their speed often, which makes it very hard to predict where a vessel is heading and therefore predict where to aim a torpedo so it will hit the hull of the ship. The fact that none of these measures were in place made the Belgrano a sitting duck, ripe for attack by the Conqueror. For this reason there was no doubt that when the Conqueror struck, it would strike with full force. Even the captain of the submarine, Commander Christopher Wreford-Brown, was amazed by the destruction his attack caused. A salvo of three mark 8 torpedoes was launched into the Belgrano's path and two hit, causing severe damage. The third torpedo hit one of the escorts, the Bouchard, a glancing blow but did not go off. The explosion upon impact with the Belgrano almost ripped off the Bow (front) of the ship and caused a huge amount of damage.

Most of this damage was due to the poor preparation of the crew and the ignorance of the captain, Hector Bonzo. Bonzo had failed to follow effective anti-submarine measures, allowing the Conqueror an easy shot in, which did exactly what was intended, and had not prepared the crew for the possibility of a submarine attack, which was quite likely considering his country was on the offensive and his ship was completely unprepared for such an event. Actual reasons for the loss of life stem from the safety precautions taken on board. General Belgrano was built and commissioned in the United States of America for the U.S Navy under the name U.S.S Phoenix in 10. As the phoenix she saw active service in the Pacific and was a survivor of the 141 attack on Pearl harbour by the Japanese. Over 50 years on, the Belgrano as she was then known, was soon to become obsolete. For example her multitude of guns for ship to ship combat had been replaced on other vessels by ship to ship missiles such as the exocet, which plays an important part in naval warfare and was a major threat to both navies during the Falklands, yet she was still outfitted with guns. Her resilience to damage was also lower than modern warships, and her damage defences inside were also of a lower standard. Inside the ship are many compartments which have each their own blast doors to contain water, explosions, or fire to a small section of the ship. In the Belgrano, these doors were left unlocked, and through Argentine reports of the incident a fireball spread through the ship killing almost 0 of the 68 total. If the crew had these doors locked down there may not have been such a loss of life.

Once the torpedoes had hit home, the Conqueror left the scene as is submarine practice so that she would not become vulnerable to attack from the destroyer escorts of the Belgrano and to allow the escorts to pick up survivors. Unfortunately, the escorts headed back to the Argentine coastline after a half-hearted attempt at engaging the Conqueror. Now the surviving crew of the Belgrano had no way of rescue and had to wait for rescue. This rescue did not come until the next day, and over the night, which was ice cold due to its far south position more of the crew died. In the morning the rescue effort went underway and the remainder of the crew was rescued from the sea and taken home.

Death tolls from the sinking of a cruiser such as the Belgrano would undoubtedly have been high, it was old and therefore had a larger crew than the more automated modern warships and was a large ship anyway so would have had a large crew even if modern. Unfortunately, the ill preparation of the crew to deal with such an attack, the foolishness of Captain Bonzo in his ignorance of the submarine threat, and the delayed rescue attempt all made the sinking much worse than it should have been.

In the end it has to be said that the decision to attack the Belgrano was taken in a war. In a war not all the facts are known, the commanders of the British task force did not know that the Belgrano was steaming for home, just that she appeared to be preparing for an attack and needed to be dealt with. Neither did they know that the attack would be so devastating due to the ill preparation of the crew and the rescue effort. So the attack appears to be justified. In fact, after the sinking of the Belgrano, the whole of the Argentine Navy returned to port and stayed there for the duration of the war. How many more lives would have been lost had a sea war been fought as well? More than the 68 lost on the Belgrano that can be said for certain.

Please note that this sample paper on How far was the sinking of the belgrano justified is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on How far was the sinking of the belgrano justified, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on How far was the sinking of the belgrano justified will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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1936: The Nazi Olympics

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The modern Olympic Games is an international sporting event held every four years at different sites throughout the world. Many countries, totaling more than ten thousand athletes, compete against each other in a variety of sports. Began in Athens, Greece, in 186, the Games were established to promote a more peaceful world. Although an athletic event, numerous countries have used the Olympics as an opportunity to make a political statement. One such Olympics were the 16 Olympics in Berlin, Germany…The Nazi Olympics. Due to the Spanish Revolution, the Spanish athletes returned home before the finish of the games. Brazil sent two teams, each representing a different political viewpoint. They were both barred from competing. And then there was the host country Germany. In the following pages you will read about a sinister leader of that country trying to prove to the world that the Aryan race was supreme and how he would use the Olympics to prove this idea. You will also read about how one man did as much as anybody to dispel those notions.

The 16 Olympics was awarded to Berlin in 11, two years before Adolf Hitler came to power. Obviously, the committee that selected Berlin had no way of knowing what was going to happen. In 1, Hitler came to power and the Nazi movement would soon control the country. Hitler, of course, jumped at the chance to promote the Nazi Party. The Berlin Olympic Games of 16 was a gigantic Nazi showpiece. There were more swastikas bedecking the main stadium than there were Olympic flags. The Nazis spent approximately $0 million, more than all the other Olympics combined. Hitler arranged for Leni Riefenstahl, a German television and movie producer, to make a $7 million film of the event. He ensured that all streets were cleaned and that all signs of the state-run anti-Jewish campaign were removed. By the time the 4 countries arrived, the stage was set.

Of course, it almost did not happen. Many people throughout the world did not feel comfortable attending the Berlin Games. An alternate event, dubbed the Peoples' Olympics, was scheduled for Barcelona, Spain. The plan, however, was dismissed due to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July of 16. When it became known that Jews were banned from any German National team, a violation of the Olympic charter, many Americans in the United States demanded a boycott of the games. The Committee on Fair Play in Sports seemed to sum up the general attitude of the nation

...sport is prostituted when sport loses its independent and democratic character and becomes a political institution...Nazi Germany is endeavoring to use the Eleventh Olympiad to serve the necessities and interests of the Nazi Regime rather than the Olympic ideals.

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Avery Brundage, head of the United States Olympic Committee, made a personal visit to see the situation for himself. As I stated earlier, though, Hitler had everything removed that showed any hint that anti-Semitism existed in Germany. Brundage was convinced by German officials that Jews could try out for the German team just like anybody else. Short-lived boycott efforts formed in other countries as well. Great Britain, France, Sweden, Czechoslovakia and the Netherlands were other countries voicing strong objections to the games. Once the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States voted for participation in December of 15 (by a margin of .5 votes), the other countries, however, fell in line. Although no countries boycotted, several Jewish athletes on various national teams from Europe boycotted. Despite the preliminary doubts and the growing tensions that were to culminate in World War II, the Berlin Games attracted 4 countries and 4,066 athletes, more than any other previous Olympics.

On the positive side, there were many great technological achievements that happened during the Berlin Games. Events were televised on a closed-circuit system throughout the Olympic Village and to public halls and theaters around the country. Although it is common to have complete coverage from start to finish in this day and age, this was a novelty in the Summer of 16. Radio had been around for several years but television was just beginning its popularity run. Zeppelins, a rigid airship having a long cylindrical body supported by internal gas cells, carried newsreel film to other European cities. Results were transmitted to other news media by telex, a communications system consisting of teletypewriters connected to a telephonic network to send and receive signals, as soon as events were completed. This allowed people throughout the world to be relatively up-to-date with what was going on in Berlin in 16. A glorious tradition was also started during the Berlin Games. Twelve days before the Olympics began, a torch was lit at Olympia, Greece, the site of the first Olympics in the history of the world. Carried by more than ,000 runners, each person carried it for one kilometer as it passed through Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria and Czechoslovakia. Arriving at Olympic Stadium in Berlin just before the start of the Games where 110,000 spectators awaited anxiously, thirty trumpets blared over loud speakers as Hitler presided over the ceremony. Composer Richard Strauss led an enormous orchestra and chorus that featured Deutschland über alles (Germany over all) and a new Olympic Hymn. Hitler himself reviewed all athletic teams as they marched in. Teams that dipped their colors and saluted Nazi-style were greeted with thunderous roars from the crowd. Those that didn't were met with silence. The moment of truth was at hand.

From the beginning, many athletes and members of the press were alarmed of the nationalistic state that surrounded Germany. The military atmosphere, with the ever-present swastikas and portraits of Hitler, sure did not make it any more comfortable. The martial music that blared through loudspeakers was deeply disturbing to many. Many journalists, suspected of anti-Nazi sentiments, found that their hotel rooms had been looted by the secret police. But not all of the atrocities went detected. Most tourists were unaware of the "clean-up" that went on before the Olympics started. They were also unaware of the 800 Gypsies that were arrested and interned under police guard in a special Gypsy camp in the Berlin suburb of Marzahn. In spite of all this and in Nazi Germany's pro-Aryan setting, it was ironic that the greatest athlete of the Games turned out to be an African-American sprinter.

James Cleveland Owens was born in 11 in Alabama and was the grandson of slaves. Owens was an outstanding athlete throughout his high school career. He later was a member of the Ohio State University track team. At the Big Ten Track and Field Championships of 15, he set or equaled world records in six events the 100 and 0-yard dashes, 00-yard low hurdles, the long jump, 00-meter run and 00-meter hurdles. That is six world records in one afternoon, and he did it all in 45 minutes! The following year, he swept the 100 and 00 meters and long jump at the Olympic Trials and headed for Germany as a favorite to win all three.

Owens run to glory was going as planned. He won the 100 meters and had two Olympic-record-breaking heats in the 00 meters. He would eventually win the 00 with a new Olympic record of 0.7 seconds. Soon after was the 4 x 100 relay race. With Owens running the first leg, the U.S. team ran the 400 yards in .8 seconds, a new world record. Sandwiched between these events was the long jump. Being this was his best event and since he was the world-record holder in this event, few people thought he would have problems. But under the gaze of Hitler, Owens twice illegally crossed the starting line, disqualifying his jumps. After successfully performing this tasks probably thousands of times, he botched it on his first two tests in the biggest event of his life. Owens was standing alongside the jumping pit when another competitor, Luz Long, approached him. This, however, was not just another competitor. Luz Long was from Germany. Tall, blond and blue-eyed, Long personified the pure Aryan that Hitler thought of as the Übermensch, a kind of superman. Fortunately for Owens, Long did not share any of the Führer's racial notions. In Owens, he saw a fellow athlete that needed help. Long suggested that Owens draw an imaginary line a few inches in front of the starting board. Owens qualified easily on his next jump. A friendly competition was just starting between these two competitors. In the finals later that day, Owens reached 5 feet 5 ½ inches and 5 feet 10 inches on his first two jumps. Long tied him at 5 feet 10 inches on his fifth jump. Motivated by his new friend's competitiveness, Owens then cleared 6 feet on his fifth jump and on his final attempt reached 6 feet 5 ½ inches, his final leap and an Olympic record. Ironically, Long's advice to Owens quite possibly might have cost him the gold medal in that event. After the event Owens and Long walked arm-in-arm away from the landing pit. They would never meet again after the Games. They did however write to each other and, after Long was killed in Italy during World War II, Owens continued to write his family. Before he died of lung cancer in 180, Owens wrote

"You can melt down all the medal and cups I have and they wouldn't be plating on the 4-carat friendship I felt for Luz Long."

Jesse Owens won a total of four gold medals during the 16 Olympic Games. Astonishingly, no other athlete would equal that feat until 184 when another U.S. sprinter-jumper, Carl Lewis, won gold medals in the same four events. But the differences between the two put Owens feat on a much higher plateau. In 184, the Soviet Union boycotted the Olympics, by far our closest competitor. Lewis also accomplished his feat in the United States, far away from Nazi Germany and many years after any type of legal discrimination and racism was banned. He did not have to perform under extreme racists conditions or under a ruthless dictator's watch. Owens did not have these comforts. Owens' achievements had consequences far beyond the arena, for they effectively debunked the myth that Aryan superiorityright in front of Hitler. In fact, the 10 African-Americans on the U.S. track team outscored all other national teams, winning 1 medals in all (eight gold, three silver and two bronze).

A common fable from these games is that Hitler refused to congratulate Owens in his remarkable accomplishment. Although part of the story is true, not all of it. It is true that Hitler did not shake the hand of Owens. But, after the first day, he shook nobody's hand. Beaming with extreme national pride, Hitler summoned Hans Woellke, the Games first gold medal winner (a shot-putter) and a German, to his box to offer him personal congratulations. He also congratulated two more athletes, a German and a Finn. Immediately, Olympic protocol officers asked Hitler to receive all winning athletes or none of them. He chose the latter. Although unclear of his intentions, it is quite obvious that he did not want to shake the hands of non-Aryans. Privately, Minister of Propaganda Goebbels called the victories by Blacks a disgrace. Ignoring censors orders to avoid offending foreign guests with racist commentaries, the radical Nazi newspaper Der Angriff (The Attack) wrote on August 6

If the American team had not brought along Black auxiliaries . . . one would have regarded the Yankees as the biggest disappointment of the Games.

Besides Owens, several people shined during the 16 Olympics. German gymnast Konrad Frye was the individual overall medal winner with six (three gold, one silver and two bronze). Dutch swimmer Hendrika Rie Mastenbroek won three gold medals and a silver medal. Alfred Schwarzmann, also a German gymnast, won three gold medals and two bronze medals. The top ten medal standings were as follows

Place Gold Silver Bronze Total

1. Germany 6 0 8

. USA 4 0 1 56

. Italy 8 5

4. Finland 7 6 6 1

France 7 6 6 1

6. Sweden 6 5 0

Hungary 10 1 5 16

8. Japan 6 4 8 18

. Holland 6 4 7 17

10. Great Britain 4 7 14

Germany won the total medal count mainly because of an expanded men's gymnastics program. To no one's surprise, the U.S. men's basketball team won the gold medal. Yet another landmark for the 16 Games, this was the first year that basketball was an Olympic sport. It was not done, however, in a very professional matter. The games were played outdoors, often in the rain. This did not pose a problem for the Americans, though, as it easily defeated almost every opponent. There was really only one concern. Shortly after the games started, the International Basketball Federation put into effect a rule which prohibits all players over six feet three inches tall. The rule would have affected only three players, all Americans, so it was quickly rescinded.

Hitler's Germany emerged as victors in XI Olympiad as they captured the most medals. The preparation and meticulous planning for the Games paid off. Visitors were quite impressed with German hospitality and the magnificent organization of the Games. Most newspaper accounts claimed that the Games put Germany back in the fold of nations and that it made them even more human. But there were a few disbelievers. William Shirer, a foreign correspondent, regarded the Berlin glitter as merely hiding a racist, militaristic regime

Im afraid the Nazis have succeeded with their propaganda. First, the Nazis have run the Games on a lavish scale never before experienced, and this has appealed to the athletes. Second, the Nazis have put up a very good front for the general visitors, especially the big businessmen

In fact, Hitler was so pleased with the Olympics that he planned on building a stadium that would seat over 400,000 people. According to him, all Olympics after the 140 games in Tokyo would be held there. All athletic competition would be confined forever to "pure" Germans. Ironically, the completion date for the stadium was supposed to be in 145. That is the year that the Nazi nightmare would end.

The 16 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany, was a lavish affair. Although anti-Semitism was around, it was well hidden by the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler. More countries and more athletes performed at these Olympics than ever before. Great technological achievements were made and wonderful traditions were started. Hitler used this platform to show the world that the Aryan race was the supreme human race. Overall, his country was victorious but one man single-handedly disproved this notion. Jesse Owens used this platform to show the world that the Aryan race was not the supreme human race. Under the conditions that he was met with in Berlin, Germany, it was an amazing feat. I believe another great hero of the 16 Olympics was Luz Long of Germany. Against everything that his native land was saying, he befriended Owens and helped him in his time of need. I cannot imagine the courage that these young men had, walking arm in arm away from the jumping pit. It is a symbol that should be displayed at every Olympics. This is the true purpose of the Olympics. Black, white, Jewish, Christian…it doesn't matter. What matters is that we are all human beings. Some, though, seem to be a little more human than others.

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TV and Advertising

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in TV and Advertising, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your TV and Advertising paper at affordable prices! The Television Industry and Advertising

After a long day's work or a hard day at the office, people come home, sit in the Laz-e-Boy recliner, and flip on the television. Watching a favorite TV show has become many people's favorite way to relax or past the time. A wide variety of programming exists and most anyone will be able to watch something they can enjoy. The television industry is part of the entertainment business and has high entertainment value for viewers. In that respect, it is an important industry, for example in terms of the time people spend watching TV. At the same time, it is important as a means of transmitting advertising. Television therefore has a two-fold role, both as a provider of entertainment and a transmitter of advertising. This paper will discuss the relationship between the TV market and the product markets through the market for advertising. It will also examine the different types of advertising, advantages and disadvantages of TV advertising, and how the rivalry between TV channels and the profit potential in product markets affect TV channels' prices on advertising slots, programming decisions, and the producers' purchase of advertising on TV.

From the beginning of television, advertising and programming were connected through network personnel and sponsorship. At first, television programs were owned by advertisers, which based the content of the shows on the interests of the audiences they wished to reach (Folkerts 41). Today it is rare for an entire program to be sponsored by one advertiser. Rather, networks or stations sell time for ads during a show. A basic feature of the television industry is that viewers dislike commercials and are attracted to a channel that invests in its programming. However, a TV channel earns its revenues by selling advertising slots to producers in the product market and attracts viewers for this advertising by investing in programming. Producers in product markets increase sales by advertising. Since an increase in advertising tends to reduce the number of viewers, there are diminishing returns to television advertising. The law of diminishing returns states, "as successive units of a variable resource are added to a fixed resource, beyond some point the extra, or marginal, product that can be attributed to each additional unit of the variable resource will decline" (McConnell Brue 160). Thus, the more a producer advertises its products on a TV channel, fewer viewers are available there for other producers to advertise to.

There are several common types of television techniques and advertisements used by producers. The first is the straight announcement, which consists primarily of someone looking at the camera and delivering a sales talk. Demonstration is important in TV because viewers are interested in what the product will do for them. A testimonial by a famous person can draw attention to a product or idea. Testimonial commercials work best when the celebrity has credibility as a source (Dunn 4). In a dramatized commercial, the point is presented through a story that can be told very briefly. Dialogue is a commercial in which two or more people are talking. The basic advantage of the dialogue is its ability to involve the viewer and encourage them to participate in the dialogue.

The biggest advantage of television advertising, if used wisely, is the unbelievable impact on viewers. It is basically almost the same as a door-to-door sales staff that can make visits at a very inexpensive rate. And when the person presenting the sales pitch is a popular personality, the advertising can be extremely effective. Another benefit of TV advertising is that it impacts a large number of persons not reach by print media. If a person doesn't want to read a newspaper or magazine to find out what's going on, they will more than likely turn on the evening news. Constant repetition of a sales message helps make people feel that they know the product, whether or not they like it. Television makes it possible to repeat a message as often as an advertiser can afford. Commercials are extremely flexible and allow advertisers to demonstrate their product, create a mood, make a blockbusting announcement about the product, or try it out in certain areas. Advertisers can usually find some combination of TV presentations that will communicate the desired impression.

Television advertising also involves several unique problems. Advertising messages on TV come and go quickly. If people have their sets on, but are not watching or listening, they cannot return later. And when commercials are bunched together, a viewer might use the time to get a snack or see what else is on. Although some network shows reach viewers for a surprisingly low cost, certain minimum cost considerations can price the medium-sized advertiser out of the television field. Newspapers and other printed information carry a stamp of authenticity that television broadcasts don't have. People tend to believe something more if they actually see it in print. Another disadvantage is that mass coverage creates the lack of selectivity for the audience. It is difficult to determine exactly the viewing audience and there by choosing which commercials to air at certain times.

Television is used to build and reinforce brand image and awareness. TV gets more than half of all national consumer-advertising dollars. Using the networks as a marketing strategy has become very popular. In the short run, television advertising can dramatically increase a producer's share in a specific market. In a study done on dry cereal advertising, all brands except Ralston's made heavy use of network television. The goal was to observe the effects mass-market advertising would have on Ralston's market share. Ralston began using some network television advertising halfway through the 1-week study period. Ralston saw its market share go up from 4.8 in the pre-TV period to 5.% after utilizing the networks (Jones 7).

Company sponsorship of individual TV programs saw decline after the quiz show scandals of the 160s. Although one advertiser doesn't sponsor an entire show today, the influence it has on programming still exists. Individual advertisers occasionally affect content, but advertising as a form of financing has a more pervasive impact. A decision a TV channel must make within its schedule is the amount of advertising to allow. Some programs that are very flexible, such as newscasts and sports events, permit channels to air large quantities of advertising time. When a channel only sells a small amount of advertising, it can fill in with advertising for its own programs. A TV station's time scheduling will in many cases put restrictions on the quantity of advertising to allow. If, for example, a TV channel broadcasts a series of 5-minute sit-coms during an evening, there will only be time for 5 minutes of advertising per half hour. By considering the amount of advertising a channel allocates, a producer can speculate the audience size their commercials receive.

TV channels programming decisions, as well as advertising firms advertising decisions, are always made before TV viewers make their choices. At the same time, the effect of advertising on the product markets is only felt after the advertising has been actually aired and watched by the viewers. Thus, product-market competition takes place after the TV viewers decisions are made. Advertising firms make their decisions about how much to advertise on each channel only after the TV channels have committed, not only to their programming, but also to their quantities of advertising.

For discussion purposes, television advertising can be broken up into four stages. The first stage involves each TV channel choosing its quantity of advertising and a programming schedule. A TV channel's profit is the difference between its revenue from advertising and costs of investments in programming. The goal is to maximize profits by determining how much advertising to allocate and which programs to broadcast. In the next stage, each producer determines how much to advertise on a specific TV channel. An advertising firm looks at viewer demographics and audience size when deciding which channel and commercial to use to realize the most benefits. The viewer then decides whether or not to watch TV and, if so, which TV channel to watch. They make their decision after the TV channel and producer have already completed their advertising decisions. Finally, the producers compete in the product market by advertising and differentiating their products. The goal is to distinguish their product from others. By making price less of a factor than product differences, producers participate in non-price competition (McConnell Brue 0).

We are now in a position to investigate how the equilibrium outcome detailed in

Section is affected by a change in the number of advertisers, n. This number may

increase, either through an increase in the number of firms in each market, i.e., a decrease

in market concentration throughout the economy, or through an increase in the number of

product markets. Total spending on advertising increases as a result of a reduction in the number of firms, keeping constant the number of product markets. A reduction in the number of firms makes each remaining firm more concerned about the fact that own advertising tends to reduce the number of viewers. This dampens the incentive for each firm to increase advertising and would, all else equal, result in a reduction in total advertising. On the other hand, fewer firms result in a higher price-cost margin. This encourages firms to advertise more. The latter effect turns out to dominate, and it is reinforced by the TV stations' responses. They invest more in programming, thereby attracting more viewers and even more advertising. The result is that both total advertising and total investment in programming increase following a reduction in the number of firms.

Note also that the total number of viewers increases following a reduction in the number of firms. Since advertising increases as well, which tends to reduce the number of viewers, the driving force behind this result is the TV channel's increased investment in programming. Finally, note that the price per advertising slot also increases. This follows directly from the fact each TV channel's two choice variables mutually reinforce each other [see Nilssen and Sørgard (001) on this reinforcement property].

However, total spending on advertising can also increase as a result of an increase in the number of advertising firms, if this latter increase is solely due to an increase in the number of product markets. In such a case, price-cost margins are unaffected by a change in the number of firms. Now, an increase in the number of firms makes each firm less concerned about own advertising's effect on the number of viewers. This spurs an increase in total advertising. Again, the TV channels' response reinforces the initial effect. They invest more in programming, thereby increasing the total advertising even more.

The economic literature on advertising has been slow on modeling the market for

advertising. The present contribution aims at filling this gap, by presenting a model of the

market for advertising that incorporates some crucial features of the TV industry, the

main provider of advertising space.

Most importantly, we assume that viewers are attracted by TV channels' investments in programming but dislike their advertising. Combining this model of the TV industry with a model of product-market competition with advertising, we are able to discuss how asymmetries between various product markets affect the equilibrium outcome. We find that even small asymmetries have dramatic effects. In the case of two product markets where one product market has more firms than the other, but where the markets otherwise are identical, the firms in the product market with many firms choose not to advertise. The crucial feature of our model producing this result is TV viewers' dislike for advertising, entailing congestion among advertisers. At an increase in the price of advertising, the firms in the market with many firms would, as expected, reduce their demand for advertising. This would, in turn, reduce the congestion of advertising on TV and thereby attract more viewers. The firms in the market with few firms would respond to an increase in the number of viewers by increasing their demand for advertising, despite the price of advertising having increased. The TV stations exploit those firms' ‘perverse' demand by increasing their price so that, in equilibrium, the firms in the market with many firms decide not to advertise at all on TV.

The second issue is how product-market competition affects the equilibrium outcome. We found that the profit potential in the product market is of importance for the amount of programming investments as well as for the amount and price of advertising. The less intense product-market rivalry is, the larger is the potential revenue generated by advertising. A TV channel exploits this in two ways. First, it reduces its supply of advertising slots. Second, it invests more in programming to attract more viewers and thereby to encourage the producers to advertise more. As a result, a relaxation of price competition in the product markets results in higher prices of advertising, more advertising, and more investment in programming. This suggests that there are two successive battles over the profit potential in the product markets one among the producers and one among the TV channels. An escalation of advertising by the producers spurs more investment in programming, and vice versa. Product market competition may also be affected by a change in the number of firms. We found that the effect of increasing the number of advertising firms depends on whether the increase is by increasing the number of firms in each market, making the markets less concentrated, or by increasing the number of markets. The former way of increasing the number of advertising firms reduces the price-cost margin and thereby the profit potential in the product markets. Thus, while there now are more firms demanding advertising, they also earn less from advertising.

Please note that this sample paper on TV and Advertising is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on TV and Advertising, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on TV and Advertising will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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One flew over the Cuckoos nest

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Biographical Data

Ken Kesey was born on September 17, 15 in La Junta, Colorado. Ken Kesey is world renowned for his best-selling novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. At an early age, Kesey had a love for Christian fables as well as the Christian ethical system. Although he had a love for these fables, Kesey never wrote anything or published anything till well after his high school career. In High School he was a champion wrestler setting long-standing state records in Oregon. Unlike most normal authors, Kesey always had a love for the wild side. He would always be doing crazy things and going to parties. While at Stanford, he was in an experience involving chemicals at the psychology department to earn extra money. Among these chemicals were psilocybin, mescaline, and "LSD" which is found in the drug, acid. This experience altered Kesey personally and professionally causing him to not be what he used to be, but instead a crazy and weird sort of individual. He became friends with a group of people that would later call themselves, the Merry Pranksters. Among these pranksters there were famous people like Jack Kerouac, and Neal Cassady. They bought a bus and all went on a trip to the Worlds Fair in New York. They recorded most of the trip and showed these clips to drugged up audiences at their parties. Kesey and the Merry Pranksters became known for their Acid tests as well as their extensive use of LSD and other drugs. Thomas Wolfe wrote a book about the merry pranksters called The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. Kesey and the Merry Pranksters fled to Mexico after their favorite drug, LSD, was made illegal. When they returned to the United States for a final performance of their band, Warlocks, or Grateful Dead, Kesey was arrested on a marijuana charge. After serving his time in Jail, Kesey decided to move to a farm in Pleasant Hill, Oregon to raise his family and try to forget his crazy past. Kesey, being a big partier as well as a drug addict, has made him be known as that. Till this day, Kesey has not settled down and still claims to get the urge every now and then to do Something Weird.

Critical Analysis

One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest

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Julian Moynahan, The New York Review of Books, September 10, 164, p.14.

"One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest was a very beautiful and

inventive book violated by a fifth-rate idea which made

Woman, in alliance with modern technology, the destroyer

of masculinity and sensuous enjoyment."

I do agree fully with this criticism. It is true that Ken Kesey does in a sense, focus on race and sex a lot in this novel. By putting Nurse Ratched as the mastermind and brains behind the whole operation, Kesey has stated that Nurse Ratched is an evil woman that wants to dominate and destroy whoever opposes her. He has made her look as a power hungry woman which likes to have things her way and wont change those ways for anyone. Practically throughout the whole novel Kesey also makes the orderlies that help Nurse Ratched look inferior and weak. Kesey could have put any type of man to portray an orderly but I feel, that because Kesey is a misogynist and a racist, he chose to put 5 black men as the orderlies. I also agree with this criticism because it states that "One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest" is a very beautiful and inventive book. Kesey's Novel is all that and more, and although he might focus on racism and sexual inferiority, (or evil superiority for this case) Kesey is still a master mind and his book is on of the greatest of all time.

Plot Summary

The novel basically opens up by giving the reader a feel of the ward, and how things are worked there. Chief Bromden, they narrarator, opens up the novel by doing his basic routine of sweeping the ward. He states how the black boys just stand around doing nothing until the head Nurse gets into the ward. The head nurse is Nurse Ratched. She is an evil woman that likes things done her way and no other way.Once she gets into her office, the black orderlies commence doing their daily morning routines. While the Chief is sweeping the floor, the Ward door opens and a man is walked to the admissions office. It is Randle McMurphy. He is the main character throughout the whole novel and the one that starts off all the conflicts in the ward. The first time he gets there he can already sense that there is going to be trouble. Right from the start he makes a bet with the men on the ward. This bet states that he can make Nurse Ratched crack and go crazy. He plans to go against her by doing things that wont provoke her to send him to the disturbed ward that's on the floor above their ward. Already in the beginning of the novel we begin to see a conflict start to arise. The event that seems to anger McMurphy the most is the group meeting that they have on the ward every day. In this first meeting Nurse Ratched asks Harding, a smarter man on the ward, what his problems with his wife are about. McMurphy doesn't like the idea of a person being singled out and made fun of by the rest of the ward. After this meeting he is very angry and nurse Ratched and calls her a "ball-cutter" because she likes to deprive men of their pride by constantly asking them embarrassing questions. The conflicts between Ratched and McMurphy provide some sort of entertainment for the other patients. However, as time goes on McMurphys conflict soon becomes their problem as he gets them involved in the conflict by encouraging their rebellion. As McMurphy's ongoing struggle to overturn the ward continues, it is soon stopped short when he fails to have his suggestion of changing the television schedule so they can watch the World Series approved. The Series was goibng to take place during the time scheduled for cleaning chores. McMurphy gets very angry at this and doesn't know what to do that wont cause him to go into the disturbed ward but that will anger Nurse Ratched. Mcmurphy and the other patients then stage a protest by sitting in front of the blank television instead of doing their work. This plan works and Nurse Ratched becomes very angery and screams at them to return to their work. After this Cheswick, another man on the ward that would always side on McMurphy's side, commits suicide. Cheswick decides his fate after he is denied one of his packs of cigarettes from inside the nurses' office. He becomes hysterical because he wants some of his own cigarettes and none of the men on the ward decide to back him up on his decision. He turns to McMurphy so that he can back him up, but all McMurphy does is continue shuffling his cards. This saddens Cheswick and causes him to scream loudly protesting that he gets his cigarettes back. These actions cause him to be sent to disturbed ward for a couple of days. Upon his return, he commits that horrifying act in the ward pool. McMurphys sudden change is due to the fact that he learns from the lifeguard that there are two types of patients on the ward, those who commit themselves voluntarily and those who are committed permanently and cannot leave the ward on their own free will but have to instead be given approval by the doctors and the nurse to leave the ward. McMurphy suddenly realizes that his insubordination could have probably had him committed to the ward for a very long time. This then makes him be more quiet and not to have his radical thoughts anymore. Since McMurphy cares about the rest of the men in the ward, he helps out his friend Big George and starts fighting with Nurse Ratched's aides. This causes McMurphy to be sent upstairs for Electric Shock Therapy. After going through that experience his "obligation" towards the other patients wears away his strength as well as his sanity. After these events, I feel that the most climactic part of the novel occurs. It all starts off the week after the men of the ward have their fishing trip. During this fishing trip, McMurphy sets up a date between Billy Bibbit and Candy Starr. McMurphy doesn't want to leave the ward until after he sets up the date between the two. McMurphy pays the orderly in charge of the night shift, Turkle, to open the window and let the two prostitutes in. Billy Bibbit goes in the other room with Candy while McMurphy and the other men on the ward get drunk and smoke marijuana outside. Mcmurphy then tells Turkle to unlock the window and to wake him up after he's done so that McMurphy can then escape. Turkle, being drunk and high, forgets his duty and falls asleep. Nobody wakes up until the morning when Nurse Ratched steps into the ward. She finds everyone drunk and thrown on the floor and her anger begins to rise to an all time high. She wakes everyone up and counts to see if everyone is there. She find out that Billy Bibbit is missing and begins to search for him. She then finds him in one of the rooms and confronts him about his sexual encounter with the prostitute Candy. After arguing with him and threatening to tell his mom, which just so happens to be a friend of hers, she tells one of the black orderlies to escort him to the doctors office so that she can have a word with him later. Billy is torn, worried, scared, and angry because he doesn't want Nurse Ratched to tell his mother. Since Billy is assured that she is definitely going to tell his mother, he feels that there is no way that he can confront his mother. Sadly, Billy Bibbit then procedes to killing himelf. He gets a glass cup from inside the doctors office and slits his neck. This completely angers McMurphy and causes him to snap. He goes into the nurses office where Nurse Ratched is thinking about the events that have just occurred, pulls her out, rips open the front of her shirt and starts strangling her. He is strangling her for a very long time until one of the orderlies hits him in the back of his head and starts beating him up so that he can be contained. After all of these events happen, Nurse Ratched orders McMurphy to get a Lobotomy done to him. Once his lobotomy has taken place, McMurphy cannot seem to understand anything anymore or reason for that matter. He is suffering and in pain. The Chief, which became one of McMurphy's closest friends throughout the course of the novel, is saddened by the course of events and he feels that its his duty, as a friend, to end McMurphy's suffering. That night, Chief Bromden gets a pillow and suffocates Randle McMurphy. After this is done, the Chief goes into the tub room and rips off the control station from the floor and breaks the glass window just like McMurphy had planned. The Chief escapes and flees to the land where his people once were to see if they might still be there. The Chief feels like its time that he caught up to how things are and that he started catching up to the things he was away from for many years of his life since he's "Been away a long time".

Characterization

The character that I feel had the most changes occur to him throughout the course of the novel would have to be Randle P. McMurphy. From what started off as a fun loving gambling man who was insubordinate and hated the way things were run, ultimately ended in him being a vegetable. McMurphy went through a series of changes. From changes in his personality, attitude, to changes in his perspectives on life. Many events cause him to change this way. For example, the deaths of Cheswick, and Bibbit, and the constant threat of Nurse Ratched. McMurphy changed from hating the system and wanting to bring it down, to understanding he had to follow certain rules. McMurphy hated the system but he wasn't stupid. He didn't want to do anything that would provoke Ratched to send him to the disturbed ward, so this in turn cause him to follow the rules for a short while. These changes in his personality and attitude soon change back to what they once were after the death of Billy Bibbit. He goes from a man that follows the rules and tries not to get in a very big deal of trouble, to the crazy insubordinate man that he came in as. This is shown after he attacks nurse Ratched for being the cold-hearted woman that she is. I personally was kind of disappointed in the way that Kesey decided to end this mans role in the book. But thinking about it, it was actually a good ending for a man that did so much for the other men on the ward. And of course, McMurphy ultimately succeeded in doing what he wanted to do in the first place. Which was bring down Nurse Ratcheds reign of terror, and to prove to her that she was not exactly what she thought she was. This in turn, makes McMurphy the most drastically changed character.

Relevance

The things that One Flew Over the Cuckoos nest teaches us are ideas that will never go away. The morals like, not letting people take advantage of you and abuse of you, are morals that will never go away. McMurphy's stand against Ratched's tyrannical rule proved that man will stand up for things that he believes aren't right and that he wont let anyone abuse of him. Now in the 1st century, this still holds to be true. You cannot let a person decide your fate and rule over you like as if they were more important than you. That's just not right, and Kesey does a good job of explaining this throughout the novel. Also, the personal problems that the men on the ward had with themselves and with others, will never go away. To this day many men in the world have problems with their wives, not just the men in this novel. Chief Bromden's problem of not thinking that he "big enough" is also a common problem among teens and people of various age groups these days. People lack confidence, when they shouldn't have to not believe in themselves. Bromsted learns at the end of the novel that he is "big enough" and that he is capable of standing up for him self. These are things that we have to learn about ourselves, that we have to make sure doesn't' happen to us. These key things that were important enough to be mentioned in this book, are still true to this day. Man won't ever get rid of the never-ending struggle between himself and his confidence. The only thing to do is make sure certain things don't happen to us as how they did in the novel. We can only hope that our marital, personal, and confidence problems aren't resolved on account of someone else's death.

Memorable Passage

I chose the last three paragraphs of One Flew Over the Cuckoos nest as my memorable passage because I feel that it finally lets the reader know exactly what the Chief wants and exactly what hes thinking. I'll never forget that because I never expected that it would be the chief that escapes and the chief that gets to leave the ward. This passage also gives the reader a sense of resolution. Like as if all the problems are over in the novel and everyone else can finally start living their own lives. The use of words that Ken Kesey uses on describing the way the Chief leaves, and what he feels, help give the reader a good understanding of what Bromsted is feeling as he is running away from the wretched ward that gave him so many problems throughout the course of his life. And although you couldn't really know how the chief interacted with other people, you can finally know that he really is a very good person inside. After he offers to pay the man back later when he gets back up on his feet, just goes to show that the chief was a very kind man. I personally liked the character of the Chief, because he didn't really say much throughout the whole novel, but he actually had a very significant impact and played a very important role on the outcome of certain events that transpired throughout the course of the novel.

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in TOO Good, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your TOO Good paper at affordable prices! Industrial Revolution This time period is quite an exciting period to be studying the Industrial Revolution, because of the fact that there is another revolution going on in the workplace. Every time technology changes, everything around it changes, and it is an exponential process. Technology increases, and then, using the new technology, it increases even more. 0 years ago, people used filing cabinets, and a pencil and paper, but recently, with the invention of computers, all that has been turned into hard disks, and emails, and gigabytes. Before the Industrial Revolution, people were farmers, and life was pretty slow, but with inventions like the cotton gin, and the assembly line, mass production evolved. Mass production is when companies can "pump" out the same product at a very efficient and inexpensive rate. The assembly line was one of these methods. An item would be sent down a treadmill, and at each point, there would be someone to work on one aspect of it. One person would punch a hole, and the next person would put in a screw, and so on, down the line, until the item was complete. This began something called division of labor. This was when people would repeat the same task over and over again, such as in an assembly line. This was very repetitive, and quite boring. England was a country that was the ideal for the Industrial Revolution it was on the water, so it was perfect for trade. It had lots of natural resources, and also a large population. The population both led to more ideas, and more workers. The country was also a wealthy one, with a good economy, and therefore there were ample investors for companies to begin. The revolution eventually spread to Western Europe, and even to the Americas. There is no doubt that inventions and technology was the key to the Industrial Revolution. It changed the way things are made, it changed the price, and it changed the working conditions. It was indeed, revolutionary. PART The Industrial Revolution in Britain changed the society profoundly; it caused a complete change in working conditions and the relationship between the working and middle classes. The working conditions became very harsh during the industrial revolution. Assembly lines led to mass production, which led to the division of labor. The division of labor was a method of working which involved doing the same task over and over. It was totally mindless, and it led to bitterness towards the middle class from the working class. The managers of the factories, whom were members of the working class, became more concerned with profit vs. expenses after learning about mass production, and started to cut wages to make a quick buck. This also led to bitterness on the part of the working class. The emergence of the strong middle class was part of the marked changed that occurred during the Industrial Revolution in Britain. These working conditions are still applicable to the factory workers of today; this shows how revolutionary they were. This was the first time in history the working and middle classes disputed over conditions, and wages. This relationship is still very common, and very important. If the workers don't complain, then they will not work as hard because of their feeling of resentment towards their bosses. And vice-versa, if the bosses don't try to lower wages, then they will have to make up for it with higher prices, and then the consumer suffers. The protest towards bosses led to the formation of unions, which are still a very important part of the economy. The Industrial Revolution affected the whole stability of a nation, not only the economy. It affected the relationships between classes, and also the relationships between countries. The most important part is how all of these concepts are very much applicable to today's economy, which is why the Industrial Revolution was such an important period of time in the history of the world.

Technology Application In 1 Century

A quote I heard many times when I was in high school and which I now know traces back to Sir Francis Bacon, one of our earliest scientist or philosophers as they were then called, is the statement Knowledge Is Power. Today, I believe that the fuller, more correct statement is to say, the application of knowledge is power. The study of science, and technology subjects will broader our opportunities in life. As we continue to advance to the 1st century- now lesser than 0 days away-we are well aware that technology is possibly the hottest industrial commodity around the world today. In the years ahead, it will be an increasingly critical factor in determining the success or failure of businesses. It is the fuel many of us are looking at to help us win this race to the 1st century. To do that, we should make technology matter. In this paper I am going to share my technology forecasts. I try to focus on my new forecasts a decade into the future - the first decade of the 1st century, because that is how far most businesses need to be looking ahead. There has never been a neutral or value-free, technology. All technologies are power. They evoke economic and social consequences in direct proportion to their dislocation of the existing economy and its institutions. I believe that technologies such as biotechnology and genetic engineering, intelligent materials, the miniaturization of electronics, and smart manufacturing systems, and controls, will be the hottest technologies in the next decade. I am going to put together a list of what I think as the top ten innovative products that will result from those technologies. Number one on the list is something we call genetic. There are pharmaceutical products that will come from the massive genetic research going on around the world today. In ten years, we will have new ways to treat many of our ills - from allergies to ADIS. We may see the discovery of new methods of treatment for various types of cancer, for multiple sclerosis, osteoporoses, Lou Gehrigs and Alzheimers disease, to name just a few. The biotechnology frontier, especially developments in the field of genetic, promises- and to some degree has already archived - a revolution in agriculture and human health care. But proving the means to develop plant species that are more disease-and-pest-resistant, more tolerant of drought, and able to grow during extended periods of adverse conditions. These technologies will very likely provide future increasing in agricultural productivity. So far, these techniques have not add much to world food production; recent grow has come primarily from increasing acreage in production, in response to higher grain prices. However, further expansion of productive land is limited, and the increased application of fertilizer appears to be reaching a point of diminishing returns. Therefore, increased agricultural productivity from this new field could be essential to feed the growing population. The mapping of human and plant genomes, a process already well underway, will provide greatly increased knowledge of genetic processes and, to some extend, information about how to control them. For humans, this will provide the means to deal with diseases that have genetic origins or result from man functioning of genetic material in the body. These diseases include potentially cancer, cystic fibrosis, Gauchers, hemophilia, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, hypercholesterolemia, and many others. Furthermore, genome analysis of an individual can indicate propensity to diseases whose symptoms have not yet been manifested. Scientists believe that many psychological and behavior attributes can be genetically controlled and therefore subject to diagnosis and eventually, for aberrant conditions, corrected. Such uses of this technology, of courses, raise serious social and ethical questions that must be considered. Other applications of biotechnology might produce novel protein for food replacing meat, stimulate awareness and evaluation of microbial threats (including archaea, ancient bacteria, being perhaps more adaptable and potentially hazardous than was previous thought), and creation of plantation to produce and distribute biological products in the ocean. The process of cloning was perfected; evidence by the fact that in 17 a sheep was successfully cloned in Scotland. Hence, biotechnology could eventually eliminate food shortages, improve health, and extend life expectancy. Number two on the list is the personalized computer. The personal computer now sitting on our desk will be replaced by a very powerful, personalized computer. It will be able to send and receive wireless data. It will recognize your voice and follow your voice commands. It will include a variety of security and service tools that will make the computer fit your own individual needs. When we turn on our personalized computer the intelligent agents built into it might automatically show us high-lights and stories from last nights football game. It could display the current stock report on your own portfolio and ask it you would like to make any changes. It would give us a traffic report for our normal commute to work and suggest an alternate, if necessary. Finally, it may let us know what the lunch specials are at our favorite restaurants and ask if we would like to make reservations. The third product on my list is the multi-fuel automobile. In ten years, our cars will have to meet even stricter requirements for emissions and efficiency. And to do that, we are going to see a gradual shift to other fuel and power sources. Barring a major oil crisis, we dont see a rapid shift to those alternatives. The internal combustion engine will still have a major place in ten years. But we will see an increase in vehicles running on energy sources like batteries, kinetic energy, fuel cells, and hybrid sources. At first, these will be used in low-weight vehicles that typically travel short distances. But as these alternative- powered vehicles are introduced into the general population, many of our experts believe that they will likely run on a combination of fuels - like reformulated gasoline, electricity, and compressed natural gas. The fourth product is the next generation television set. Ninety-nine percent of American homes have televisions, and over the next decade, we will be replacing them. These new television sets will be wide-screen, digital, high-definition models with extremely sharp clarity. Many will be so flat that we will hang them on the wall much like a large painting. Eventually, these televisions will merge with the personalized computer I mentioned earlier. Of course, we are going to have to pay for all these wonderful products, and we will probably be doing that will the fifth item on the list, electronic cash. We will be using electronic money for everything from buying soda in a vending machine to making an international transaction over our computer. In ten years, our pocket might not jingle, because credit-card-sized smart cards will have all but replaced our cash and keys. At colleges, we will developed a system that will allow students to pay their tuition, sign up for classes, download textbooks onto their computer, do their laundry, enter their dorm, and order a pizza, all with one smart card. That card, of course, will be directly linked to their parents bank account! The next product on my list is the home health monitor. These devices will be inexpensive, simple-to-use, and non-invasive (which basically means they wont puncture our skin). We will use them to monitor our health conditions right at home. They will be able to track a variety of our physical functions - like liver, levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, sugar, hormones, water, salt, and potassium. Monitoring our total health will be as simple as keeping track of our weight today. The future industrial applications of biology and computing will allow more people than ever before to participate in creating imaginative service, to build new markets and to generate personal wealth. Number seven on the list is another one for our cars. It is smart maps and global positioning systems. Already, we can get a global positioning system in our cars, and it will show us where we are on a map and plot routes. But it wont give us any information about whats going on around us. That is whats going to be different in ten years. We will be combining global position system with the traffic management infrastructure to help manage traffic flow. So, our dashboard map will show us where traffic problems are, and it will plot the best rout around them. We will also be using global positioning systems to help stop crime by giving us the power to monitor the location of our cars and other valuables. And we will be able to follow the exact location of our most precious valuable. Parents will be able to follow the location of their children as they walk home from school. The eighth product on my list is also one we might have in our cars, and we might also have it our office buildings, pipelines, airplanes, and even our sports equipments. These are new, smart materials that will give off warnings when they detect excessive stress. Materials in bridges or airplanes, for instance, could send a signal to a central operator when they detect stress, and that operator could send a return signal for the materials to respond to the stress. Automobile parts could give us a similar warning when they are approaching the point of breakdown. What is really amazing is that these materials will be designed with sensors built into the molecular structure of material. And, not too far in the future, they will be inexpensive enough to be in products all around us. Ninth on my list are anti-aging and weight-control products. That is something we would like to see. Over the next decade, we will see the development of a host of high-tech weight-control and anti-aging products for all the aging baby boomers. Unfortunately, no Fountain of Youth is on the horizon. If it was, I would be back in the lab working on it myself. Nevertheless, new products will make aging a little less traumatic. In fact, we think technology will allow us to look forward to active and comfortable retirements well into our 80s. These new products may include weight-control drugs that use the bodys natural weight-control mechanism, wrinkle creams that actually work foods with enhanced nutrients, and an effective cure for baldness. The final item on my list is not technically a single, specific product.

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