Battle of the Bulge

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Germany was clearly losing the war. The Red Army was marching in on the Eastern front and the Allied Forces were decimating German occupied cities with heavy bombing on the Western front. Hitler knew that unless the Allied Forces could be stopped, the war would be over in a matter of months. He soon came up with an attack plan.

Hitler sat down with Wilhelm Kertel and Alfred Jodl to give a status report on the German Army. During this meeting Hitler told Jodl to devise an attack plan that would slow down the Allied advance in Europe. Jodl was told that the attack had to be between the Aachan area and the Southern Luxembourg-France boundary, because Hitler knew there was only a single armored division and four small infantry divisions.

Jodl soon returned a plan to Hitler. This plan had five possible attack routes with the final goal being Antwerp, a major port that the Allied Forces use for shipping supplies and troops. He chose to take Antwerp by going through the Ardennes Forest. Hitler decided to send his forces through the Ardennes because it was a very large forest with incredibly minimal defense. It would also allow him to conceal many thousand troops and tanks from aerial reconnaissance. One of Hitler's biggest reasons among the many for trying to regain Antwerp was because he felt a blow here would strike the seam between the British and Americans and lead to political as well as military disharmony between the Allies." Some of the other major decisions were the distance from the Ardennes to Antwerp was short, the forest allows for little maneuvering allowing for minimal decision making and if they were to regain Antwerp it would minimize the threat on the Ruhr.

Around the 5th of September Hitler ordered Jodl to begin a mass examination of the plan to develop all of the small details. They knew what had to happen, but nobody was sure how exactly they were going to make it happen. The initial objectives were to capture the bridgeheads over the Meuse River between Liege and Namur. With all major bridges under German control they could begin the march to Antwerp. It was expected that an enormous battle would ensue along the north Antwerp-Liege-Bastogne line that would eventually annihilate the Canadian and British forces. An attack of this magnitude required an absolute minimum of approximately 0 divisions, 10 of which had to be armored. Nearly the entire German artillery and air support were to be on call should they be deemed necessary. With nearly all of the German forces being tossed into this attack called Wacht am Rhein (Watch on the Rhine), the entire operation was based on tactical speed and surprise. Should either speed or surprise be lost at any point in time the entire operation would have lost its initiative and the operation would almost immediately fail.

Buy custom Battle of the Bulge term paper When Hitler sat down with the Generals that would carry out the plan, General der Kavellerie Siegfried Westphal and General der Infanterie Hans Krebs, they were first forced to sign a secrecy agreement. If the plan leaked out for any reason, they would be shot. The plan, Hitler told his Generals, was designed to surround and destroy the British and American forces in and surrounding Antwerp. There were two phases; the first was to close in and capture all bridgeheads along the Meuse River. The second phase was to surround and capture the small port city on Antwerp. Hitler explained that not only would this cause disharmony between the Allies, the people of Great Britain would loose faith in Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister. They would loose faith because Antwerp would once again place the German V- rockets within striking distance of many important cities. The Generals were later shuffled to a smaller meeting, between Hitler and the two Generals only. They were told that Army Group B would have a full three armies for the attack, the Fifth and Sixth Panzer Armies would be leading the attack, with the Seventh Army covering the vulnerable Southern flank. At this time they had set certain dates for the attack; November 5th was the scheduled date for the attack to begin. The Furher's personal meteorologists' selected this date with his demand of at least 10 days of bad weather. With such poor flying conditions the Allied Air Superiority would be grounded, eliminating any supply drops, leaving many troops without enough ammunition, food or clothing. Hitler also wanted to have the attack coincide with the new moon, making it all the more difficult for any night drops or bombings. The Generals soon received word they would receive 18 infantry and 1 armored or mechanized divisions for reinforcements.

Hitler was probably met with great skepticism, without surprise. There had been many past promises of reinforcements that never arrived. Hitler gave his assurances to the Generals that they would receive the men. He also gave a pledge that the Luftwaffe would support them with approximately 1500 fighters, 100 of which would be Hitler's new secret weapon the deadly jet fighter. They were also promised 4,50,000 gallons of fuel for the counter offensive. Hitler's only warning was that some of the reinforcement division may have to be called back to the West line.

Many of Hitler's field leaders felt that an attack of this magnitude would place too much strain on the already very strained German army. As quoted later an old Field Marshall said all, absolutely all conditions for the possible success of such an offensive were lacking." Some of the leading intelligence officers expected the Allied forces to be two to one on the Germans. A majority of the Generals involved in the operation felt that all this attack would do is create a small bulge in what would only be a holding operation. Both the Northern and Southern flank of the entire moving force would be dangerously exposed through out the entire operation, growing more and more open with each mile gained. Despite all that seemed to be against them Hitler's two other top military advisors changed certain aspects that would allow them to conquer the most land and maximize damage with minimal risk.

On November 10th Hitler signed the operation directive Wacht Am Rhein. After all the changes and modifications, the plan gave an impressive troop count. They had 4 armies, 11 army corps 8 divisions (15 motorized and infantry), plus Volks artillery corps and 7 Volks Werfer Brigades. It was wondered by many Western Front Generals how Hitler and his plan designer Jodl were able to come up with so many divisions that they either couldn't see or just didn't have. This was something that Hitler had not informed his subordinates. One of the Armies that would participate, the Fifteenth Army, was already fighting in the Aachen Battle and would not be employed until the Allied Forces had reacted to the German attack. So the Generals, in the beginning, would be short nearly six divisions then what they were told that they would have.

An error that could have nearly cost the plan to fail in the beginning was the calling of three Panzer divisions from other parts of the Western Front. Two of the three had been at the front lines since the invasion on Normandy and with the two put together did not have enough to make a single division, let alone help lead a massive attack toward Antwerp. The 17th SS Panzer Grenadier Division and the 1st Panzer Division were the two that had been called. These two Panzer divisions were to lead the counteroffensive. With two divisions not even equaling one the attack would be doomed to failure from the start. Luckily for the Germans the two divisions were soon reoutfitted, but still not to there full strength. Two other divisions were merged, the 4th Infantry division and the 46th Volks Grenadier division, decommissioning the 4th Infantry division.

Hitler sent a message to all his Field Commanders they had to hold all of their lines with the troops that they had, even if it meant giving up some ground. All of the forces that were to be used had to be rested and restocked with supplies and ammunition. Patton's Third Army opened a two corps attack, soon after several advisors making predictions of a large thrust due to the general ease in holding back the Allied advance. Hitler warned, once again, that none of the divisions for the attack could be used in any part of the line.

Hitler knew that if any of his plans leaked out then the entire operation would completely loose all affect, knowing this he devised very clever cover plans. His main plan to confuse the Allied Forces was to say "Germany fears that the U.S. First and Ninth Armies would achieve a real breakthrough and drive to the Rhine in the sector between Cologne and Bonn; in preparation for this untoward event the Fuehrer is amassing a major counterattack force northwest of Cologne" . It was many false reports that helped to make everyone, including Hitler's own fighting troops confused and worried. Hitler made sure that many different rumors and false reports made it to the Allies, through neutral forces, double agents and intercepted radio transmissions.

On the night of the 15th of December German company commanders gave their men the watchword which came from the Fuehrer himself Forward to and over the Meuse! , with the objective, Antwerp. Hitler's idea of the ‘Big Solution' had prevailed. The Allies were not to be just simply beaten back in brute force, but were to be surrounded with a turning motion from the river beyond the Meuse. The main effort was to be from Dietrich's Sixth Panzer Army on the north wing, then cross the Meuse on both sides of Liege, wheel north, and then strike for the Albert Canal. From there they were to fan out and extend a front from Maastricht to Antwerp. Meanwhile infantry were to be following from the rear which would form the north shoulder of the advance.

As the massive German attack, containing an estimated 00,000 troops and two full Panzer Armies, moved toward the Allies many of the troops were just overwhelmed by the huge moving mass of vehicles, tanks and troops. Many thousand surrendered, many more thousand ran back as far and as fast as they could. Most troops were shocked by how many Germans there were. After all, Germany was nearly finished. With thousands and thousands of troops either retreating or giving up, a counter move to this attack was to send in fresh troops that would be going on the line. The line was near the small city of Bastogne. One of the first divisions to replace the retreating troops was the 101st Airborne Division.

The German attack soon surrounded the city of Bastogne and ordered the unconditional surrender of the entire division of the 101st. The division commander General McAuliffe's simple reply to this demand was "NUTS!", upon which the division kept fighting, despite having minimal food, ammunition, clothing and medical supplies.

At this point in time the Germans were running low on fuel. Some vehicles had to be abandoned because they were out of fuel. Many of the early Allied air strikes had been targeted at fuel depots and storage points, for this very effect, to cause shortages and to hopefully immobilize the German mechanized army. The plan from the beginning for the Germans had been to just capture Allied fuel from the retreating soldiers and use that. But at this point the Allies had had enough time to reorganize their forces and send them back to the front lines, slowing down, if not stopping all German forces. After several Allied divisions had retreated, they realized what the Germans were doing with the fuel, so as they retreated they burned anything else that they couldn't carry.

General Patton at the time was in control of the U.S. Third Army. He knew what kind of distress the divisions in Bastogne were in. He also knew that unless a major strike was put into place then the Germans would be able to slowly but surely push there way toward their, at the time, unapparent goal. He had received orders from Eisenhower not to move his Third Army at any point, unless specifically ordered to from Eisenhower. Patton had wanted to move in earlier and deliver the final blow that would knock the German forces off their feet and cripple their military. Eisenhower, on the other hand, wanted to deliver several smaller jabs that he thought would destroy the morale of the troops. After several small jabs he wanted to have a huge line slowly move forward pressing on against anything. No one to this day can really understand why he wanted to do this. After the German attack had gone on for some time Patton, against orders, moved his entire Third Army into the southern flank of the German attack and siphoned off supplies and reinforcements. All the while he pushed back all German forces, saving all of our troops on the 6th of December that had been surrounded in Bastogne. To this day not a single trooper of the 101st will admit that they needed to be rescued, at any point in time, by Patton or anyone else.

The German forces had tried to make it to Antwerp by going through the Ardennes. They failed to achieve their goal. The most that they had been able to accomplish was to create a huge bulge in the Allied front lines. Thus the enormous battle was labeled The Battle of the Bulge, the largest land battle of World War II. It amounted in extreme casualties on both sides of the line. Unfortunately for the Germans, it crippled the rest of their forces making it a simple march into Germany with minimal resistance (as compared to earlier in the war).

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Growing up

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on growing up. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality growing up paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in growing up, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your growing up paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Growing up with two older brothers, one younger brother and two younger sisters, you would think I would have experienced relationships with them. This isn't true with my family. See Shawn, my oldest brother at eighteen years of age, is five years older than me and had an interest in science (boring). Chad, next in line at seventeen, was always too busy with being Mr. Popular. People say we look exactly alike and I looked up to many aspects of him. Myself, I was thirteen and too old in my eyes for my younger siblings. It was a big family under one roof with no sense of relationship.

I spent most of my time playing sports, any I had time for, and expressing my artistic side through painting, drawing, and photography. My artistic ability was another thing that separated me from the rest of the family. Luckily, I loved playing sports and could play them all.

Basketball was one sport that Chad played as well. I had always tried to get him to shoot some hoops with me, but he never could fit me in around everything he was doing. I grew to be good at basketball and maybe even better than him. Basketball to Chad became second to the police cadets, a group that would pull him further away from the family. I remember thinking I would never get to play a game with him.

It was a great day. The sun was out with bright blue skies covering me. Things shouldn't get better. It was a shock to me when Chad came out to shoot a couple rounds with me. Chad and I played all morning, competing back and forth each trying to prove to the other who was better. A couple rounds turned into five hours of play.

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We showed each other tricks and moves we had learned and gave each advice on becoming a better team captain. We had missed playing on the Middle School Cruisers team together by one year, one year! I had filled his spot as captain the year he moved to high school. I realized that even though we rarely spent time together I had learned so much from watching him play his life. It was the best time I had with any of my family.

About three that afternoon we stopped, so I could watch my younger brother, Mitch and little sister, Lisa. Chad wanted to go see a friend. I hated watching my younger brothers and sisters, but that day it was only for two hours. Mom came home; I filled her in on the whereabouts of everyone and around five that evening left for basketball camp.

Camp was four hours long, and Mom was always there to pick me up. That night Dave, my stepfather, was there to pick me up. I didn't think anything about it until he told me Chad had run away. He filled me in on the conflicts my mom and Chad had been having, the way the cadets had convinced Chad to hide things from my mom, and that this didn't mean Chad didn't love me.

That night Chad had gone to a halfway house (A place for kids to discuss their problems) and had my real dad drive three hours from Indiana to come and pick him up. Dad had stopped coming to see my brothers and I five years before this, after he had my little sister, Kristen. I never knew why he stopped coming but maybe the drive was too long and he was too busy. I felt like they both had abandoned me, one thing I told myself I would never do to anyone. I wouldn't see my dad or Chad for ten years.

My eyes opened that day. I realized family is too important to take for granted. That day we lost a family member, and at that cost the rest of us grew closer.

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Collective bargaining

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on collective bargaining. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality collective bargaining paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in collective bargaining, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your collective bargaining paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! I see collective bargaining, in its most basic form, as the process by which an organised group of employees, in the form of trade unions, negotiate with employers, their representatives or their associations in relation to any aspect of employment within the employers organisation. The reason that collective bargaining and trade unions are used is the reason cited in the first paragraph; Theres strength in numbers. The individual threat by a single employee to withhold labour is not very great. But when the majority of a workforce in an organisation threaten to strike, or threaten any other form of industrial action this threat becomes altogether more substantial. Collective bargaining gives redress to the imbalance of power between individual workers and employers (Gunnigle et al, 15). This is the main purpose that collective bargaining is used in industrial relations, and essentially gives collective bargaining a political purpose; the equalisation of power. Once this extra power is attained, collective bargaining is then used for primarily economic purposes. It is only in recent times that social issues have been included in the negotiations in collective bargaining. As this process tends to lead to equal pay for all workers doing the same work, there is as a consequence a social benefit; equality amongst the workforce. While this can have its downside, namely complacency among the employees as there is little incentive to do better in work, this disadvantage has been partly eroded in recent times with the advent of productivity deals, which I will discuss in more detail later in this essay.

Collective bargaining is also a political institution in that it regulates and defines the interaction between trade unions and management. In a social context, the consequences of this is a system for regulating industrial conflict. This can help ensure that any industrial conflict is kept within reasonable bounds, and that in most cases the more militant elements in trade unions are kept under control by virtue of the fact that the majority of the workforce see an alternative avenue of dealing with disputes. I believe that this consequence of collective bargaining contradicts the optimistic Marxist view that trade unions and collective bargaining are a school for socialism and a potential revolutionary force. It does confirm the pessimistic view that it ensures that trade unions will never be any more than trade unions, and that collective bargaining oils the wheels of capitalism. But thats not a bad thing at all, and is one of the great social benefits of collective bargaining. So how exactly does collective bargaining oil the wheels of capitalism?

Collective bargaining provides management with a method for dealing with employees in an equitable way. But not only equitable, but also seen to be equitable. If areas of common interest are maximised, and stressed in the collective bargaining process, this can reinforce a an acceptance of common interest by the workforce (Purcell, 17). The process of collective bargaining also legitimises trade unions within the company or employing organisation. Purcell also contends that this legitimacy can give trade union members a sense of belonging to the organisation (17). These three things; the sense of equality, common interest and belonging will make workers more content, minimise conflict and create a feeling of stability within the company. Collective bargaining, when agreements that come from it are for set time periods, can allow management to plan for the future based on those agreements and the knowledge that the unions are likely to cooperate. All of the above oil the wheels of a capitalist society. And as I both live in and believe in a largely capitalist society, this has to be a good social influence.

Collective bargaining also has its disadvantages as far as capitalism is concerned. In cases where radicals have managed to hijack the unions side of collective bargaining then unreasonable demands can lead to severe conflict. The same can be said of the employer side. Inflexible and uncompromising employers can cause severe disharmony, and possibly cause irreversible damage to the employee-employer relationship. But this will only occur in a minority of situations. The greatest disadvantages of collective bargaining in a capitalist society lie mainly in the financial arena. Collective bargaining in the form of wage rounds leads to both wage and grade drift. Wage drift leads to higher wage costs for employers and higher inflation within the economy, which in turn leads to higher interest rates and lower investment. Lower investment means that fewer jobs are created, unemployment rises, social welfare payments increase and possibly an increase in the national debt. Following these consequences there would be less money in the economy overall in real terms. Grade drift is a problem for employers which is linked to wage drift. Grade drift occurs where secure jobs are one of the trade unions aims in collective bargaining. As jobs become more automated with the advance of technology, employers are forced to keep staff to keep to previous agreements. As companies no longer need as many staff the workforce tends to get older, with rising wage costs and mainly static skill levels.

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In Ireland over the last 5 years, the focus of collective bargaining has been widened to a nation-wide one from localised and industry level, with various degrees of success. This focus on the nation-wide picture has led to 7 national wage agreements, national understandings, and three other agreements or programmes; the Programme for National Recovery (PNR), The Programme for Economic and Social Progress and the Programme for Competitiveness and Work. It is my opinion that centralised collective bargaining has evolved in much the same manner as collective bargaining itself; focusing on purely economic issues, and then steadily including more social issues. While the national wage agreement secured certain pay increases, the real value of those wages dropped. It was during the era of the National Wage Agreements that inflation rose to 0%, days lost through strikes increased and unofficial strikes increased (Gunnigle et al, 15). Although this may seem that this type of collective bargaining had a bad social influence, it must be noted that the OPEC recessions of the 170s would have had been a contributing factor to all of the above.

In 187 the government, trade unions and the FUE negotiated the PNR. Other than the provisions for pay increases, social issues were taken into consideration The programme was to cover the period up to the end of 10 and entailed the following provisions -The creation of a fiscal, exchange and monetary climate conducive to economic growth. This included a commitment that the ration of debt to GNP should be reduced to between 5 and 7 percent; -movement towards greater equity and fairness in the tax system -measures to generate employment opportunities -Reduction of social inequalities (Gunnigle et al, 15; 11..1)

Overall the PNR proved to be a successful venture, although it was helped along by the boom period of the late 80s. There was substantial economic growth, a reduction in the debt to GNP ratio and a decline in strike levels (Gunnigle et al, 15).

The PESP contained similar, but widened social commitments to the PNR. While not as entirely successful as the PNR, the PESP had its positive social influences in the form of low interest rates and low inflation, in spite of the recession of the early 10s. Industrial peace also continued throughout this period.

The PCW, like the two programmes before it, focused on social issues in increasing strength. As this programme is still running, we can say little about its success or otherwise, other than to say that there is still relative industrial peace, sustained economic growth and low inflation and interest rates.

In the above discussions on the three programmes, I have only considered the more obvious social benefits, i.e.. those which the programmes set out to achieve. There are other social benefits which follow on from those discussed above. One of the most important of these is confidence in the Irish economy. With industrial harmony, low interest rates, low inflation and sustained growth comes confidence in the economy. One indicator of the fact that the programmes inspire confidence is this In 187, when the PNR was being negotiated, the Federated Union of Employers had to be coerced into the negotiations. Yet in 1, 5% of senior personnel managers were in favour of a further PESP style agreement. (Gunnigle et al, 15). The stability of the agreements has provided management with a situation where they can be reasonably sure of what is coming and can plan ahead based on that. The programmes have also allowed successive governments to plan ahead, something normally unheard of. Previously, governments had tended to plan for one fiscal year in the form of the budget, but now we have a situation where they are planning for three years with the programmes. The programmes have also provided a sense of continuity, as successive governments from all political parties have continued the programmes. This form of planning ahead has allowed significant progress in the areas of debt reduction, social welfare and taxation.

It is not only in an Irish context that collective bargaining has been seen as desiring an effect on social aspects of the economy. In the UK, where there has been little, if any centralised collective bargaining, Fox states [Collective bargaining] has often been seen as, though not by all pluralists, not only as levelling up employee power to an acceptable approximation of that of management, but also as reinforcing government social welfare and redistributive policies in gradually reducing class difference. (Fox, 185) But it would seem that the lack of any centralised bargaining has reduced this impact of collective bargaining; Collective bargaining has not substantially shifted the proportion of the national product going to wages and lower salaries, nor have welfare and other so-called redistributive policies had the equalising effects imputed on them (Fox, 185;) In Ireland, while there have been few dramatic changes with regard to social welfare, there have been significant cuts in the effective tax rate in favour of the lower paid. If we take the 14 budget as one example, the effective tax rate for a single person earning £10 per week was cut by % from 0.6% to 17.6%. For the higher paid, if we take the example of someone earning £600 per week, the effective tax rate was only cut by 1.5% (McCarthy and Tansey, 14). While this cannot be directly attributed to the success or otherwise of Collective bargaining, I maintain that the stabilising effect of the three agreements, along with the commitment therein would have had a distinct influence. This reduction in taxation will have a social influence to re integrate larger numbers of the unemployed back into the labour market, it is clearly desirable that the taxation burden on earned income be reduced (McCarthy and Tansey, 14;67)

Centralised collective bargaining didnt actually do away with localised collective bargaining. Instead it changed the focus of collective bargaining. Gunnigle and Flood contend that the focus changed from pay increases towards employment conditions, pay anomalies and productivity. (15). This is another of the good social influences of collective bargaining in Ireland. Now, rather than haggling over minimal wage increases, localised collective bargaining is instead working at improving working conditions, reducing grievances and increasing productivity. This change in focus has led collective bargaining away from the adversarial win-lose situation to a more cooperative model, with management and unions working together to achieve common goals.. While management have had to pay out more to improve working conditions and fund productivity deals, they have gained increases in productivity, worker flexibility and industrial harmony. In the negotiation of these win-win deals, one added bonus is the extension of trust. Where both parties to the negotiation stand to gain, communications between them tend to be more open than would occur in an adversarial situation. If agreements are made under good faith, both parties to the negotiation may feel a moral obligation to follow the agreement. This can cause dual loyalties in staff, that is loyalty to both the Union and the company. This can become a problem should the good relationship between management and unions break down. (Fox 185).

I must say that although I believe that collective bargainings origins lie mainly in an economic arena, had it been a social invention it would have been a good one. In an Irish context, where the prevailing ideology and public opinion has allowed collective bargaining to flourish, its social impact, while not as great as some would have hoped, has been for the better. When collective bargaining addresses a range of issues which are inter-related, and addresses the interactions between them, the benefits can be great. But when collective bargaining focuses on one issue, without regard for its effects on other issues that the effects can be disastrous, as seen in the case of the national wage agreements..

Collective bargaining is not however, and never will be, a revolutionary force. As Fox wrote in 185 Collective bargaining... emerges as a process through which employee collectives aspire, not to transform their work situation, but to bend it somewhat in their favour (Fox, 185;15) In conclusion then, while I believe that collective bargaining has many good social influences, it cannot hope to change society in any dramatic way.

Please note that this sample paper on collective bargaining is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on collective bargaining, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on collective bargaining will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Frankenstein

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Frankenstein

A Tale of Destructive Parenting

There are many issues prevalent in Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly's gothic tale Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus. These issues range anywhere from mythological to satanic to cultural to parental. When studying this novel, I couldn't help but link many of the issues faced by Victor Frankenstein and his creation to a lack of parental involvement in their lives, whether this is intentionally or unintentionally. Many obstacles these characters face came to be by their irresponsible actions, which can be linked back to the amount of attention, love and discipline bestowed on them by their parent(s).

In order for a child to grow up with good morals, a high self-esteem and a positive outlook on life, it takes a positive role model dedicating lots of time and energy into helping him or her overcome the many obstacles they will face. According to the book "The Rollercoaster Years" by Charlene C. Gianetti, there are seven basic needs that must constantly be met in order for a child to grow up happy and healthy. These are bodily needs; the need to feel safe and secure; the need for affection; the need for self-esteem; the need for knowledge and understanding; the need for beauty and harmony; and eventually the need to develop and pursue personal goals (5). The most important need is the need for guidance. This is the main need that was not provided for Victor Frankenstein and therefore caused his downfall.

Custom Essays on frankenstein Within the first few pages of the novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, Robert Walton is introduced to Victor while his ship is stranded in the great ice of the Arctic. Upon his meeting Victor, Walton stated the following of his appearance

"[…] His eyes have generally an expression of wildness, and even madness; but there are moments when, if any one performs an act of kindness towards him, or does him any the most trifling service, his whole countenance is lighted up, as it were, with a beam of benevolence and sweetness that I never saw equaled." (18)

One can only continue reading the novel wondering what could have caused this man to become what modern psychologists would call "mentally unstable." The truth of the circumstances of his downfall can be seen early on in the story.

During his youth, Victor's family was a constant in his life. His father relinquished many of his duties so he could concentrate more on being a good father. Very little is mentioned about his mother aside from the fact that he states "No youth could have passed more happily than mine. My parents were indulgent, and my companions amiable." Victor relied heavily on the relationships between both he and his parents and he and his friends. These people fulfilled all of his needs.

As Victor grew in maturity, his father slowly became lenient with his guidance. At one point, he noticed that Victor was reading the studies of Cornelius Agrippa which at that time and still today is considered preposterous. At this point, his father stated "my dear Victor, do not waste your time up with this; it is sad trash." This is the point where his father made a fatal mistake; he gave the book back to Victor instead of condemning it and taking it away. Even Victor realizes this mistake and acknowledges it when he states

"If, instead of this remark, my father had taken the pains to explain to me, that the principles of Agrippa had been entirely exploded, and that a modern system of science had been introduced . . . I should certainly have thrown Agrippa aside, and, with my imagination warmed as it was, should probably have applied myself to the more rational theory of chemistry which has resulted from modern discoveries." (4)

This circumstance can be compared to one of your child experimenting with marijuana. If you catch him or her with marijuana and they tell you they like it, would you simply tell him/her that it's bad and return it to them? Or would you take action to make sure it never happens again? Simple parental guidance could have made this young man a completely different person at the end of the novel, not a "mad man." Due to the lack of guidance, he continued his studies "undisturbed by reality" (Shelly 05).

A child's needs increase during adolescence. Outside forces, like illness or death of a loved one, also magnify their needs along the way (Gianetti 14). Early on in his life, Victor encountered an obstacle of great significance, one that succeeded in making him pursue his studies with even more intensity. This obstacle was the death of his mother. He was never asked to talk about his feelings after this tragedy and his father became more distant. Into his studies he bounded with the hope of finding what some call the "elixir of life". If he found a way to bring the dead back to life, he could maybe succeed in reincarnating his beloved mother. His studies were no longer out of want; they were out of need.

Eventually, Victor decided to go to college so he could learn more about the sciences. There he had access to any equipment he needed and was exalted on several occasions for finding ways to better the equipment used in laboratories. Due to the lack of guidance as a result of him being so far from home, Victor slowly became engulfed by his studies. He eventually starting fantasizing that if he could succeed in creating life in his laboratory, he would be like one of the Gods. "A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve theirs" (Shelly ). He was now like a child, learning things for the first time and not having anyone there to guide him in the right direction.

He started to assemble a creature much like a human by collecting material from a charnel house, the dissecting room and the slaughterhouse. He had no one there to inform him of the possible outcomes of his work. He was like a child discovering a dog for the first time. Even though it looks mean and ugly, the child is amazed by something they haven't seen or a situation they haven't experienced before. Naturally being curious, the child goes to touch it. Without a parental figure present, this situation could be disastrous. Much like this child, Victor is amazed at what he sees and what he can accomplish and is incapable of thinking of the possible results of his actions.

As he pieces together his masterpiece, he slowly starts deteriorating physically, mentally, and spiritually. Not until the day that life was brought upon his creation did Victor realize in part what he had done

"His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Great God! His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriance's only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same color as the dun white sockets in which they set, his shriveled complexion, and straight black lips." (5)

Appalled by his creation, Victor fled, disowning the very creaturethe very child he created. His first experience of Victor, his parent and maker is one of rejection, and this sets the pattern for his life. This was also the final step in Victor's downfall. Any child brought into life cannot survive and become a respected member of society without, as I mentioned before, having the basic needs provided for them. When a child is brought to life only to be condemned by his creator, he is doomed to a difficult and unhappy life. This is the fate Victor bestowed upon his creation. In the article "Creator and Created in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein" by Naomi Hetherington, it states that "in recalling his own childhood, Frankenstein stresses the love and constant attention that he received from his parents. Yet it occurs to him only fleetingly that his own creature may require some of the same affection" (15-16).

When returning to his house and finding the monster gone, Victor was not at all saddened by the fact. Instead he was relieved. A good friend of his, Henry Clerval, had come for a visit and Victor hadn't known the happiness he experienced at that moment since the day he left for school. He at last had a friend he could talk to someone to be there for him. The image of his creation was pushed into the back of his mind while he continued to enjoy life again. He hides his secret from society so they will not disown him. "Victor is able to work his way back into society though still isolated from it after creating the creature, but the creature is never able to integrate into society" (Franco 85).

Victor's creation is forced into society with no knowledge of right and wrong. Due to his ghastly appearance, he learns quickly that he is not like everyone else. Whenever he tries to enter society, he is beaten and chased away. With no one to love or care for him, Victor spends his first days in the forest near the town. Eventually he learns that drinking from the stream will quench his thirst and nuts and berries will ease his hunger. These sooth his bodily needs, but he has no one to provide his remaining needs. He has to learn everything on his own with little guidance.

He eventually finds a hovel in the barn of the De Laceys. He learns language by watching and listening to the De Laceys teach Safie who could barely speak the English language. The creature also managed to get his hands on a few books so he could learn to read and read more about the world. According to the essay "Frankenstein a Cautionary Tale of Bad Parenting" by Susan Coulter "In the same way that Frankenstein is self educated, the creature is also and, like his creator, he is learning in a vacuum, with no other influences to balance his views" (). If he had only an active parental figure in his life, he could have grown up quite happily. Yet if all of his basic needs were met and Victor, who gave him life, would have gradually introduced him to society and been proud of him, the creature could have grown to be a very loving and generous individual.

Instead, the creature was given life and forced to lead it alone. All his interactions with society proved fatal to his self-esteem. After being expelled from the De Lacey's, the creature tries yet again to live in loneliness, constantly cursing his creator for giving him existence. There are several instances throughout the novel in which the creature unknowingly placed individuals in danger, and even took others lives. For instance, he did not know the destructive nature of fire, only that it helped him survive by keeping him warm and cooking his food. One evening he lit a dry branch and was dancing around, exulted, when the flame came into contact with some straw and an entire village was destroyed (8). Following this incident, he came into contact with a little child playing. She was playfully running from her father when she slipped and fell into a raging river. The creature instinctively jumped in and saved her. When she was recovered from the water, she was not breathing and the creature knew not how to help her. At this point, her father came running and grabbed her from him and ran away (85). During another part of the story, the creature came into contact with a child. He though that something so young could never turn against him, so he grabbed him. The young child reacted by screaming and the creature tried snuffling his cries, not knowing that by covering his face, the child could not breathe (86). The child he accidentally killed turned out to be Victor's brother. Had the creature had a father who had introduced him to society and taught him everything he needed to know, none of these incidents would have had the negative outcome they did; and many of them would have never happened.

He never manages to interact positively with others or find friendship, and gradually his self-esteem sinks lower and lower, the more he is rejected, and he becomes lonelier and more alienated from society. It is this that eventually changes him from a kind, affectionate, and reasonable being, to a bitter murderer. During one of the few intercourses between he and Victor, he states "I am malicious because I am miserable. Am I not shunned and hated by all mankind? [. . . ] Let him (man) live with me in an interchange of kindness; and, instead of injury I would bestow every benefit upon him with tears of gratitude at his acceptance" (84). He wants nothing more than to simply be accepted by society. Victor can help him with that but has no intention of doing so. He cannot face the fact that he was wrong in giving him life and even more so in abandoning him.

The monster learns, after the death of Victor's brother, William, that family is very important to Victor. Expectedly, the creature feels that if he has someone to be with that is just like him, then he, too, would be happy. He proceeds in tracking down Victor and asking him to grant this one wish (86). Victor agrees, but after beginning the project, he realizes that what he is doing is wrong and quits the task, destroying it in front of the creature. This, in turn, enrages the creature. He feels that no one could ever love him, and therefore there is no reason for him to live aside from making Victor's life miserable, much like his own.

The monster, having nothing left to hope for, proceeds to kill Victor's wife on their wedding night. This causes his father to die due to a nervous break down. Left with nothing, Victor spends the remainder of his life chasing his creation. After a long chase in the Arctic, Victor becomes ill. Eventually, due to the harsh climate and exhaustion, he dies. "When he succeeds in killing his creator through mental and physical exhaustion in the final chase across the Arctic, he feels only the grief and repentance of an abused child" (Hetherington 1). The final words of the monster, upon seeing his creator dead were the following

"That is also my victim! […] In his murder my crimes are consummated; the miserable series of my being is wound to a close! Oh, Frankenstein generous and self-devoted being! What does it avail that I now ask thee to pardon me? I, who destroyed thee by destroying all thou lovedst." (101)

The monster, having nothing left, then leaves to end his own life.

You see, had Victor's father actively sought to keep him from studying Agrippa and had been a constant in Victor's life, the events named in this essay could have never been made possible. That failure of one parent led to the creation of another child who was also failed by his father. Coulter sums it up best in her article when she states that "an unloved creation is driven to wreck revenge on an indifferent creator. Herein is the warning love what you create or be utterly destroyed by it" (10).

Please note that this sample paper on frankenstein is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on frankenstein, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on frankenstein will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Police officers

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on police officers. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality police officers paper right on time.

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Police officers

What really do police officers do when at work? Police officers some are friendly and

some are not. Police officers are suppose to in force the peace and not violence but yet there are

lots of corrupt police officers. Not all police officer are bad though there are some that are in the

Write your police officers research paper

uniform to in force the police but yet not all have that same plan others are there in that uniform

to take advantage of the uniform and do things that they should not do in the uniform and should

not really be in the police officer uniform unless they are there really to in force the peace and

not to take advantage of people.

To become a police officer at minimum all u will need is to be a US citizen, over 0

years old, not be a convicted felon, have a GED or a high school diploma. Also u must pass some

competitive written and physical examinations, but federal and state law enforcement's require a

college degree. To become a police officer you will need certain kinds of training like many law

enforcement agencies encourage applicants to complete either a two-year associate's program or

a four year bachelor's program in a criminal justice related areas. When u are accepted in to the

law enforcement agency, you'll receive 1 to 14 weeks of training in a police academy. The

training will include classroom instructions in constitutional law and civil rights, state laws and

local ordinances, and accident investigation. Also recruits will receive training in patrol, traffic

control, firearms usage, self-defense. first aid, and emergency response. Continuing education is

a necessary requirement for police officers and detectives. Many agencies pay all or part of the

tuition for officers to earn a degree in criminal justice, justice administration or public

administration, and pay higher salaries to those who earn such a degree. You can also earn your

criminal justice degree online, your degree on campus. In this career u will have lots of

opportunities like u will be in a large department and u can be promoted to detective or to a

specialty area of police work, such as juvenile justice administration. When promotions to

corporal , sergeant, lieutenant, and captain usually are made according to a candidate's position

on a promotion list, depending on your on the job performance and examination scores. Many

officers retire with a pension after only 0 - 5 years of service , and pursue a second career

while still in their 40's. The salary for police officers according to the bureau of labor statistics.

police and sheriff's [patrol officers had median annual earnings of $,70 in 000. Police

chiefs, deputy chiefs, captains, lieutenants and sergeants earned between $5,000 and $78,600

per year. In 000 detectives and criminal investigators earned between $7,40 and 61,750 per

year.

Police officers maintain law and order, collect evidence and conduct criminal

investigations. Urban police officers have a general law enforcement duties including

maintaining regular patrols and responding to calls for service. Many are assigned to patrol a

specific area, such as a business district or residential neighborhood. The certain type of law

enforcement's are sheriffs and deputy sheriffs who enforce the law on the county level.

Sheriffs who are elected to their posts, perform duties similar to those of a local or

county police chief. A deputy sheriff in a large agency has duties similar to those of officers in

urban police departments.

Detectives gather facts and collect evidence for criminal cases. They conduct interviews,

examine records, observe the activities of suspects, and participate in raids or arrests.

State police officers, also known as highway patrol officers, arrest criminals statewide

and patrol highways to enforce motor vehicle laws and regulations. At the scene of accidents,

they may direct traffic, give first aid, and call for emergency equipment.

Police are not always the people you would think they were just because they have the

police officer uniform on does not mean they are the protectors of the peace. Police are some

times using there uniform to do things that they should not. Police some times even take

advantage of the uniform by some times doing things like pulling people over for no reason.

Unfortunately nowadays the people who are supposed to protect us and help us when we

are in need cant be trusted. Police brutality has always been a problem, but there's been a

dramatic rise in police murders and brutalization of citizens. Being harassed is much more

common though then being murdered by a police officer. Such people as famous actor and

rapper will smith was pulled over once a week. When will asked the officers why he was being

pulled over they simply answered because he was black in a nice car. Young people get

followed constantly just because the officer wants to make sure that the young person is not

getting in to any trouble. Police officers can some times make the wrong judgments such as

when a young women was in a diabetic coma in her car. The police felt threatened by her and

shot at her and killed her. In another case when a young man was sitting in his car the police

pointed guns at him from every direction cause they thought he had a gun. The police officers

made him put his hands up and get out of the car, but he was shot to death cause a officer

thought he saw a gun but the young man was unarmed. Four police officers approached a man's

door in search for a suspected rapist even though this was not the man. He was shot at 41 times

and killed and he was unarmed. One police brutality incident police officers tortured a Haitian

immigrant by driving the handle of a toilet plunger into his rectum and they also punctured his

small intestine. After they put the plunger in his mouth and called him some racial names and

said they'd kill him if he said anything.

The most famous of all police brutality cases is of course Rodney king's case. On March

,11 four Los Angeles police officers beat Rodney King as eleven other police officers stood

by watching them do so. Rodney King was in a high speed car chase with the officers, when he

finally stopped the car, he hesitated to get out of the car. When he did he was said to jump at the

officers. He was also hit by two darts from a stun gun, Rodney King still refused to obey the

officer and lie flat on the ground. In less than two minutes, he was hit with 56 baton blows and

kicked six times. He suffered from eleven skull fractures, brain damage, broken bones, knocked

out teeth and kidney damage, also emotional and physical trauma. Not in all cases are the

victims of police brutality innocent, obviously in you can tell in Rodney Kings case. No matter

how rude or uncoopitive a suspect is being this extreme force from officers should not be used

These cases are just some of the ways that police officer miss treat there badge of being a

police officer. Police officers some times cant help it cause they are some times put under a lot

of stress in this job. Stress is a term used by a lot of people, it is somewhat misunderstood and

often is used to describe a negative condition or emotional state. People experience various

forms of stress at home, work. or n social settings. Police officers experience stress the same as

others. but also in ways much different than average people. The dangers, violence and tragedies

that have been seen by officers result in added levels of stress not experienced by the general

population. Police work by its very nature calls for an incredible amount of continual stress.

There as been a demand on police officers to show a greater restraint has been increasing over

the years has increased the effects of stress on police work. Some of the most stressful things

some police officers have to deal with are things like having there partner killed in the line of

duty, lack of support by the department or bosses, shift or work and disruption of family time.

Police officers can not let stress take over them cause people depend on them event though stress

is a hard thing to get over some officers have committed suicide cause of stress. Also when

under stress u cant deal with some things the way that u should deal with them. So the police

officers deal with it by beating a person and I guess that would get rid of the stress that some one

would have. Even though it is not right for a person to beat another person for no reason. It

should be especially wrong for some one of the peace to beat or discriminate against some one

at.

The things that most of theses so called police officers do is because of corruption.

Corruption is both a result and cause of the separation of the police from society. The isolation

police can lead to a divergence of the values of law enforcement officials from those that the rest

of society professes to uphold. Corruption within any policing must not be tolerated at all. The

constant misconduct of law enforcement officials affects public trust in the police force and in

turn imperative that the system be reformed to prevent human rights violations. The Rodney

King case contributes to a decreased level of respect for law enforcement officials. Most people

were angry mainly because the officers deprived Rodney King of his rights to be safe from the

intentional use of unreasonable force.

Even though there are officers that discriminate and beat others for no reason there are

also the good ones that do really protect and serve. There are police officers that have saved

people out of houses and crashed cars and so on. These are police officers that have been

awarded for the things that they have done with medals and things for the good doings that they

have done. The officers that do the good deeds that they do should and deserve to be awarded

with medals and other things. Even though officers might be good they also can become

corrupted just like all of the other officers that are. The good police officer most of the time

become corrupted because of there partner that they are with. Such things as money can make a

good person turn bad, cause money is the root of all evil. Lot of police officers come in to this

career figuring that they are going to do all this good and take criminals off of the streets. Yet

they are the ones that are fingering innocent people for crimes that they never did like how they

use to shoot people for the color of there skin and just place a gun in there hands or putting drugs

on that person. Yet the good cop never says anything so that must make them equally responsible

for that officer that if fingering someone for some thing that they never did. Police officers let

there uniform and badge go to there head and just figure at first there going to help people but

then turn around and hurt people and steal from others just cause of the money just because they

want the American dream to have lot's of money.

In the police force there are also other police officers that walk and talk different than

other officers. They are dogs they have k- units that are trained with dogs and they use them to

get a suspect if they do not listen to the officer and run or wont get down on the ground. Officers

use to use the dogs to attack black people for no reason at all but just cause they were black. But

know they use the dog for a better reason like for someone who runs from the police and that is

hiding in a spot that the police can not get to they send in the k- unit dog. They train the dog

with a police officer who will be there master also partner. They train the dog to obey there

partner so that the dog does not just run off and bite who ever. They also have dogs that are

trained to sniff different things out such as bombs and illegal things that do not need to be there.

They also have dogs that are trained to sniff out people like a bank robber that ran off from a car

or an abducted child and so forth. The police dog is treated just like an real person and honored

just like one also if killed they are honored or shot they also are honored and if they do some

thing worth honoring they are.

The women police officers were treated different than other males officers cause they

didn't believe that they could do the thing that other officer can do now a days. But as time went

by women officers were treated more of the same as other officer and could do more things that

they would not allow them to do. No one would really take women officers all that serious cause

they were women and no one really thought that they could do it. But once again that has

changed and the can do it some can do it better than some males.

There also is another type of police officer and they are called military police but they are

not like other police officers. They police the military and take care of things of military people

like say a military person is killed or some one needs to be arrested on a military base. Then the

military police would take care of it and arrest that person and take them to a military facility to

hold and they will be prosecuted in a military court. Military police also dress different than

police officers they were military uniforms and were helmets instead of hats. Military police is

also called M.P.. short for military police.

Police officers also have helicopters which assist them in things that they can some times

not do. Like when in a car pursuit they get the helicopter to help in the pursuit so just in case

they loose the car they have some one in the sky to do some thing and which will spot the car

were ever it is and lead officer to it. Also they have the helicopter in case someone runs from the

police so that it can also stay on them were ever they go and spot a light on them. Helicopters

also have heating divide so that it can spot some one hiding in like a bush or some thing. They

also have a tracking device that stays on the person and will not come off of that person so that

they will not loose them.

Police officers have lot's of devices to do different things with people like they have

ways so that they will not kill someone and just hurt them in none lethal ways. The police can

track sartant cars that have a device in it call lowjack in about 1 min. Police officers use to be

know for protecting and serving and doing good for the people but not know a days. Know u

have to be careful cause there are some crooked cops also there are people the portend to be

police officer and really are not police officer and are trying to get people for the things that they

have. Even though lot's of people do not have any respect for the police or lost respect for the

police have gained it back after the tragic /11. Police officer are here to protect and serve and

with out them things would be wild and crazy. So even though there are bad cops there are also

good cops that we need.

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Please note that this sample paper on police officers is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on police officers, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on police officers will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! In this essay "If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably", Philip Meyer (reporter for the Esquire) writes about a social psychologist named Stanley Milgram. Milgram began his career as a psychology professor at Yale University in 160. He is a Jewish man who was in one way or the other effected by Nazis. So he planed to prove that Germans were different by scientific experimentation.

He wanted to prove that Germans are different because they obeyed Hitler and did his dirty work. So Milgram developed a laboratory experiment to measure obedience level of Americans and Germans. So with the results he could conclude that Germans are more obedient. He was highly motivated to find the truth in his hypothesis mostly because of his Jewish Background.

Milgrams experiment was in a play format in which everyone was an actor except for one person. This person was the subject of the experiment. Obviously this person was not aware of the experiment and thought of it as real life.

The experiment worked like this the subject read an ad asking for volunteers for an experiment. The ad also said the experiment would take about an hour and pay $4.50. So the subject goes to The Yale Interaction laboratory. Inside He meets two men one of the men is the experimenter who's says he is Jack Williams. The other man looks like a regular citizen. But before the experiment starts the Jack tells both men that if you want to you can leave at any time during the experiment and you still would be paid $4.50. Then jack begins to explain the experiment. He tells them that it's about learning and negative reinforcement. The negative reinforcement in this experiment is an electric shock.

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Then Jack puts two pieces of paper in the hat and shakes them. Both papers say "teacher" but the one subject who is not the actor thinks that the other paper he didn't pick says "learner". After the teacher and the learner are selected they are enlighten more about the experiment. The teacher gives some material to learner to memorize. After the memorization is done the learner will be ask number of question. The teacher will be asked to administer an electric shock of increasing intensity to a learner for each mistake he made during the experiment. The range of increasing intensity was from 15 volts up 450 volts max.

Some times when the teachers questioned the experimenter, asking to stop but the experimenter tells him to continue because he takes full responsibility if there was some thing terrible to happen. Teacher seemed to accept the response and continue shocking, even though some were clearly uncomfortable in doing so.

After doing the experiments many times Stanley Milgram concluded that Americans are obedient people and he didn't need to take the experiment to Germany.

Please note that this sample paper on If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably : Stanley Milgram will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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How far was the sinking of the belgrano justified

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on How far was the sinking of the belgrano justified. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality How far was the sinking of the belgrano justified paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in How far was the sinking of the belgrano justified, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your How far was the sinking of the belgrano justified paper at affordable prices! How Far Was The Sinking Of The Belgrano Justified?

An Introduction to the Falklands

First discovered in the 1500s, the Falkland islands have long been a subject of international dispute. The Islands were first colonised by a French aristocrat, Antoine de Bougainville, in 1764 for the French. The islands were then handed to the Spanish as part of an alliance deal between the two nations. During this period the British first became involved in the claims of sovereignty over the Falklands. At the same time as the French had landed on the eastern island of the Falklands, the British had landed on the western island. They were forcefully ejected from the island by the Spanish in 176 and as a matter of ‘restoring the kings honour' the British wished to return. A small group returned as part of a settlement reached between the British and Spanish government, but the British officially acknowledged Spanish government over the islands. In the early 1800s, the Spanish empire began to fracture, and in 1810, the Argentine government removed the few Spanish settlers left on the islands and an argentine governor was placed in control. Britain saw her chance and in 18, steamed to the Falklands with two warships HMS Clio and Tyne and took the islands by force.

In April 18, Argentina attempted to retake the Falklands. In what is widely regarded as the most unneeded war in Britain's recent history, The single largest loss of life was caused when the General Belgrano was hit and sunk by the HMS Conqueror with the loss of 68 crew on the nd May. For both the remainder of the war and some time after, this was an issue of great controversy that seemed to sum up the war, pointless and with a tragic loss of life.

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On the nd May, the Belgrano's position had been known for several days. She was steaming with her two destroyer escorts approximately 50 miles to the South of the Falklands, followed by the nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror. On the same day, the Argentine aircraft carrier Veinticinco de Mayo was detected on radar to the north of the islands with her destroyer escorts by a harrier patrol early in the morning. Admiral Sandy Woodward, the commander of the naval task force, was woken as soon as the aircraft carrier was detected and a meeting was called. This is the first issue in the justification of the order to attack Belgrano. From the positioning of the two ship groups, The commanders of the task force came to the conclusion that a pincer movement against the task force was about to go underway

it all looked to me very like a classic pincer attack on the British Battle Group. To take the worst possible case, the Belgrano and her escorts could now set off towards us and, steaming through the dark, launch an exocet attack on us from one direction just as we were preparing to receive a missile and bomb strike from the other.

Admiral Sandy Woodward - One Hundred Days - pg147

It is important to note now that from the task force's point of view it was very important that action was taken before the perceived pincer attack was instigated, so that one of the ‘claws' of the attack would be eliminated, thus reducing the uncertainty of which group would make the main attack. It was the Veinticinco de Mayo group that was the major threat, the group's destroyer escorts had the anti-ship exocet missile, and the carrier itself was a station for ten A-Q4 Skyhawk combat jets, which could each hold three 500lb bombs, totalling 15000lb of explosive that could be hurled at the British task force. On the other hand the Belgrano's escorts were both armed with exocet anti-ship missiles and the Belgrano herself was armed with fifteen six-inch guns and eight five-inch guns. These guns were bigger than any in the entire British navy's task force, and could pose a serious threat to ground troops if the Belgrano was to get close in to the shore.

An alternate threat was also perceived by the commanders of the task force. Directly south of the total exclusion zone is an area of very shallow water that runs two hundred miles east to west and sixty miles north to south. This area named Burdwood bank and is approximately one hundred and fifty feet deep compared to the two mile depth in the rest of the Atlantic ocean . The perceived threat in this position is that the Belgrano would steam over the shallows of Burdwood bank. Over the bank the depth of the sea is too low for the Conqueror, the nuclear submarine that was following the Belgrano, to follow without compromising herself by leaving a wake. This wake could have been spotted and then the Conqueror would have to retreat or face three vessels all equipped with anti submarine measures, losing the Belgrano in the progress and leaving her a clear path to the shore and the task force. Of both the possible paths the Belgrano could have taken, they were both great threats to the safety of the task force and so the decision to attack was made.

Opposers of the decision to sink the Belgrano say that the she was steaming towards home when attacked by Conqueror but this information was not known by the commanders of the task force when the decision to attack was made. By all appearances the Belgrano was preparing for a strike upon the British task force around the island and as such was a threat that must be dealt with.

Opposers of the sinking also make light of the fact that during the war, the TEZ (total exclusion zone) controlled whether an argentine vessel or aircraft could be attacked or not. At the beginning of the Falklands conflict, the total exclusion zone was set up as a 00 mile perimeter around the coast of the Falklands. Any argentine ship or aircraft that entered the exclusion zone would be attacked. When the Belgrano was sunk, she was outside of the total exclusion zone, and this is what is pointed out by the opposition of the sinking. Unfortunately, there is a flaw in the reasoning of these people, because on the -rd April 18, the following statement was issued to the Argentinean Junta (Military Government)

‘In announcing the establishment of a maritime exclusion zone around the Falkland islands, Her majesty's Government made it clear that this measure was without prejudice to the right of the United Kingdom to take whatever additional measures may be needed in the exercise of its right of self-defence under article 51 of the United Nations Charter. In this connection, Her Majesty's Government now wishes to make it clear that any approach on the part of Argentine warships, including submarines, naval auxiliaries or military aircraft, which could amount to a threat to interfere with the mission of the British Forces in the South Atlantic will encounter the appropriate response.'

The Falklands War 18 - Martin Middlebrook - pg 14

The statement was released to the world press the following day. Going through the release, two points can be picked up on. Firstly, looking at the sentence ‘In this connection, Her Majesty's Government wish to make it clear that any approach on the part of Argentine warships, including submarines, naval auxiliaries or military aircraft, which could amount to a threat to interfere with the mission of the British Forces in the South Atlantic will encounter the appropriate response.' The emphasis on any approach is important. The statement is saying that no longer will Argentinean military be attacked only in the total exclusion zone, but also outside of it, if they ‘amount to a threat to interfere with the mission of the British Forces in the South Atlantic'. It is safe to say that a 1,500 ton cruiser with guns and two exocet carrying destroyer escorts in the position for an attack was sufficient a threat to be targeted by the British.

This determination of the war zone is the most important factor in deciding to sink the Belgrano, as most anti-sinking supporters point to the fact that she was sunk outside of the total exclusion zone. With the above statement, released by the government, there should be no doubt that the Belgrano was a legitimate target for the British forces. With the knowledge they had, that she appeared to be steaming into a position to attack, and that fact that this meant she was a threat that must be countered, they made a tactical decision to attack and it was taken.

Morally, it becomes harder to justify, because of the huge loss of life involved. With the loss of 68 crew, the loss of life was huge not only in the war as a whole but that it was a single incident. There are a number of reasons for the tragic loss of so many, and they point to poor discipline and preparation on the side of the Argentineans rather than the ruthlessness of the British.

On the nd May the order was sent to the Conqueror, following the Belgrano, to engage. Conqueror had been following the Belgrano and her two escort ships since the previous night, and had not found it particularly hard to stay undetected. The Argentine vessels were in poor formation to protect themselves from submarines and did not even have their sonar switched on, the group was also steaming on a very steady course, rather than using anti-submarine tactics. Anti-submarine methods that should have been in use range from the hi-tech to the simple. Firstly, the sonar should have been switched on as an early warning system so the argentine group could detect the Conqueror before it was in attack range. Secondly, the group should have been weaving, and varying their speed often, which makes it very hard to predict where a vessel is heading and therefore predict where to aim a torpedo so it will hit the hull of the ship. The fact that none of these measures were in place made the Belgrano a sitting duck, ripe for attack by the Conqueror. For this reason there was no doubt that when the Conqueror struck, it would strike with full force. Even the captain of the submarine, Commander Christopher Wreford-Brown, was amazed by the destruction his attack caused. A salvo of three mark 8 torpedoes was launched into the Belgrano's path and two hit, causing severe damage. The third torpedo hit one of the escorts, the Bouchard, a glancing blow but did not go off. The explosion upon impact with the Belgrano almost ripped off the Bow (front) of the ship and caused a huge amount of damage.

Most of this damage was due to the poor preparation of the crew and the ignorance of the captain, Hector Bonzo. Bonzo had failed to follow effective anti-submarine measures, allowing the Conqueror an easy shot in, which did exactly what was intended, and had not prepared the crew for the possibility of a submarine attack, which was quite likely considering his country was on the offensive and his ship was completely unprepared for such an event. Actual reasons for the loss of life stem from the safety precautions taken on board. General Belgrano was built and commissioned in the United States of America for the U.S Navy under the name U.S.S Phoenix in 10. As the phoenix she saw active service in the Pacific and was a survivor of the 141 attack on Pearl harbour by the Japanese. Over 50 years on, the Belgrano as she was then known, was soon to become obsolete. For example her multitude of guns for ship to ship combat had been replaced on other vessels by ship to ship missiles such as the exocet, which plays an important part in naval warfare and was a major threat to both navies during the Falklands, yet she was still outfitted with guns. Her resilience to damage was also lower than modern warships, and her damage defences inside were also of a lower standard. Inside the ship are many compartments which have each their own blast doors to contain water, explosions, or fire to a small section of the ship. In the Belgrano, these doors were left unlocked, and through Argentine reports of the incident a fireball spread through the ship killing almost 0 of the 68 total. If the crew had these doors locked down there may not have been such a loss of life.

Once the torpedoes had hit home, the Conqueror left the scene as is submarine practice so that she would not become vulnerable to attack from the destroyer escorts of the Belgrano and to allow the escorts to pick up survivors. Unfortunately, the escorts headed back to the Argentine coastline after a half-hearted attempt at engaging the Conqueror. Now the surviving crew of the Belgrano had no way of rescue and had to wait for rescue. This rescue did not come until the next day, and over the night, which was ice cold due to its far south position more of the crew died. In the morning the rescue effort went underway and the remainder of the crew was rescued from the sea and taken home.

Death tolls from the sinking of a cruiser such as the Belgrano would undoubtedly have been high, it was old and therefore had a larger crew than the more automated modern warships and was a large ship anyway so would have had a large crew even if modern. Unfortunately, the ill preparation of the crew to deal with such an attack, the foolishness of Captain Bonzo in his ignorance of the submarine threat, and the delayed rescue attempt all made the sinking much worse than it should have been.

In the end it has to be said that the decision to attack the Belgrano was taken in a war. In a war not all the facts are known, the commanders of the British task force did not know that the Belgrano was steaming for home, just that she appeared to be preparing for an attack and needed to be dealt with. Neither did they know that the attack would be so devastating due to the ill preparation of the crew and the rescue effort. So the attack appears to be justified. In fact, after the sinking of the Belgrano, the whole of the Argentine Navy returned to port and stayed there for the duration of the war. How many more lives would have been lost had a sea war been fought as well? More than the 68 lost on the Belgrano that can be said for certain.

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