Discrimination

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War

On August nd, 10 Iraqi military forces invaded and occupied

the small Arab state of Kuwait. The order was given by Iraqi

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dictatorial president Saddam Hussein. His aim was apparently to take

control Kuwait's oil reserves (despite its small size Kuwait is a huge

oil producer; it has about 10 per cent of the world's oil reserves ).

Iraq accused Kuwait, and also the United Arab Emirates, of breaking

agreements that limit oil production in the Middle East. According

to Saddam Hussein, this brought down world oil prices severely and

caused financial loss of billions of dollars in Iraq's annual revenue.

Saddam Hussein had the nearly hopeless task of justifying the

invasion. He plead the fact that Kuwait had been part of the Ottoman

province of Basra, a city in the south of Iraq. However, the Ottoman

province collapsed after World War I and today's Iraqi borders were

not created until then. There was also a further and more obvious

blunder in a bid to justify this illegal invasion. Baghdad, the

capital of Iraq, had namely recognized Kuwaiti independence in 16.

Furthermore, Hussein claimed that Kuwait had illegally pumped oil from

the Iraqi oil field of Rumaila and otherwise conspired to reduce

Iraq's essential oil income.

By invading Kuwait, Iraq succeeded in surprising the entire

world. The USA ended her policy of accommodating Saddam Hussein, which

had existed since the Iran-Iraq war. Negative attitude toward Iraq was

soon a worldwide phenomenon. The United Nations Security Council

passed 1 resolutions condemning the invasion. The ultimate decision

was to use military force if Iraq did not withdraw unconditionally

by January 15, 11. Then, when the deadline was set, it was time to

start preparing for the worst-the war. President George Bush

confronted little difficulty in winning Americans' support for the

potential war against Iraq. However, the government found it difficult

to decide upon and state one overriding reason for going to war. Was

it to oppose aggression or was it just to protect global oil supplies?

Other powers were more directly concerned as consumers of Persian Gulf

oil, but they were not as eager to commit military force, to risk

their youth in battle and to pay for the costs of the war. Critics of

President Bush continued to maintain that he was taking advantage of

the issue of energy supplies in order to manipulate the U. S. public

opinion in favor of war.

After consulting with U. S. Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney in

early August 10, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia invited American troops

onto Saudi soil. He had seen Kuwait's destiny; therefore, he wanted

protection. It was also the interest of the USA to stop any further

advantage of the Iraqi army. The deployment was called "Operation

Desert Shield." These troops were armed with light, defensive

weaponry.

On November 8, 10 President Bush announced a military buildup

to provide an offensive option, "Operation Desert Storm," to force

Iraq out of Kuwait. The preparation of the operation took two and

a half months and it involved a massive air- and sea lift. Finally, in

January 11, the U. S. Congress voted to support Security Council

resolution 660. It authorized using "all necessary means" if Iraq did

not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15. Shrugging off this final

warning, Saddam Hussein resolutely maintained the occupation of

Kuwait. The United States established a broad-based international

coalition to confront Iraq militarily and diplomatically. The

military coalition consisted of Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia,

Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt,

France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Honduras, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco,

the Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland,

Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Syria,

Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United

States. The war also was financed by countries which were unable

to send in troops. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait were the main donors. More

than $5 billion was pledged and received.

Before the war, it appeared obvious that Iraq would have very

little chance against the Coalition. The relative strength between the

parties was extremely unequal. The most critical difference was that

the Coalition had a total of 600 aircraft, over three times more

than Iraq's 800 aircraft. Most Arab observers thought Hussein would

not last more than six months. Lieutenant General Khalid bin Sultan,

the commander of the Arab coalition forces, gave Iraq's leader only 40

days, and repeated this prediction many times. Iraq's prospect was

dreary.

President George Bush waited two days after the UN deadline for

Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait before ordering the Coalition to begin

action against Iraq. The winds of Desert Storm began howling across

Iraq on January 17, 11, at .0 am Baghdad time. Bhagdad was bombed

fiercely by the coalition's fighter airplanes in the first night of

the war. An interesting fact is that several weeks before this, US

intelligence agents successfully inserted a computer virus into Iraqs

military computers. It was designed to disable much of Baghdads

air-defense system.

To minimize casualties, the coalition forces, under the command

of U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf, pursued a strategy beginning with

five weeks of intensive air attacks and ending with a ground assault.

Drawing on its 1,800 planes, land- and carrier-based, the United

States flew the greatest number of sorties. The British, French, and

Saudis made up most of the rest. Besides the tremendous air power, the

coalition deployed technologically advanced weapon systems, such as

the unmanned Tomahawk cruise missile, advanced infrared targeting that

illuminated Iraqi tanks buried in the, sand and laser-guided bombs,

"smart bombs." Its use of brand new aircraft that never before had

been engaged in combat, such as British Tornados and U. S. F-117A

Stealth fighters, gave the Coalition an accuracy and firepower that

overwhelmed the Iraqi forces. The large-scale usage of air force and

latest technology made the war short and saved great numbers of

Coalition soldiers' lives.

After establishing air superiority, coalition forces disabled

Iraq's command and control centers, especially in Baghdad and Al

Bashrah. This caused the communication to fail between Baghdad and the

troops in the field. The next stage was to attack relentlessly Iraq's

infantry, which was dug in along the Saudi-Kuwaiti border, and the

elite 15,000 man Republican Guard in southeastern Iraq and northern

Kuwait. Iraq retaliated by using mobile launchers to fire Scud

missiles at Saudi Arabia and Israel, a noncombatant coalition.

Overall, Hussein's forces launched Scuds. The United States

countered this threat with Patriot antimissile missiles, called also

"Scudbusters," and commando attacks on Scud launchers.

Patriot missiles gave an engagement rate of nearly 6 per cent.

The coalition's air raids on Iraq's infantry lowered Iraqi soldiers'

morale dramatically. It is easy to sense in the following quote from

an Iraqi lieutenant's war diary the powerlessness and fear that the

soldiers felt during air attacks by the Coalition

" February 11 I was awakened this morning by the noise of an

enemy air raid. I ran and hid in the nearby trench. I had breakfast

and afterwards something indescribable happened. Two enemy planes

came toward us and began firing at us, in turn, with missiles,

machine guns, and rockets. I was almost killed. Death was a yard

away from me. The missiles, machine guns and rockets didnt let up.

One of the rockets hit and pierced our shelter, which was

penetrated by shrapnel. Over and over we said, Allah, Allah,

Allah. One tank burned and three other tanks belonging to rd

Company, which we were with, were destroyed. That was a very bad

experience. Time passed and we waited to die. The munitions dump of

the 68th Tank Battalion exploded. A cannon shell fell on one of the

soldiers positions, but, thank God, no one was there. The soldiers

were somewhere else. The attack lasted about 15 minutes, but it

seemed like a year to me. I read chapters in the Quran. How hard

it is to be killed by someone you dont know, youve never seen

and, cant confront. He is in the sky and youre on the ground. Our

ground resistance is magnificent. After the air raid, I gave

great thanks to God and joined some soldiers to ask how each of

them was. While I was doing that, another air attack began.

February at 000 hours."

The ground war began at 800 p.m. on February and lasted exactly

100 hours. This phase featured a massively successful outflanking

movement of the Iraqi forces. Schwarzkopf used a deceptive maneuver by

deploying a large number of forces as if to launch a large amphibious

landing. The Iraqis apparently anticipated that they also would be

attacked frontally and had heavily fortified those defensive

positions. Schwarzkopf instead moved the bulk of his forces west and

north in a major use of helicopters, attacking the Iraqis from their

rear. The five weeks of intensive air attack had greatly demoralized

the Iraqi front-line troops, causing wholesale desertions. Remaining

front-line forces were quickly killed or taken prisoner with minimal

coalition losses.

Iraqi front-line commanders had already lost much of their

ability to communicate with Baghdad, which made their situation even

worse. On the final night of the war, within hours of the cease-fire,

two U.S. Air force bombers dropped specially designed 5,000-pound

bombs on a command bunker fifteen miles northwest of Baghdad in a

deliberate attempt to kill Saddam Hussein. President Bushs decision

to terminate the ground war at midnight February 8, 11 was

criticized, because it allowed Baghdad to rescue a large amount of

military equipment and personnel that were later used to suppress the

postwar rebellions of its Shiite and Kurdish citizens. In his own

defense, the president asserted that the war had accomplished its

mandate. The mission, given by the Security Council, was to expel the

Iraqi forces from Kuwait and reestablish Kuwaiti independence. Bush's

decision was probably influenced by his desire to maintain coalition

unity. A particular reason was to keep on board the Arab members, who

were increasingly unhappy at the devastation inflicted on Iraqs

infrastructure and civilian population.

Iraqi representatives accepted allied terms for a provisional

truce on March and a permanent cease-fire on April 6. Iraq agreed to

pay reparations to Kuwait, reveal the location and extent of its

stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons, and eliminate its

weapons of mass destruction. Subsequently, however, UN inspectors

complained that the Baghdad government was frustrating their attempts

to monitor Iraqi compliance, and UN sanctions against Iraq were kept

in place. The following chart shows total equipment and casualties of

the Gulf War. In addition, 00,000 Iraqi soldiers were wounded,

150,000 were deserted, and 60,000 were taken prisoner (an estimate of

U. S. Defense Intelligence Agency). The United States suffered 148

killed in action, 458 wounded, and 11 female combat deaths. 11 were

killed in nonhostile actions; they were mostly victims of friendly

fire.

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The Charter of Organization of American States

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Abstract

Organization of American States (OAS), international organization, created Apr. 0, 148, at Bogotá, Colombia, by agreement of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Another 17 states have subsequently joined. The OAS affirms the participating nation's commitment to common goals and respect for each nation's sovereignty. The OAS is a regional agency designed to work with the United Nations to promote peace, justice, and hemispheric solidarity; to foster economic development and to defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the signatory nations. The general secretariat, formerly the Pan-American Union, located in Washington, D.C, is the permanent body of the OAS. After 148, the OAS council set out to enforce the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, known as the Rio Treaty. The OAS has repeatedly opposed unilateral intervention in the affairs of member countries.

Cheap Custom Essays on The Charter of Organization of American States The OAS is an association of 5 American countries. The OAS seeks to provide for collective self-defense, regional cooperation, and the peaceful settlement of controversies. The OAS charter sets forth the groups guiding principles. These principles include a belief in the value of international law, social justice, economic cooperation, and the equality of all people. In addition, the OAS charter states that an act of aggression against one American nation is regarded as an act of aggression against all the nations in the OAS. The OAS charter has made an important impact on the participating states by enforcing the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance and to promote hemispheric unity.

The OAS functions through several bodies. Major policies are formed at annual sessions of the General Assembly. All member nations can attend, and each has one vote. Special Meetings of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs deal with urgent problems, especially those relating to defense or the maintenance of peace in the Americas. The Permanent Council, with headquarters in Washington, D.C., is the executive body of the OAS. Each member nation is represented. For convenience, diplomatic representatives in Washington serve as council members. The council supervises the General Secretariat, makes plans for General Assembly sessions, and oversees OAS administration. The secretary-general, the chief administrator of the OAS, is elected to a five-year term by the General Assembly. Specialized conferences promote inter-American cooperation. (Thomas, 68)

The Organization of American States had its early beginning at the First International Conference of American States, which met in Washington, D.C., in 188 and 180. The delegates established the International Union of American Republics, with the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics as its central office. This bureau was renamed the Pan American Union in 110. The Pan American Union became the permanent body of the OAS when it was organized in 148 at the ninth Pan-American Conference, held in Bogotá, Colombia. The organizations original charter became effective in December 151. An amended charter took effect in February 170, and the Pan American Union was renamed the General Secretariat of the OAS.

Early in 16, the Organization of American States voted to exclude Cubas Communist government from active membership. But Cuba itself remains an OAS member even though its government cannot participate in any of the organizations activities.(Han, 15)

In 165, a revolt in the Dominican Republic led the OAS to set up its first military force. Troops from six Latin American countries and the United States took part. The troops and OAS committees worked to restore order in the Dominican Republic. In 16, the OAS acted quickly to end a five-day invasion of Honduras by troops from El Salvador.(Shenin/56)

During the late 170s, the organizations main concern became human rights. The Inter-American Human Rights Commissiona specialized OAS agencyinterviewed political exiles and conducted on-site investigations of human-rights violations. The commission also issued reports about electoral fraud, illegal imprisonment, and torture and other acts of brutality.

In the 10s the region left behind the divisions of the Cold War and moved toward greater agreement and closer cooperation. The OAS Charter was reformed to reflect the hemisphere's strengthened commitment to representative democracy. In recent years the Organization has adopted landmark conventions against corruption, illegal arms trafficking and violence against women. Here are some of the Organization's priorities

The OAS been concerned with strengthening democracy through electoral observation missions to monitor more than 45 elections around the hemisphere, helping to ensure transparency and integrity of the voting process. It helps member states strengthen their electoral, municipal and legislative institutions and carry out education programs to promote democratic values and practices. (C. Thomas/8)

Special OAS missions have supported the peace process in Nicaragua, Suriname, Haiti and Guatemala. The OAS is also leading the effort to remove land mines in Central America, with the technical support of the Inter-American Defense Board. The program, which has received funding, equipment and personnel support from 1 OAS member or observer states, has resulted in the destruction of thousands of antipersonnel mines in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, based in Washington, D.C., and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, located in San Jos, Costa Rica, together provide recourse to people who have suffered human rights violations. The Commission also reports on the status of human rights in member countries and focuses attention on specific issues such as freedom of expression, the rights of indigenous peoples and women's rights.(Zacher/)

The OAS is providing technical support in economic integration efforts, working with the Inter-American Development Bank and the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas agreement by 005, as mandated under the Summit of the Americas process. The OAS has paid special attention to ensuring that the concerns of smaller economies are taken into account. (Thomas/76)

The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission works with member countries to strengthen laws, provide training in prevention programs, promote alternative development, improve law enforcement and stem the illegal trafficking of narcotics and related chemicals and arms. Acting on a mandate from the Summit of the Americas, the Commission has been developing a multilateral evaluation tool to measure the progress that individual countries and the region as a whole are making in meeting anti-drug goals.

The OAS, supported by substantial outside funding, carries out technical cooperation programs to address the needs of member's states in such areas as river basin management, biodiversity conservation, planning for global climate change and natural disaster mitigation. The OAS is also working to improve the exchange of information and citizen participation in decision-making about how to protect the environment and manage natural resources. (Stoetzer/45)

The influence of the OAS began to decline during the early 180s because of increased involvement by other international agencies in Latin-American affairs. These agencies included the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. (Han/8)

At the outset of a new century and a new millennium, the challenge is how to turn citizens' high expectations into reality. The Organization of American States (OAS) is playing a central role in working toward many of the goals that are shared by the countries of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean.(C. Thomas/) Though there hasn't been any recent effort by the OAS, there isn't much doubt that the OAS has had a lasting impact on the entire western hemisphere, by taking steps toward conquering it's goals of strengthening of hemispheric peace and security through a pro-U.S., anticommunist policy, the settling of disputes among its members, provision for collective security, and the encouraging of socioeconomic cooperation.

Citations

Han, Henry. (187). Problems and Prospects of the Organization of American States. Lang, Peter Publishing, Incorporated.

Shenin, David. (15). Organization of American States.. Transaction Publishers.

Stoetzer, Carlos. (1). The Organization of American States. Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated.

Thomas, A.J., Wynen, Thomas. (165). Organization of American States. Southern Methodist University Press.

Thomas, Christopher. (18). The Organization of American States in Its 50th Year Overview of a Regional Commitment. Organization of American States.

Zacher, Mark.(17). International Conflicts and Collective Security 147-1077. Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated.

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Capitation and HMOs

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Capitation and HMOs

"Managed care, as we know it, is inherently unethical in its organization and operation. We have an industry that can exist only through flagrant ethical violations against individuals and the public.

- Dr Linda Peeno, May 0, 16

Such harsh words may seem appropriate and expected coming from a vehemently anti-Managed Care activist. But they transform into a powerful indictment of the HMO industry when it comes from an insider. Dr Linda Peeno gave this statement as a part of her testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Commerce on May 0, 16. She had worked as a medical reviewer at Humana, as the medical director of a 5,000 member HMO, a medical director at a hospital, and as a physician executive at Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Kentucky. In her own words, Whether it was non-profit or for-profit, whether it was a health plan or hospital, I had a common task using my medical expertise for the financial benefit of the organization, often at great harm and potentially death, to some patients.

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Her powerful testimony began with a heartfelt admission of guilt, In the spring of 187, as a physician, I caused the death of a man. Although this was known to many people, I have not been taken before any court of law or called to account for this in any professional or public forum. In fact, just the opposite occurred I was rewarded for this. It brought me an improved reputation in my job, and contributed to my advancement afterwards. Not only did I demonstrate I could indeed do what was expected of me, I exemplified the good company doctor. I saved a half million dollars. The man died because I denied him a necessary operation to save his heart. I felt little pain or remorse at the time. The mans faceless distance soothed my conscience. Like a skilled soldier, I was trained for this moment. When any moral qualms arose, I was to remember I am not denying care. I am only denying payment. At the time, this helped avoid any sense of responsibility for my decision. Now I am no longer willing to accept this escapist reasoning that allowed me to rationalize this action. I accept my responsibility now for this mans death, as well as for the immeasurable pain and suffering many other decisions of mine caused.

Unfortunately her directives in life had changed from the Hippocratic Oath in which she swore to protect the interests of her patients, to protecting the interests of the business of which she was a medical director or executive. The code of ethics so fundamental to all physicians was struck from her morality as she assumed the role of a "company" doctor. A company has no soft side, no humanitarian agenda, only the drive for one goal; money. When Dr Peeno would not deny enough care, she was reprimanded, and rewarded when she met her quotas. At one conference, she received a standing ovation for her presentation before 500 medical directors and nurse reviewers on how to bring specialist's costs down using the denial process. In this presentation, she used a military model with physicians and patients as the enemy.

Dr Peeno detailed the technique used by HMOs to manage care, and it is brought down to the level of "gatekeeper" physicians. By carefully designing and manipulating their contracts with physicians, and by offering various rewards and punishments for following or straying from company policy, they are able to control the physician. This makes the physician essentially a medical director of the plan, who holds the interests of the HMO higher than those of the patient. This is accomplished by offering bonuses for complying with policies, and by including penalty clauses into the contracts for any disobedience. Physicians, stuck with ever increasing competition and shrinking incomes, willingly sign on with the HMOs in exchange for a large patient base and consistent income. Now the patients not only have to deal with the HMOs denying them treatment, but also with a physician who has become lame in his or her ability to effectively treat them.

HMOs use the excuse that the physician will always make the decision based on what is best for the patient. They argue that their physicians are of good character and competence, and are committed to the betterment of the healthcare system. Unfortunately, good character, competence and the best of intentions are often swayed when misguided by a mission independent of these ideals. When an HMO takes over the mind of a physician, they do so by controlling their finances, after which, the HMO is free to mold the physician into whatever they desire.

Health Maintenance Organizations were initially started as the answer to all the woes of the American Healthcare system. An HMO is a group that contracts with medical facilities, physicians, employers and sometimes individual patients to provide medical care to a group of individuals. This care is usually paid for by an employer at a fixed price per patient and so the patient generally does not have any significant out-of-pocket expenses. Unfortunately, there is a severe downside to this concept of managed care, and that is rationed care. An HMO is usually a for-profit corporation with responsibilities to its stockholders that take precedence over its responsibilities to the patient. The HMO directly and indirectly controls the amount of health care that the physician may provide for the patient. With that power, the good intentions of the HMOs find their first downfall. A strong example of these intentions going bad is the use of capitation by HMOs.

Capitation is the practice of paying a physician a fixed prospective amount for each patient in the area covered by the HMO, regardless of the cost of caring for the patient. An unfortunate side effect of this practice is that it results in paying the physician for not treating the patient. For example, if a doctor signs up with an HMO at 50¢ for every subscriber to the HMO in the area, with 0,000 subscribers the physician will be paid $10,000.00 monthly from the HMO. If the physician sees 50 patients a day, and 5 of them are HMO subscribers, no extra compensation will be provided, unlike the other 5 patients who have no insurance, or some other insurance program. For these exact same office visits, even with being reimbursed $100.00 each, the physician makes a total of $,500 for seeing these 5 paying patients. If these figures are applied to a 0 day work month, seeing 50 patients a day, the financial breakdown is as follows

# of pts/day $ reimbursed Days Total

HMO 5 $0.00 0 $10,000

Non-HMO 5 $,500 0 $50,000

If those same figures are applied to seeing 5 non-HMO patients out of the 50

# of pts/day $ reimbursed Days Total

HMO 15 $0.00 0 $10,000

Non-HMO 5 $,500 0 $70,000

The increase in income for the physician is quite substantial, raising the monthly income from $60,000 to $80,000. This can be further increased by spending less time with HMO patients in order to see more non-HMO patients. Even though the consumer and the HMO might be saving money by using this technique, the quantity and quality of the care provided declines.

The practice of capitation was initiated because of the altruistic desire of HMOs to help improve healthcare while reducing costs. The original impetus for starting this program was the desire for the physician to see more patients. The patients were also supposed to receive monetary benefits from this program that would reduce the costs for them. Because no extra payment was due for physician visits, both the HMO and patient would save money. In addition, because no extra compensation would be provided to the physician, in theory more care would be used in selecting expensive and dangerous tests for the patient.

Unfortunately there were serious side effects to this practice of capitation, the greatest of which was the result that physicians were paid to not treat the patient. In addition, since no extra compensation was awarded to the physician, it encouraged them to not utilize more expensive, albeit effective and accurate tests. As a result, the Physician-Patient relationship was damaged because the value of HMO patients compared to non-HMO patients was lowered. The lower monetary value of HMO patients could easily result in less time and care allocated to them.

Another harmful result of this monetary association with patients was the damage done to the principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Because the physician is likely to be reluctant in offering the HMO patient the full-variety of treatment options because of the expensive involved, beneficence and nonmaleficence come under heavy attack. Since the options of procedures and tests are limited, the patient does not always enjoy complete autonomy. Finally, because money controls how much time each patient is assigned, the principle of Justice is not upheld.

There are many alternatives available to HMOs, one being a Medical Savings Account, or MSA. With an MSA, individuals or their companies could make regular, tax-free deposits that would be the property of the individual. Money may be withdrawn without penalty for the sole purpose of paying medical bills or health insurance premiums. Unused money would collect interest and may be used for medical bills after retirement or be rolled into an IRA or pension plan. An MSA is not intended to take the place of traditional insurance policies, but rather to complement them. Insurance can be reserved to pay for higher, and less frequent bills, while the MSA can handle any small bills covering routine services. The reduced monthly payment to the insurance premium can instead be put in the MSA, in which case the money is not lost. MSAs would decrease bureaucracies, restore patient-choice in the market, thus restoring physician-patient relations. Also by taking money away from HMOs and into the hands of the consumer, it would prove a strong force for competition in the medical field. Also, overall medical expenses will be reduced because doctors and hospital administrators will be spending less time on paperwork, and more time with the patients, reducing man-power requirements.

Because of the violations of ethical principles, and the damage done to the integrity and professionalism of the physician, capitation should be avoided as a method of lowering expenses in an attempt to increase healthcare quality. Although this principle was initiated with very ambitious and altruistic intentions, it did not completely succeed due to unforeseen negative consequences. Even though the costs to the patients as well as the HMO were lowered, the level of care was decreased. With viable alternatives such as MSAs available, the relatively few benefits of HMOs should not outweigh the potentially disastrous consequences. HMOs have many drawbacks, and the theory of managed care was created out of good intentions. However, once the problems inherent in the system are exposed, steps need to be taken to correct them, and the practice of capitation serves as a strong example of this.

References

1. Physicians Who Care. Visited March 00 http//www.pwc.org

. Patients Who Care. Visited March 00 http//www.patients.org

. Health Maintenance Organizations. Visited March 00 http//www.hmopage.org

4. Medical Savings Account. Visited March 00 http//www.msapage.org

5. eHealth Insurance. Visited March 00. http//www.ehealthinsurance.com

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ACCT 2100 REVIEW

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THE BIG PICTURE

Decision makers need information so they can make informed decisions. But whenever we make a decision, there is a risk that we will make a bad decision and face adverse consequences. The more good information we have, however, the better decisions we can make.

Irrespective of the Type of Business or the Forms of Business Ownership, accountants provide financial information to decision makers about the economic events of a company. Managers need this information to know how to run a company to achieve their financial objectives. Investors or creditors need this information to assess the risk and return on their investments.

We can view what companies do to create value for their investors and creditors in two ways

The transformation process

input (resources)àprocess(activities)àoutput(goods/services)àvalue(profits)

The business activities

FinancingàInvestingàOperatingàCreating value

To develop information about the transformation process or the business activities of a company, we need an accounting system.

Any accounting system, no matter how complex, has four basic steps

§ identify transactions,

§ record transactions, including adjustments

§ determine account balances

§ make reports.

So that this system produces reliable information, we have certain measurement rules for recording transactions and certain reporting rules for presenting the financial statements (GAAP). In addition, the financial statements of publicly traded companies undergo audits by CPAs to add credibility to the reporting process.

What to measure Financial Statement Elementsà

Assets, Liabilities, Owner's Equity, Revenues, Expenses, Gains, Losses

When to measure accrual basis versus cash basis

Revenue recognition

Matching principle

How to record

How to report

Basic Financial Statements Financial Statement Elements

Income Statement Revenues-Expenses Gains-Losses

Statement of Owner's Equity or Retained Earnings Statement Owners' Equity

Balance Sheet Assets = Liabilities + Owners' Equity

Cash Flow Statement Op Cash + Invest Cash + Fin Cash =∆ in Cash + Beginning Cash = Cash Bal

Now the investors can use financial statementsalong with other financial information--to analyze the information to make decisions.

THE DETAILS

Types of transactions

Financing

Equity---sales of stock, payment of dividends, purchase of treasury stock

Debtborrowing money, paying principal

Investing

PP&E

Investment in other companies

Operating

Purchases supplies, inventory, other goods and services including taxes, wages, interest, etc.

Sales of goods and services

Collection of receivables

Payment of Payables

End of period adjustmentsbad debts, depreciation, interest, wages, etc.

Anything else that is not investing or financing

Detailed Format of Financial Statements

Any CompanyIncome StatementFor the year ended 1/1/01 Revenues- Expenses Net IncomeEPS (Publicly traded) Any CompanyIncome StatementFor the year ended 1/1/01 Revenues- ExpensesIncome before taxes Income taxes Net IncomeEPS (Publicly traded)

Any CompanyIncome StatementFor the year ended 1/1/01 Net Sales - Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Profit - Operating Expenses (S, G & A) = Income from Operations + Other Revenues and Gains - Other Expenses and Losses = Income before Taxes - Income Tax Expense = Net Income (Net Loss) EPS (Publicly traded)

Any CompanyIncome StatementFor the year ended 1/1/01 Net Sales - Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Profit - Operating Expenses (S, G & A) = Income from Operations + Other Revenues and Gains - Other Expenses and Losses = Income before Taxes - Income Tax Expense = Net Income (Net Loss) Income from Continuing Operations +/- Discontinues Operation (net of tax) = Income before Extraordinary and Cumulative Effect +/- Extraordinary Gains or Loss(net of tax) +/- Cumulative Effect of Accounting Change(net of tax) = Net Income EPS (publicly traded companies)

Basic EPS = NI - Preferred Dividends [even undeclared if cumulative]

Weighted Average of Common Shares Outstanding

Fully net income adjusted for the effects of exercise or conversion

Diluted (wt avg shares os + effect of all dilutive securities)

Any CompanyRetained Earnings StatementFor the year ended 1/1/01 Beginning Retained Earning+ Net Income- Dividends= Ending Retained Earnings

Any CompanyStatement of Stockholders' EquityFor the year ended 1/1/01

Beg BalInvestmentPurchase TSNet IncomeDividendsOCI items 1 End Bal Common StockxyT (Treasury Stock)(x)(y)T Accumulated OCIX(z)z(z)T Retained Earningsxy(z)T

Any CompanyBalance Sheet1/1/01

AssetsCA Cash MES AR Inventory Supplies & Other PrepaidsTotal CANCA L-T Investments PP&E Intangibles OtherTotal NCA Total Assets Liabilities + Owners EquityCL AP NP, short term Accrued Payables Taxes InterestTotal CLL-T Liabilities NP, long-term Mortgage PayableTotal L- T LOwners Equity Contributed Capital Earned Capital OtherTotal OETotal Liabilities & OE

Any CompanyStatement of Cash FlowsFor the year ended 1/1/01 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATIONS (direct or indirect) (detail) NET CASH PROVIDED/USED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES _________ CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES (details re inflows) (details re outflows) NET CASH PROVIDED/USED BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES _________ CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES (details re inflows) (details re outflows) NET CASH PROVIDED/USED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES _________ NET INCREASE/DECREASE IN CASH CASH AT BEGINNING OF THE YEAR _________ CASH AT END OF YEAR (= BALANCE SHEET)

Time value of Money

PV = what future cash flows are worth today. We are making decisions today and transacting business today. So we need to know $s today

Present Value of a Single Amount

Present value Future $'s

| | | /////// | | |

now

1 prd prd prd prd 10 prd

Present Value of an ordinary annuity

Present Value

. . . . . .

no $ $ $ $ $ $

r r1 r r r4 r5 r6

FV = what transactions and events grow to in the future. Used for planning.

future value of a single amount

today's future value

$ | | | /////// | //// |

1 prd prd prd 5 prd 0 prd

now

future value of an ordinary annuity

0 $

today future value

. . . . . .

no $ $ $ $ $ $

r r1 r r r4 r5 r6

Debt Financing

Here are a few tips to rememberPrice of a bond equals the present value of all the future cash flows, both principal and interest.At issue, mkt rate face rate, bond is less desirable to the bond buyer. So the bond sells at a discount.For the borrower, discounts à increase interest expense to marketFor the creditor, discounts à increase interest income to marketAt issue, the mkt rate face rate, the bond is more desirable to the bond buyer. So the bond sells at a premium.For the borrower, premiums à decrease interest expense to marketFor the creditor, premiums à decrease interest income marketThe face rate the face amount controls the cash amount of interest paid.The market rate the carrying value controls the amount of interest expense.

Equity Financing

Authorized, issued, outstanding

Preferred vs Common

Par, stated value, no par

Dividends, Stock Dividends, Stock Splits

Analysis

Current Ratio

Market to Book Value

Return on Equity = Return on Assets x Financial Leverage

Higher Leverage means higher risk

Investing Activities

PP&E

Types

Cost

Depreciation

Valuation

Investments in other companies

Equity Securitiestrading, available for sale, significant influence, control

Debt Secuirites-- trading, available for sale, held to maturity

Valuation

Analysis

Operating leverage

Asset Turnover

Profit Margin

Return on Assets

Effectiveness vs Efficiency

Operating

Revenues and Receivables

Revenue recognition

Returns and Discounts

Valuing--NRV

Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold

Matching principle

Merchandising vs Manufacturing

MeasuringFIFO, LIFO, Weighted Average

ValuingLCM

Other operating expenses

Matching principle

Special Itemsbelow the line

Anaylsis

Gross Profit

Operating Margin

Profit Margin

ROE

Inventory Turnover

Receivable Turnover

Cost Leadership

Product Differentiation

Miscellaneous Items

Limitations of financial statements

Limitations of financial statement analysis

Moral Hazard

Earnings Management

Internal Control

Minority Interest

Accumulated OCI

Deferred Compensation

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Anabolic steroids

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on anabolic steroids. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality anabolic steroids paper right on time.

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Anabolic Steroids in Exercising, Athletics, and the Effects on the Human Body

Through all of history, athletes have searched for certain "foods" and "potions" to turn their old bodies into more powerful ones. By doing this, many athletes turned to anabolic steroids. When did these drugs come about, or what is the history behind steroids? The noted history of anabolic steroids being abused drugs began in 154 among Olympic weight lifters. During 156, American athletes first marketed Dianabol (Methandrostenolone) in the U.S., which provided a way for use. In the beginning only the "world-class" athletes that participated in some of the sports that required more strength used them. Athletes and their trainers began to develop high doses with different types of drugs. These athletes and trainers went against scientist's opinions about the high dosages. Even though some scientists stated that there was no real evidence that steroids even caused muscle growth or caused the athlete to have improved ability. They even warned that the large amounts would lead to serious side effects. As steroids reputation grew they spread to other sports. The only Olympic sports in which steroids have not been detected are figure skating and women's field hockey. Throughout the 170's and 180's anabolic steroids spread beyond the Olympics. In 18, nineteen athletes were disqualified from the Olympics for steroid abuse. A survey in 170, showed that five American universities had at least 15% of college athletic abusers. By the year 184 0% of college athletes were using steroids (Koziris. 000).

Anabolic steroids or anabolic-androgenic steroids are the synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring male anabolic hormone testosterone. Both anabolic and androgenic have origins from the Greek anabolic, meaning, to build, and androgenic, meaning masculinizing. Testosterones natural androgenic effects trigger the maturing of the male reproductive system in puberty, including the growth of body hair and the deepening of the voice. The hormones anabolic effect helps the body retain dietary protein, which aids in the development of muscles. There are many types of steroids with varying degrees of anabolic and androgenic properties; it is the anabolic property of steroids that attracts athletes, primarily to increase muscle mass and strength (Gallaway 7).

There should not be a controversy over anabolic steroid use in athletics, non-medical use of anabolic steroids is illegal and banned by most, if not all, and major sports organizations. Still, some athletes persist in taking them, believing that these substances provide a competitive advantage and by the desire to hopefully look, perform, and feel better, regardless of the dangers. When taking anabolic steroids, it makes the athlete more aggressive, competitive, and fatigue resistant, which enables them to train harder for a longer period of time when the drug is being taken (Katch, Katch, and McArdle 458). Athletes usually take anabolic steroids during the active part of their careers, in a practice called "stacking", which they take a combined dose of the drug through both oral and injection form. Anabolic steroids frequently are taken in conjunction with a resistance training program and an augmented protein intake (Embleton and Kennedy 67). The result once again, is improvement in sports that require strength, speed, and power.

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With all of this talk about better performance and everything. Does taking anabolic steroids really work? In the past, doctors believed that steroids did not really help athletes to gain muscle tissue. The athletes taking steroids only thought this would happen, so they worked harder. It was the focused attitude of the athlete and the physical stimulation of training that produced bodybuilding effects. Athletes, coaches, trainers, and physicians report that there is a significant increase in lean muscle mass, strength, and endurance. Anabolic steroids do not improve agility, skill, or cardiovascular capacity (Taylor 8).

It is not only the football player or weight lifter or sprinter who may be using anabolic steroids, nor is it only men. White- and blue-collar workers, females and, most alarmingly, adolescents take steroids. For example, it could be an 18-year-old who wants to pick up a few pounds because of the constant teasing that goes along with being skinny. Also a 15-year-old who just wants to reach maturity a little bit faster or maybe a policeman who wants more power on the job. Despite what some people believe, males are not the only ones who use anabolic steroids. Professional female track stars, swimmers, and body builders are just a few examples of athletes that use steroids. In the United States, more than 00,000 men and women used anabolic steroids over the 1-year period from 1-1 (Katch, Katch, and McArdle 458). More and more adolescents are turning to steroids for cosmetic reasons. Younger users come from all different backgrounds; they range from wealthy, poor, and live in rural areas and cities. Approximately 1 of 15 high school students, or about a half-million adolescents (50,000 high school students), has used steroids (Katch, Katch, and McArdle 458). These are shocking numbers, all because teenagers want to improve their athletic performance or make their appearance look better.

Steroid-using athletes grow stronger, but serious side effects included unhealthy cholesterol profiles, heart attack, stroke, liver tumors, and prostate problems (Eichner. 17). There are many negative side effects for athletes of all ages and sexes who use anabolic steroids. There are several warning signs of steroid use. The first is a drastic increase in lean body weight (muscle); the second is a change in behavior, such as compulsive weightlifting or extreme aggressiveness; the third is the sometimes-prolonged recovery from relatively minor injuries like an ankle sprain (Sabock 6). Some general side effects of using anabolic steroids include severe acne, edema, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, hair loss, hepatotoxicity, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (Koziris. 000).

Although anabolic steroids are derived from a male sex hormone, men who take them may actually experience a feminization effect along with a decrease in normal male sexual function. When males use steroids, the excess steroids are metabolized into female sex hormones. Large doses of anabolic steroids tend to make men irritable and moody at best, and at worst, raging, murderous, and suicidal (Eichner. 17). There are a lot of negative effects from men taking anabolic steroids, for instance, the body stops producing testosterone, and also stops producing sperm, which reduces the sperm count. Using anabolic steroids for long periods of time can lead to infertility and reduced testicular size and can also lead to painful urination. Other negative effects include development of female nipples and breasts, a higher risk of prostate diseases, and liver damage (Sabock 6).

On the other hand, women often experience a masculinization effect from anabolic steroids. Female athletes, more than male athletes, are likely to gain a competitive edge by using male hormones, which give females more muscle, less fat, narrower hips, and higher hematocrits (Eichner. 17). Just like men, women also experience increased aggression while taking anabolic steroids. The negative effects that come from taking anabolic steroids in woman are facial hair starts to grow and their voices get deeper. Other effects of steroid use in woman include permanent enlargement of the clitoris, menstrual difficulties, permanently decreased in breast size, and male appearance, which might also affect reproduction capability (Sabock 6).

Adolescents that use anabolic steroids are affected differently that men and woman that use the drug. Anabolic steroids can effect bone growth during puberty. This happens because the long bones of the legs and arms are still growing in early adolescence. There is also an increase in acne. Acne decreases when steroid use is stopped but may leave scarring. Male pattern baldness also occurs in both male and females. Some believe that the hair returns after steroid use and others believe it is irreversible (Yesalis 56).

After a person begins to use anabolic steroids the first few times, they have to increase the dosage to get the same effect before. After doing this for some time the person becomes dependent on it. Since they have used the drug for a while their bodies need it in order to function properly. In order to stop using the drug their body goes through a stage called "withdrawal," this is when the person gets sick because of not using the drug (Koziris. 000). Anabolic steroids are very hard to give up because when the person stops using them their whole self-image starts to fade away. If they start up again the pain goes away and they have difficulties stopping use even though they know its bad for them.

Many athletes want to enhance their performance not only by exercising but using anabolic steroids. Steroids are not only illegal; they are also dangerous to a person's health. Steroid use might get you an edge on the next guy, but is it really worth it? There are so many negative side effects of anabolic steroid use in people of all ages, in which some are irreversible. Anabolic steroids are very addictive and once addicted it is very hard to stop the use of the drug. The human body is to precious to let something like steroids destroy it, just for an extra edge. Instead of using anabolic steroids put in some extra time at the gym and stay away from using steroids, they can destroy your life.

Works Cited

Eichner, Randy E. "Ergogenic Aids What Athletes Are Using and Why."

The Physician and Sportsmedicine Journal. Apr. 7.

Embleton, Phil and Kennedy, Robert. "Anabolic Edge Secrets for That

Extra Lean Body Mass." Musclemag International, May 000.

Gallaway, Steve. The Steroid Bible. Belle International, June 7.

Katch, Frank I., Victor L. Katch, and William D. McArdle. Exercise Physiology

Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance. Philadelphia Lippincott

Williams &Wilkins, 16.

Koziris, Lymperis. "Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse." The Physician and

Sportsmedicine Journal. Dec. 000.

Sabock, Ralph J. Coaching A Realistic Perspective. San Diego Collegiate

Press, 000.

Taylor, William N. Anabolic Steroids and the Athlete d. Ed. MacFarland

& Company, Inc Publishers, January 00.

Yesalis, Charles E. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Human Kinetics

Publisher, January 000.

Works Cited

Eichner, Randy E. "Ergogenic Aids What Athletes Are Using and Why."

The Physician and Sportsmedicine Journal. Apr. 7.

Embleton, Phil and Kennedy, Robert. "Anabolic Edge Secrets for That

Extra Lean Body Mass." Musclemag International, May 000.

Gallaway, Steve. The Steroid Bible. Belle International, June 7.

Katch, Frank I., Victor L. Katch, and William D. McArdle. Exercise Physiology

Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance. Philadelphia Lippincott

Williams &Wilkins, 16.

Koziris, Lymperis. "Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse." The Physician and

Sportsmedicine Journal. Dec. 000.

Sabock, Ralph J. Coaching A Realistic Perspective. San Diego Collegiate

Press, 000.

Taylor, William N. Anabolic Steroids and the Athlete d. Ed. MacFarland

& Company, Inc Publishers, January 00.

Yesalis, Charles E. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Human Kinetics

Publisher, January 000.

Please note that this sample paper on anabolic steroids is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on anabolic steroids, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on anabolic steroids will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Use and Role of Mythology in John Fowles' The Ebony Tower

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Use and Role of Mythology in John Fowles' The Ebony Tower. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Use and Role of Mythology in John Fowles' The Ebony Tower paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Use and Role of Mythology in John Fowles' The Ebony Tower, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Use and Role of Mythology in John Fowles' The Ebony Tower paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! The Ebony Tower by John Fowles is a fanciful and mystical excursion into the realm of myth and illusion. Indeed, it is built on two levels the realistic and the mythological one. The realistic is concerned with the events that take place here and now David Williams' visit to the isolated place of Henry Breasley. However its mythological counterpart can or actually should be seen between the lines. Only by understanding that there are more than just allusions to legends, one must perceive that what is universal in the world and in the man is demonstrated through this mythological level. Namely it constitutes in the concept that everything in this world is repeated and also connected with something that has happened before.

Already the title, The Ebony Tower, indicates this notion of mythology; also the epigraph alludes to mythology; the source of the mood, setting, and theme are mythological; each character in the story has its own mythical corresponding person; in addition to all the previous examples also the setting of the story is knit with other allusions to the mythological plane.

The title, The Ebony Tower, condemns the vices of Romanticists who considered art as something for only small audiences and intellectuals, which was superior and inaccessible for the common people, for whom the modern artists on the contrary to the Romanticists aimed their art. The "ivory tower" itself is a myth an imaginative and utopian place that the Modernists dream of. It is a concept that art is superior and so much above real life and common things that the artist is forced to enclose himself somewhere extremely pure and separate from reality, which is called the "ivory tower" where artists can dedicate their whole life solely to art. To say it as simply as possible - the expression "ivory tower" suggests a place where people can escape practical concerns of the world. On the realistic level on the contrary the notion the "ebony tower" indicates that there is no such thing as art for only the chosen ones but art is for everyone art is for the people.

The epigraph of the novella

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…Et par forez longues et lees

Par leus estranges et sauvages

Et passa mainz felons passages

Et maint peril et maint destroit

Tant qu'il vint au santier tot droit…

is taken from a medieval French author Chrtien de Troyes and indicates the figurative associations of the story. It speaks of the perils of a long voyage into the mysterious, wild places of a forest, and whether the seeker finds that he has been looking for. This allegory reflects David's ordeals and whether he achieves them or not. David has to go through three ordeals, as usually in legends, fairy-tales or myths the hero has to accomplish something in order to prove to be worthy of the offered price. He survives two ordeals the first one is the argument on art with Breasley and the second the swim with Diana and Anne. He endures the first trial mostly because of Diana who tells him that Breasley hates abstract art, which is the main theme for David who is concerned with optical art, eclecticism, and architectonic quality. It is not only Diana that saves him, but his own courage to stand up to his beliefs, which is also one thing that Breasley admires. David feels pleased with himself because "what had happened after dinner had been, rather in the medieval context, a kind of ordeal. Very evidently he had passed the test; which left him wondering how much, besides the direct advice, he owed to the Mouse." The second ordeal, swimming naked with the girls, was to see whether he is ashamed of his body or not and if he is too conventional or not. Namely the Mouse said that Breasley had "[…] a kind of magic. The way he can… dissolve things in you. Make them not seem to matter. Like this learning not to be ashamed of one's body. And to be ashamed of one's conventions […] exceptions don't prove rules, they're just exceptions to rules." He outlives this one too because in swimming with the girls he proves to be unconventional and not ashamed of his body. Unfortunately he fails to pass the third one. The attraction between David and Diana is obvious and they both feel some kind of magic temptation to give in to their desires. Although David "was a crypto-husband long before he married", and a devoted father to his two children, he decides to commit adultery but at the last minute changes his mind. He was determined to abandon the safety of his marriage and the certainties of his future and elope with Diana but something in his mind prevented him to do that. Even though he asks Diana to sleep with him, she feels that his heart is not in it and rejects his offer. Thus he does not succeed in the third ordeal and will not get the offered price, which is Diana and her love for him.

Mythology is also present in the medieval romance "Eliduc" by Marie de France, which connects the source of the mood, the theme. The author uses it quite directly when Henry Breasley is telling this story to David Williams, and moreover figuratively. Namely, Fowles refers to its imagery throughout the book, for example in the last part of the book when David is driving to the airport and runs over a weasel. In the "Eliduc", there was the incident with one weasel that was brought back to life with a red flower that the other one brought. Subsequently Eliduc's beloved, learning that he has a wife, collapses as if dead and is revived by the red flower that Eliduc's wife had seen a weasel to revive his dead mate with.

Each character in the story has its own mythical corresponding person. David Williams is the knight-errant coming to Cotminais to carry out his duty. This responsibility is to write an introduction of his host Henry Breasley, who in the mythological level is the scoundrel of the fairy-tale, the one who stands between the sleeping beauty and the knight-errant and prevents them from gaining the eternal happiness. But instead of performing the given task he falls in love with Diana, the so-called sleeping princess of this fairy-tale and discovers himself in the situation where he has to rescue her from the spell cast on her by Cotminais and the old artist himself. Diana is under the spell of Henry because she feels that he needs her so much that he is incapable of creating art without her she feels responsible for him and his art. David fails to save her from Breasley and turns out to be a parody of a proper knight-errant because he is acting out of egocentricity and is not heroic enough to fight for his true love.

The place of action of the story is linked also with other allusions to the mythological plane. While David arrives at Cotminais, he feels as if he has plunged "straight into the legend", into an afternoon of "the wicked old faun", which is an allusion to Henry Breasley. He feels as if time has not the ordinary meaning i.e. that time seems to have stopped there, and yesterday and tomorrow turn into myths. David notices that the life at Cotminais is "primitive, atavistic, and time-escaped" and realises that only this kind of setting is perfect for the unusual relationship between its occupants; a relationship that as "a contemporary arrangement, a mnage de trois of beautiful young inhibited people […] would very probably fail." Being itself a magical and unusual place, it allows also its inhabitants to behave unconventionally. Indeed, it would be abnormal not to do so. Cotminais is not at all what David had imagined it to be "in fact it had more the appearance of a once substantial farm; nothing very aristocratic about the façade of pale ochre plaster broadly latticed by reddish beams and counter pointed by dark brown shutters. […] But the ensemble had charm; old and compact, a warm face of character, a good solid feel. He had simply anticipated something else". The author has intentionally created this idealistic, evocative, and profound milieu to highlight the contrast between the "real" and the "invented", or between "what is real and what should be".

To encapsulate all the things discussed earlier, the use of mythology in John Fowles' The Ebony Tower is to display what is unanimous in the world and in the man and that all the events in this Universe are linked with each other and the history never stops to repeat itself. Besides the universal concept, the use of mythology also adds a poetic dimension, which furthermore emphasises the deep concern with history. Myth is essentially a story which affects the way people live. It can be any story and not necessarily unhistorical. In itself a story, which becomes a myth can be true or false, historical or unhistorical, fact or fiction. What is important is not the story itself but the function that it serves in the life of an individual, a group or a whole society. Mythologies are created out of numerous disjointed myths found in society generally. By weaving these unrelated myths, a sense of continuity with the past is created and through the use of myths, the book is able to create an apparent sense of complete harmony in human beings between "what is real and what should be" as Fowles himself has said.

Please note that this sample paper on The Use and Role of Mythology in John Fowles' The Ebony Tower is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Use and Role of Mythology in John Fowles' The Ebony Tower, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Use and Role of Mythology in John Fowles' The Ebony Tower will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Huck Finn's Digestion of Violence

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Violence is the last refugee of the incompetent Issac Asimov. Ignorance and superstition reigned on the frontier of the Mississippi River. The cruelty of the southern plantation owners and the general lawlessness of the frontier all attributed to the violence that occurred throughout the book. Whether murderous criminals, a feuding family, or an angry mob was committing this violence, Huck was forced to digest and overcome these scenes, and at the same time the reader learned more of life on the Mississippi River of the 1840's.

One night while on the river, Huck and Jim stumble across a wrecked steamboat, and find a couple of outlaws contemplating the murder of a fellow outlaw. "I'm for killin' himand didn't he kill old Hatfield jist the same wayand don't he deserve it?" (7). This scene of individual violence adds to the image of 1840's river life. Even though the west was becoming more and more civilized, a general sense of lawlessness and violence still existed, not unlike the lawlessness and adventure depicted in classical western movies of the 0th century. The violence, though, wasn't between cowboys and Indians, good guys and bad guys. The violence occurred between groups of individual ruffians, a band of outlaws whose greed was strong enough to break the ties they have to one another and commit these homicidal acts.

"Well, by and by somebody said Sherburn ought to be lynched. In about a minute everybody was saying it; so away they went, mad and yelling, and snatching down every clothes line the come to to do the hanging with" (14). The most pertinent example of senseless violence in the mid 1th century occurred in the form of lynching. Whether a large mob or a small band committed the act, it defied the laws of constitutional justice. No trial was served; only the resolve of a senseless group was carried out. Sherburn, though, through a somewhat contradicting speech, saved himself by indicting the cowardice of the mob. Though no justice was ever served, deep down Huck knew the Karma Police would catch up with Sherburn, and was thus able to digest the events he had just encountered and get on with his life.

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Of all Huck's adventures, the feud chilled him the most. His experiences with the feud and the senseless violence that accompanied it would be engraved into his mind for the rest of his life. "I wish I hadn't ever come ashore that night to see such things. I ain't ever going to get shut of themlots of times I dream about them" (116). For the families involved, violence settled itself as their way of life; their life completed when they died. For Huck and the reader, it showed just how gruesome life could be, and how easily hatred can control one's life.

No matter what type of violence Huck saw, be it murder, feuding, or lynching, he was able to digest and comprehend the scenes he encountered. Each violent scene further painted the picture of life on the Mississippi river of the mid 1th century. Each discovery Huck makes adds to both his character and to the story. Indeed, Huck's adventures bring not only entertainment, but also lessons of violence and honor.

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