The Sociological Niche of Emile Durkheim's Suicide

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Despite the appearance of gradual development among Emile Durkheim's works, they might as well be considered as a single train of unified thoughts. When one contemplates his four greatest works, there lies the methodology and belief that all of our characteristics beyond that of the physiological aspect originated from, or are greatly influenced by society. This conviction is perhaps best illustrated in The Division of Labor in Society, wherein Durkheim chooses to focus on the method of interaction between people in the social order.

In essence, the division of labor is the separation of employment among workers according to the specialization that meets their needs. Durkheim's work is especially insightful because he is not merely interested in the division itself, but also in the social implications and changes that it would cause. He argues that as specialization increases, people become increasingly separated from one another. Their norms become different, interests are varied, and subcultures are formed. However, Durkheim does not believe that this specialization would lead to the collapse of the social order. His understanding is that the division of labor instead brought about a new kind of social order which is called organic solidarity. This is fundamentally a social order built on the interdependence of people in society. This concept was increasingly overshadowing that of mechanical solidarity, where members of the society are homogeneous such as the societal organization of tribes. Of course, this division is not without its problems. An industrial utopia does not form simply out of interdependence, because specialization can set people not only apart, but against each other. Interests often collide and conflicts will always exist. Durkheim himself does not believe that the changes happening around him as a result of industrialization would bring about total harmony, but he does note that though specialization sets us apart, it also binds us together in certain ways. Hence, the division of labor will always be one of the most important concepts in understanding societies and is the foundation upon which most sociological thought is built upon.

This notion is particularly evident in Durkheim's third major work entitled Suicide. Recognized as an application of his sociological method, Suicide forms a practical explanation and application of his theories, originally set out in The Rules of Sociological Method. In his aim to establish sociological autonomy, Durkheim considers society as more than just the individuals who constitute that society, believing in the ability to explain individual action in terms of society as a whole. He sees suicide as one of the most private acts an individual could perform, and were it therefore possible to explain that action in terms of society, his theory about sociological analysis would stand. Upon analyzing the text, I feel that it is not able to wholly explain the issue it addresses; yet as a practical application of the method elaborated in The Rules, it is a certified success.

I believe that when Durkheim tries to free the study of society from laymans concepts, and replace them with more scientific ones, he is aspiring to define Sociology as a science comparable to the physical sciences like biology and chemistry. Durkheim applies empirical research and analysis in the new sociological method of which it plays a large role in Suicide. Although this has been done before, perhaps the innovation then is in Durkheims application of his conception of sociological method to the statistics in order to explain suicide.

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Of equal importance to his methodology, Durkheim draws theoretical conclusions on the social causes of suicide. He proposes four types of suicide, based on the degrees of imbalance of two social forces social integration and moral regulation. Egoistic suicide results from too little social integration. Those individuals who are not sufficiently bound to social groups are left with little support or guidance, and therefore tend to commit suicide on an increased basis. An example Durkheim discovers was that of unmarried people, particularly males, who, with less to bind and connect them to stable social norms and goals, commit suicide at higher rates than unmarried people. The second type, Altruistic suicide, is a result of too much integration. It occurs at the opposite end of the integration scale as egoistic suicide. Self-sacrifice is the defining trait, where individuals are so integrated into social groups that they lose sight of their individuality and become willing to sacrifice themselves to the groups interests, even if that sacrifice are their own lives. The most common cases of altruistic suicide occur among members of the military.

On the second scale of moral regulation lie the other two forms of suicide, the first of which is Anomic suicide, located on the low end. Anomic suicide is of particular interest to Durkheim, for he divides it into four categories. Acute economic anomie refers to sporadic decreases in the ability of traditional institutions such as religion, to regulate and fulfill social needs. Chronic economic anomie is the long-term diminution of social regulation. Durkheim identifies this type with the ongoing industrial revolution, which eroded traditional social regulators and often failed to replace them. Acute domestic anomie are the sudden changes on the micro-social level which result in an inability to adapt and therefore higher suicide rates. Widowhood is a prime example of this type of anomie. Lastly, Chronic domestic anomie refers to the way marriage as an institution regulated the sexual and behavioral balance among men and women. The final type of suicide is fatalistic suicide. This type Durkheim only briefly describes, seeing it as a rare phenomena in the real world. Examples include those with over-regulated, unrewarding lives such as slaves and childless married women.

In the context of a Philippine setting, one could consider the parameters and data which were published by Durkheim in concluding that compared to other countries, relatively few Filipinos commit suicide. According to Durkheim, even natural factors such as climate tend to work socially, and in effect trigger the social factors related to suicide. An example of this would be religion. Generally, as a predominantly Catholic nation, there are more suicide cases in a country where most people are Protestants or a nation such as Japan. And yet religion is not a real factor in itself because almost every religious doctrine condemns suicide or murder. For us Filipinos then, it must be the social organization we have grown accustomed to as Roman Catholics, where there is a higher level of integration compared to Protestantism. Moreover, Durkheim considers family as another factor. Filipino culture is essentially centered on that, with emphasis on notions such as extended family, filial obligation and the sinfulness of contraceptives. Since the degree of integration of family structure is related in the same way to suicides, those in larger families are less likely to commit suicide, whereas those in smaller families, or single, are more likely. In general, applying Durkheim's theories could help us grasp a better comprehension of the realities we have to deal with day after day. This does not necessarily equate to an understanding of Filipino suicide cases, but of how our society has evolved to become such a major factor in our lives that it affects even our most seemingly personal and psychological processes.

Despite his innovative methods, I feel that Durkheim's major faults are on a number of quite crucial points. A notable factor that Durkheim discusses in the first chapter of his work is his dismissal of non-social influences on suicide. He considers these factors independently as part of an argument by elimination. He reasoning was that as suicide rates did not show a parallelism to any one factor, the explanation must lie in social facts alone. This, at best, is a tenuous assumption and one that could certainly have a detrimental effect on the validity of his application.

Furthermore, the use of statistics in the application of his method owed a great deal to the number of statisticians who had written them before him. Virtually the entire basis of Suicide rests on these statistics, yet Durkheim mentions nothing as to the validity of official data, nor their usefulness in the study of suicide. The accuracy of his data can be questioned, not only due to the inadequacies of data collection and analyses at the time of his writing, but also at the level of determination of a suicide by a coroner.

This problem is best considered alongside another of Durkheims faults which is his rejection of motive as an important factor. I believe that in times of doubt it is also important as to what the police, jurors and coroners think happened to the victim. It is therefore evident that the official statistics for suicide, and for his theories, are mostly based upon the perceptions and intuitions of fallible human beings.

However, I do not believe Durkheims sole reason for writing the text is for it to be an explanation of suicide; instead he uses it as a tool for the demonstration of his new method. The importance of this text lies in the application of a social theory to a complex phenomenon. Despite his limitationss, Durkheim was able to establish the autonomy of his discipline and that is where, I believe, the true sociological value of Suicide is revealed.

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Basic Elements Can Have Advanced Effects On Interpretation

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English Composition II

Mr. Todd Sukany

1 May 00

Basic Elements Can Have Advanced Effects On Interpretation

A poem is only appreciated as well as it is interpreted. Poets apply and use different elements to affect the interpretations of a particular poem. In "Mirror" and "To A Daughter Leaving Home," the poets of each of these poems use the elements of imagery, tone, and symbolism to mold the way their reader decodes the message of their poems.

Imagery is a widely used literary tool in all forms of poetry. A reader can appreciate imagery because it is a representation of something they can recognize using one of the five senses (Sagan ). Imagery is a very basic concept to comprehend in literature, and that is why it is easy for the reader to recognize an object, a taste, smell, or sound and attribute meaning to it. Poets can use imagery to either define a concrete meaning in their poetry, or to perhaps entail a hidden meaning lying in a simile or metaphor. In "Mirror," the poet uses metaphors to directly relate what the mirror is saying about itself (Plath 74). In the first stanza, the mirror claims to be the four-cornered eye of a god, something that reflects not cruelty, but truth; the mirror states in the second stanza that it has become a lake. The reader may associate a relationship in the first stanza that the mirror is an idol that is worshipped, and therefore is like a god, or in the second stanza, when it states ‘I am now a lake,' a mental image of a vast body of water surges in the reader's mind, perhaps used to drown something in. In "To A Daughter Leaving Home," the poet uses the entire poem (as in a mental image or snapshot) as a memory of a happier time (Pastan 4). Imagery is very important in this poem because it is told as a fond memory; the reader actually gets to see what the poet is thinking because the poet puts the reader into her own unique mindset. The images used bring very concrete meanings to the forefront of the reader's mind; the only ‘hidden' meaning found in this poem is a simile found in the last five lines, "the hair flapping behind you like a handkerchief waving goodbye," and the poet makes sure that not only is this simile easy to understand, but it correlates well with the title of the poem as well, and interconnects the meaning of both the title and the memory. Imagery is a powerful tool that can bring meaning to almost every word in a poem.

Symbolism is also a powerful tool used by many poets, and can incorporate multiple meanings with images to create deeper interpretations. The reader should not necessarily define symbolism as the use of similes or metaphors (Miller 4). Symbols not only make comparisons of two dissimilar things, but the association established in the two dissimilar things yields a meaning that is both literal and figurative (4). The double entendre presented here usually is obvious to the reader, but sometimes is meant for a select few, as in a specified audience. Symbols can be used in terms of making various points to the reader throughout the poem, or simply using the poem as one large symbol for the reader to associate a meaning to. Quentin Miller, of Suffolk University, sums up the function and meaning of symbols as thus,

A symbol works two ways It is something itself, and it also suggests something deeper. …No symbols have absolute meanings, and, by their nature, we cannot read them at face value. Rather than beginning an inquiry into symbols by asking what they mean, it is better to begin by asking what they could mean, or what they have meant. (4)

In "Mirror," the mirror states that in her, a woman "…has drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman rises toward her day after day…" (Plath 74). The mirror uses the previously stated lake metaphor as a means to create a symbol of the aging process. The process is showed as being slow and gradual, in terms of occurring day by day, but still shows the aging of a young girl maturing into an old woman. In "To A Daughter Leaving Home," the girl in the poem leaves her mother behind for the first time as she rides solo on her bicycle (Pastan 5). The memory in the poem is used to create a past symbol of what is occurring at the present time of the writing of the poem, the daughter is now grown up and leaving home. The analogy of the bicycle ride is very important in its symbolic nature of what is occurring at the time of the poem's writing; mother and daughter were riding together on the park path until the daughter realized she could be just fine on her own, and now she is leaving her mother's protection to live her life out on her own. Symbolism is an effective literary tool in that it gives a very important figurative meaning to what would otherwise be considered a literal interpretation.

Tone is also a powerful tool in conveying the correct interpretation to the reader. Tone, in essence, is the attitude of the poet, or speaker, about the subject. When the reader reads the poem, the implied tone used to write the words on the page will become apparent by creating a mood in the mind of the reader (Hammer 75-6). Poets, like actors or singers, can write or say the same phrase in many different ways to get across different meanings (Kennedy 11). The meaning of the literature can be totally lost if either the wrong tone is used, or the correct tone did not get across to the reader. In "Mirror," the speaker is the mirror itself, reflecting on what it has done over the last several years in the house it has been hung in (Plath 74). The tone of this poem is reflective (just like a mirror) and somewhat sad, but not regretful. The tone used by the mirror produces the idea to the reader that the mirror has feelings, but does not let them affect what the mirror believes is the truth, that the mirror refuses to be biased towards anything. In "To A Daughter Leaving Home," the speaker is the mother, reflecting on a memory of her and her daughter together (Pastan 4). The tone of this poem is also reflective, sad, and not regretful either. The mother is in essence reminding her daughter that she is ready to leave her mother's side and begin her new independent life away from home, and the tone used conveys a message of a sort of "remember when" style. The tone used in a poem can have a direct effect on what the reader determines is the meaning of the poem.

Tone, symbolism, and imagery are all integral parts of the interpretations of both "Mirror" and "To A Daughter Leaving Home." Combining these elements together allows the reader to understand the meaning of the poem that the writer had originally intended. Unlocking the writer's true meaning of the poem is the reader's key to appreciating all of the intricacies found therein.

Works Cited

Sagan, Miriam. "Stalking the Poetic Image." Writer 106. (1) .

Plath, Sylvia. "Mirror." Literature Structure, Sound, and Sense. Ed. Thomas R. Arp. Washington, D.C.

International Thomson Publishing, 1. 74.

Pastan, Linda. "To A Daughter Leaving Home." Literature Structure, Sound, and Sense. Ed. Thomas R.

Arp. Washington, D.C. International Thomson Publishing, 1. 4-5.

Miller, Quentin, Suffolk University. 1 May 00.

http//bcs.bedfordmartins.com/Virtualit/poetry/elements.html.

Hammer, Langdon. "Frank Bidart and the Tone of Contemporary Poetry." Southwest

Review 87.1 (00) 75 1.

Kennedy, X. J., ed. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 4th ed. Boston Little,

Brown, and Company, 187.

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Drug Abuse

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The word drug is defined as any substance, other than food, that can affect the body and or mind in any way. Drugs are used in every culture in the world. There are hundreds of types of drugs, each of which affect the bodies' nervous system in its own way, whether good or bad. Some drugs are developed for medical uses and are approved by the federal government before they are available to the public. The drugs are legal if taken by the one that they are prescribed to. Some drugs are made up of various chemicals which have altered affects on the body. These drugs include the ever so popular names such as Cocaine, Crack, PSP, Ice, and LSD. These drugs illegally produced usually under poor circumstances and of cheep and dangerous household cleaning products. Not all drugs are illegal. These drugs include tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, and several other everyday items. All drugs can be abused.

According to Rosen, the author of Everything You Need to Know about Drug Abuse, the number one drug of choice in the United States is Alcohol. Alcohol is the most abused drug in the United States. Although illegal to drink if under the age of twenty-one, one out of every five teens has a drinking problem. This means that about million teens have trouble with alcohol. There are many types of drinks which have alcohol in them. They are divided into beer, wine, and liquor. Although they are divided into categories they still have the same potent ingredient in them, Ethel Alcohol. Ethel Alcohol when put into the body causes the brain to send mixed messages to the body. These mixed messages could make you angry or happy. These messages also could slur your speech, or make you stager when you walk. Alcohol not only effect the visible aspects of the body it also effect parts of the body that are unseen. It makes the blood vessels expand causing more blood to flow through the veins. This causes the body to loose heat and may cause one to freeze to death. The liver is also greatly affected by alcohol. The liver is an organ that is responsible for filtering the alcohol out of the blood and riding the body of it. The alcohol makes the liver work harder than normal this causes the liver cells to turn fatty and harden. Drinking for a long time can cause cirrhosis of the liver and could kill.

Tobacco is another American drug of choice. Tobacco is very addictive. Tobacco contains several agents that are dangerous. Nicotine is the most dangerous of them all. Nicotine has the ability to enter the blood stream faster than heroin. It affects the brain and central nervous system. Nicotine is a stimulant and a depressant. It stimulates the nerves in the spinal cord slowing reactors; it also affects the heart and lungs. The use of tobacco products over a period of time can cause physiological dependence this making it very difficult to stop using the product. The cost of tobacco is much more than just the price of a pack of "smokes." It is estimated that the cost of tobacco products cost the economy 1. million dollars in indirect cost. This is according to Dr. Dorothy Rice of the University of California.

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Race relations in american labor

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Ever since the beginning of American history, there have been tensions between the different races and ethnicities living in this land. When the first settlers came to America from Europe, all the different nationalities involved dealt with issues with each other and the Native Americans. Skipping ahead a couple hundred years, with the emergence of slavery, the problem with race relations, especially with blacks, reached a horrible peak. Luckily, the people of this country realized that slavery was a horrendous endeavor and it was abolished after a civil war was fought. From that point on, it seems that race relations would take a turn for the better. It has, but the truth is that many blacks in today's America make a good argument in stating that equality has not reached the level it should be. These problems with race relations have touched on every possible topic in American life. One very prevalent area where the problem with race relations has been obvious is labor. While today, it might not seem so, less than a hundred years ago, blacks were excluded from all aspects of labor including union membership, jobs, fair wages, and fair working conditions. Although all of the working class people had the basic problems of poor paying jobs and bad working conditions in common, race and ethnic problems remained prevalent and severely hampered the different races and ethnicities ability to work together to solve these problems as a group instead of as individuals working on their own. Three main contributing factors to this problem were the different wages paid to laborers, the ways in which these laborers were used, and the underlying fear of different races and ethnicities.

A problem that arises when there is a work shortage is obviously that people can't find jobs. This becomes even more of a problem when it is believed that employers are treating their employees unfairly. When thinking of unfair treatment of workers, two things usually come to mind. One is conditions and the other is pay. When looking at wage problems in America, in the early 100s, they can be directly linked to the sudden rise of unions America. Unions were thought of as a way for workers to be able to stand up against employers paying unfair wages. The problem that arose however was the fact that as a basic rule, minorities and especially blacks were paid lower wages than their white counterparts. That is of course when they were even allowed jobs. This imbalance in pay combined with the work shortages of the time produced a problem for unions, who would use strikes as their main weapons against companies. When workers would strike, companies could simply fire the workers and hire "scabs", who would work for less money then what was originally being paid to the union workers. As it turns out, the "scabs" were often times minorities and in many cases black. This in itself helped divide races from joining together to fight for their rights. Whites were often very resentful towards the blacks for taking their jobs, but the blacks and minorities were happy to simply find work. "We didn't understand why they (blacks) went to work when we were out, and I guess they couldn't trust the white people… We lost the union because of that and I didn't think we was ever going to have one again, not with so many coloreds in there." (Halpern, p.74-75) This statement was a white workers response to the Amalgamated Meat Cutters strike that was broken by the company's hiring of black workers to replace the white ones on strike.

Companies realized that hiring "scabs" was an effective way to break union strikes. After a strike was broken, employers often times would not hire the old employees back. When they did, they would often times be very vengeful in their treatment of the workers and in many cases cut wages of the strikers. This would often bring down more heat upon black laborers. Black workers inadvertently gave employers insurance against strikes and therefore weakened a union's effectiveness. In many cases, it was not only wage-problems that arose.

"Black workers were severely hobbled by racism. Employers fomented racial hatred by using blacks as strikebreakers, and the racism of white workers sometimes came back to haunt them. In 1886, for instance, white steelworkers at Steelton, Pennsylvania, founded a Jim Crow benevolent society, then turned around five years later and solicited black support in a strike, but were told by blacks, "we were not wanted at first and will not join under any circumstances."" (Laurie, p.1) Racism in America was already a very common thing, but with employers pitting white workers against blacks, matters only worsened as America went into the great depression. Even though racism was still prevalent in the twenties and thirties, voices of reason did ring out as early as the 180s. W.E.B. Du Bois, an African American sociologist and historian believed that, "Native-born and northern-European-derived workers enjoyed the "wages of whiteness"." (Zieger and Gall, p. 16) "Du Bois and other champions of racial and ethnic minorities concluded that the struggle of blacks for access to America's opportunities had to be conducted as much against a tenacious white working class as against employers." (Zieger and Gall, p.16) Unfortunately, racism was too far ingrained in American society for Du Bois' belief to gain wide-enough acceptance. Even when the point was reached that blacks were being accepted into unions, the division remained due to the lasting racial tensions. An example of this was Philip Weightman. He was a black hog butcher heavily involved in a union, who became a "scab" because of treatment by whites. "Yet during the 11- strike, Weightman crossed the Amalgamated's picket line and remained on the job, his initial enthusiasm for the organization destroyed by the Jim Crow treatment he received at the hands of white members." (Halpern, p.74) This is not to say that all blacks felt this way. Towards the 10s, blacks were beginning to break through the racial barrier, but the work was far from over. It seems that whites did however begin to realize that combining with blacks would help the overall labor movement. It seemed that people were finally starting to head the warnings of union man Samuel Gompers, "If we fail to organize and recognize the colored wage-workers we cannot blame them if they… frustrate our purposes… if common humanity will not prompt us to have their cooperation, an enlightened self-interest should." (Zieger and Gall, p.16) Racism from whites was still very common, and in the cases that whites were willing to organize with blacks to fight employers, that is often where the relationship ended. Many whites still felt that blacks were inferior and did not belong with whites.

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It seems that jobs and money were not the only reasons that racism was so common during the time. It is no doubt that a reason for this hatred of blacks, especially in the South, came from the opinion that blacks were inferior because they were recently slaves. How can a race that has been dominated for so long by another all of a sudden be seen as equal? Blacks were often times looked at as uncivilized savages. This played a major role in keeping blacks and whites from uniting in the labor movement. In many cases, white men and women were afraid to be around blacks. This was especially the case concerning women and children. Whites did not want blacks near their women and children. It is true that in the mining industry, during the 180s, blacks and whites began to unionize together, but that was as far as some whites wanted it. This undoubtedly set the stage for inequalities that would be faced by blacks in not only the working world, but also in the social world. ""Nowhere were the ethics of living Jim Crow more subtle and treacherous," Jacquelyn Dowd Hall observes, "than when they touched on the proper conduct of black men towards white women…." Indeed, the singular power of the social equality charge flowed from its formidable capacity to link African American empowerment and interracial activity in wide-ranging endeavors-schooling, worship, casual recreation, political campaigns, social movements-to the lurid imagery of interracial sex." (Letwin, p.544) These whites were only concerned with the illusion of equality for blacks and only as long as whites would benefit from it.

Unfortunately, racism has been a staple in American history. Things have certainly changed a great deal for the better, and true equality in all aspects is certainly a possibility and in reach, but common class interests among workers did not prevail of racial and ethnic differences until at least the 150s-60s. In the thirties, there was still too much of a racial and ethnic barrier in place for workers to truly unite together. Three main contributing factors to this problem were the different wages paid to laborers, the ways in which these laborers were used, and the underlying fear of different races and ethnicities in the 10s. Although tremendous strides were made during this period, it would be over the next thirty years that fundamental changes would take place.

Halpern, Rick. Down on the Killing Floor. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago. 17

Laurie, Bruce. Artisans into Workers. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago. 18

Letwin, Daniel. Interracial Unionism, Gender, and "Social Equality" in the Alabama Coalfields, 1878-108. The Journal of Southern History, Volume LXI, No. , August 15

Zieger, Robert H. and Gall, Gilbert J. American Workers, American Unions. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 186

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King Lear

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in King Lear, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your King Lear paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! The Deception in King Lear

William Shakespeares play King Lear is a play full of deceit and betrayal.

This becomes evident in the first few lines. We first

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learn of the empty words of Goneril and Regan as well as their hatred for their

father, King Lear. This becomes the center of the play and also leads to the

madness that the king suffers from.

The first words that Goneril speaks are totally empty and are the complete

opposite of what she really feels. She says, Sir, I love you more than word

can wield the matter; Dearer than eye-sight, space and liberty; (I.i.54-55)

The reason why there are no words to express her love for her father is that she

has no love for him and it does not exist. The same goes for her sister, Regan,

who is plotting against her father as well. She says that she feels the same

way as her sister and expresses how Goneril has named her very deed of love.

Regan adds a little twist to this and professes that she loves Lear more than

her sisters and that Gonerils affection for her father comes too short.

(I.i.71) By uttering these words, Regan shows that her love is even less true

than that of her sisters. She goes even farther to say

...that I profess

Myself an enemy to all other joys

Which the most precious square of sense possesses,

And find I am alone felicitate

In your dear highness love.

I.i.71-75

This goes to show that she is more greedy than her sister and her words are also

falser. She wants more than her sister and will do anything to attain her goal.

Her ambition to get what she wants is evident in the words that she speaks. She

claims herself to be an enemy to all other joys but she is really the enemy to

her father.

The next person King Lear calls to speak is his soft-spoken daughter,

Cordelia. Lear does not have much respect for her because she does not flatter

him and put him on the pedestal that he feels that he should be put on. This is

exactly what his other daughters do and he feels very strongly that Cordelia

should do the same. Because of all the flattery that was given him by his other

two daughters, he gives them most of his possessions. The first thing that

Cordelia says when the King asks her to speak is nothing. The king is enraged

by this remark and says that, Nothing will come of nothing speak again.

(I.i.8) When Cordelia speaks again she says that she does love him but

according to their bond, no more no less. The king is also angry by this remark

and tells her to mend her speech a little. The king really means that he

wants to be flattered more and that she is not doing so by saying what she does.

In the speech that Cordelia gives beginning on line 5, she says

Good my Lord,

You have begot me, bred me, lovd meI

Return those duties back as are right fit,

Obey you, love you, and most honour you.

I.i.4-7

This speech professes that she loves him for all that he has done for her

including raising her and the bond that they have to each other. It is the bond

that keeps them together. Throughout the entire play, the bond is the only

thing that helps Lear in the end. Cordelia takes him in and does whatever she

can to ease his pain. She does not do this out of sympathy but because of the

bond that they have as father and daughter. In line 106, Cordelia says, So

young, my Lord, and true. (I.i.106) She is saying that the love that she has

for the king is true and sincere. She is the only one out of all of her sisters

that speaks the truth and shows that she really is sincere. Because of her

sincerity and her wish not to flatter him like the rest of his daughters, Lear

proceeds to ridicule her and then takes away her dowry. This is what she meant

when she utters the words nothing. She has nothing to say that will flatter

the king because she is true and sincere. She is not like her sisters who would

do anything to get what they want. After he does this, he continues to badger

and ridicule her for her lack of affection and love for him. he does this to

anyone who does not put him on the pedestal that he feels that he rightfully

deserves to be on.

Cordelia is finally courted by the King of France even though she is rich

for being poor. She is the only true person in the play, and in the end pays

for this by dying. This shows that you cannot always be truthful and get what

you rightfully deserve. Cordelia deserved her dowry but does not get it because

she is not the type of person that the king wants her to be. The ones that

prevail in the first act of the play are those that are dishonest and false.

This helps set the stage for the rest of the play.

The next deceitful person in the play is Edmund. He is the bastard-son of

Gloucester and wants everything that Edgar has. In the beginning of Act he

draws his sword on Edgar and tells him to pretend like he is protecting himself

because he hears Gloucester coming. Edmund says

I hear my father coming; pardon me;

In cunning I must draw my sword upon you;

Draw; seem to defend yourself; now quit you well.

Yield; come before my father. Light, ho! here!

Fly, brother. Torches! torches! So, farewell.

II.i.8-

Edmund tells Gloucester that he was attacked by Edgar and that he even drew

blood from Edmund. The motive behind this is also greed and envy. Edmund is

envious of the fact that he will not inherit any title from Gloucester because

he is a bastard and not the biological and rightful son that Edgar is. Edmund

goes on to say

With his prepared sword he charges home

My unprovided body, lanchd mine arm

And when he saw my best alarumd spirits

Bold in the quarrels right, roused to th

encounter,

Or whether gasted by the noise I made,

Full suddenly he fled.

II.i.50-54

He incriminates Edgar for attacking him and gets Gloucester to sympathize with

him and send out a warrant for Edmund and the death to anyone who helps to hide

him. Edmund is just as bad as Goneril and Regan by what he does and does not

win in the end. Gloucester is so taken with the events that have just occurred

that he plans to give all of the land that he has to Edmund now because Edgar is

no longer considered to be his son. Edmund has the same plan as Regan and

Goneril had and has done a good job so far as playing the victim instead of the

victimizer.

Throughout all of King Lear, the children plan to overthrow and get rid of

their parents. Their motive for doing this is sheer greed and lack of feeling.

In the end, Lear is saved from his insanity because Cordelia, the one that Lear

liked most, comes back to take care of him. She was the one thing that really

filled Lear because of her honesty and he did not realize this until she was

gone and none of his other daughters would take him in. They just left him to

rot. The real tragedy is that poor Cordelia is hung in the end and suffers the

greatest lost. She is killed for being true and sincere. A similar thing

happens with Edgar. He comes back disguised as a madman in order to prevent his

father from harm and warns him of the evil plans that Edmund has in store for

him.

I think that King Lear was a great play and showed the reader that although

you are a false person you can fool people who are blind and think that you are

incapable of doing harm. This was certainly the case with Goneril and Regan.

They showered Lear with such great words of flattery that he reagarded them as

his true daughters and left them everything because he really felt that they

deserved it. He did not leave Cordelia anything because she did not flatter him

like the others and therefore felt that she did not love him at all. In truth,

she loved him more than her other sisters because she really did feel the bond

that they had as father and daughter.

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Stalin's Rule Coursework 2 Question 3 – "Throughout his rule of the USSR, Stalin retained the support of the Russian people"- Is there sufficient evidence in Sources A to H to support this interpretation?

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Stalin's Rule Coursework 2 Question 3 – "Throughout his rule of the USSR, Stalin retained the support of the Russian people"- Is there sufficient evidence in Sources A to H to support this interpretation?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Stalin's Rule Coursework 2 Question 3 – "Throughout his rule of the USSR, Stalin retained the support of the Russian people"- Is there sufficient evidence in Sources A to H to support this interpretation? paper right on time.

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In this essay I will be looking at sources A through I and determining for each source whether or not it agrees with the statement "Throughout his rule of the USSR, Stalin retained the support of the Russian people" I will answer using the sources and my own knowledge.

Source A totally agrees with the statement. It is written in the year Stalin died, by the American journalist Walter Duranty. He thought that Stalin was the man to get Russia back on its feet. He supports this argument with such sentences such as "Am I wrong in believing Stalin is the greatest living statesman?" he lists all of Stalins good points, and achievements, such as the 5 year plans. This means that this source shows how popular Stalin was, even with people who aren't from Russia, and how famous he was worldwide. The bad thing about this source is that it shows none of his bad points. This source was only 1 person's opinion of Stalin, and does not represent the whole of the United States opinion. Most Americans were anti communism, and hated Stalin, and as Duranty spent time in Russia, he was probably swayed by the cult of Stalin to be biased towards him. This shows that although Stalin had many supporters, he still had to rely on propaganda to make him as popular as he was. Source B is an example of this. It is a painting of Stalin, standing with workers in front of a dam, which represents the 5-year plans. Stalin is talking to the workers, like he is their friend. It is painted by a Russian artist, and shows how Stalin would like himself to be portrayed. This backs up what Duranty said in source A, and shows Stalin in all his glory. However, again, it does not show Stalins bad points. Stalin would vary rarely treat workers as if they were friends, he used to torture them to get them to work, he forced labour upon them. He killed the workers he didn't like. As this source is blatant propaganda, it is one sided towards Stalin. It is proven that Stalin never had much contact with his workers, which helps us to prove that this is propaganda. It is by a soviet artist, who would have been influenced by the cult of Stalin to paint this one sided picture, and its main use is to show us how the cult of Stalin effected people.

Source C could also be linked to source A, in the way that it supports communism. It is an extract from Stalins biography, written by G F Alexandrov, a Russian who was undoubtedly effected by the cult of Stalin. We can see this in the first line of the extract "Stalin is the genius, the leader and teacher… captain of army's…" Stalin is described as the "Lenin of today" , Lenin of course saving Russia. This source shows how Stalin was seen by his people, because it was written by a soviet under the influence of Stalins propaganda, therefore only commenting on the good side of Stalin. This source does not give any bad points at all about Stalin, due to the propaganda used, and it also does not show any of his achievements. This may be because they felt that Stalin was so popular that he didn't need to list his achievements to be great. This source was written close to the death of Stalin, and gives us no information about how people felt when Stalin first stepped up.

Source E is an extract from a British newspaper, the guardian, the day after Stalin died. Even though most British people hated Stalin, the newspaper gives a fair view, and gives a reason from both points of view, but leans more towards Stalins favour. It says that he transformed Russia from a backward country into a major world power, which is a magnificent achievement. The source may have been a bit biased towards Stalin because it was the day after he had died, and they felt sympathetic towards him, but this is highly unlikely. The only downside to the source is that it gives no clue whether Stalins people supported him or not, but we could answer yes to this question because if British people are supporting him, surely his own country would be supporting him as well. It gives his achievements and his downsides, which makes it an unbiased source, and this helps us understand that even though his fans knew that Stalin wasn't perfect, they were still willing to follow him.

Custom Essays on Stalin's Rule Coursework 2 Question 3 – "Throughout his rule of the USSR, Stalin retained the support of the Russian people"- Is there sufficient evidence in Sources A to H to support this interpretation?

Source G is a photograph of Stalins 70th birthday celebration, it shows millions of people gathering to celebrate Stalin. This is useful because it shows us how many people came to celebrate Stalin out of their own choice, without anyone forcing them too. This source has many disadvantages though, on the colour version of the picture, the crowd look quite false, and even if this is an unedited photo, it only shows 1 town, the celebrations might not have been as widespread as the source makes out. This source could be linked to source B, because it is another example of Stalins propaganda, in this photo he has made himself look superior to the public.

Looking at all the knowledge I have gained, it seems that Stalin did have lots of supporters, but whereas most of his support was gained through propaganda, the cult of Stalin, and tricks, only a small percentage were supporters because of his actions. The evident truth about Stalin was that he was not a very nice person, who found himself to be above everyone else, he used to kill all his enemies, and labour his workers, as we will now find out. I will now look at all the sources that oppose Stalin.

Source D is the first source that disagrees with him. It is a French poster, used to steer people away from the cult of Stalin. It pictures Stalin leaning against a building, with slaves at gunpoint, dragging huge blocks that are twice as tall as the slaves. This source shows Stalin as a violent dictator, who only did things when he could see what was in it for him. The fact that we know about the purges and secret police supports this source. Stalin controlled most of his workers through forced labour, as this source suggests. Workers were also threatened by the fact that if they did not work to a good enough level they lost their homes, money, and everything else, so this source could be classed as true, but we are deterred by the fact that it is produced in France, so it is most likely to be biased, because the French government were scared of communism and wanted to deter it in as many ways as possible. The downside to this source is that it does not show the upsides of Stalin, and how he rewarded hard workers (stackanovites). This is an example of French propaganda, which is anti Stalin instead or for Stalin. This source was written in Stalins early rule, so they knew nothing about Stalins success of the 5 year plans, which happened later on in his career.

Source H is a speech written by a member of the communist party, years after Stalins death. It describes Stalin in the worst possible light, calling him brutal, violent, and distrustful. It talks about the way he used propaganda to his own advantage, which can be seen in the other sources. All of the evidence against Stalin in this source, can be found in other sources, e.g. use of propaganda, the cult of Stalin. This source shows us that in his later years, Stalin did not have as much support as he had at the height of his career, and that even though he removed his opposition, he still had opposition within his own party. Although because a communist wrote this, it has little chance of being biased, they are more likely to tell the truth, but we must take in mind that this is only 1 persons opinion within the party, there would be people arguing against the person who wrote the speech.

Source F is different to all the others, it is written by Stalins own daughter. She is totally unbiased, and just describes how he used his power to get to the top. She describes his rule as a "bloodbath of absolute dictatorship" but she also says that he was neither insane nor mislead. She says that he had the support of Russia, but only gained I through evil doings and propaganda. This is backed up by lots of the other sources, and things that Stalin did, such as the purges.

Looking at all the sources and evidence I have looked at, I think that I can come to the conclusion that yes, throughout Stalins dictatorship, he was widely supported, but most of this came from his propaganda and the cult of Stalin, and very few people were actually following Stalin for the achievements he did. We must also comment on the fact that we do not have any evidence to tell us whether or not the cult of Stalin continued after he died.

Please note that this sample paper on Stalin's Rule Coursework 2 Question 3 – "Throughout his rule of the USSR, Stalin retained the support of the Russian people"- Is there sufficient evidence in Sources A to H to support this interpretation? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Stalin's Rule Coursework 2 Question 3 – "Throughout his rule of the USSR, Stalin retained the support of the Russian people"- Is there sufficient evidence in Sources A to H to support this interpretation?, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Stalin's Rule Coursework 2 Question 3 – "Throughout his rule of the USSR, Stalin retained the support of the Russian people"- Is there sufficient evidence in Sources A to H to support this interpretation? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Iraq War Resolution

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The Iraq War Resolution

Authorization for Use of Military Force against Iraq Resolution of 00

General Purpose Congressional/Presidential Resolution with Iraq/Saddam Hussein

Specific Purpose To inform

Buy The Iraq War Resolution term paper

Thesis To inform my audience of current events involving Iraq and its President Saddam Hussein, including Congressional/Presidential decisions and world opinions on the matter of military action to enforce UN resolutions.

Attention Getting "Those who chose to live in denial may eventually be forced to live in fear,"

Introduction

These words were addressed by President Bush as he signed the Iraq War Resolution, a resolution that entitled him to use military power in Iraq. A resolution that Congress and the House of Representatives, after careful deliberation, passed overwhelmingly, determining that Iraq's persistence to defy United Nation resolutions needed to be dealt with. UN resolutions that Iraq agreed to as far back as 11 when they lost the Gulf War, and have spent the last decade breaking.

What powers have Congress given the President in the Iraq War Resolution? We'll look into that

Why have Congress and the House of Representatives called Iraq "a threat to national security" and have decided to force Iraq to abide to UN resolutions "by any means possible"? Is it a little harsh? We'll look into that also.

And what is the UNs' view on America's decision to use, if necessary, military power to force Iraq to follow these UN resolutions, and what stance have countries taken in this predicament. By golly, we're gonna look into that too.

Transition

Because this threat involving the US and Iraq is real, and Iraq is a force that Bush declared in an address to the UN as "a grave and gathering danger."

Body

I. The joint resolution that Congress passed, cited as the "Authorization for Use of Military Force against Iraq Resolution of 00" gives Bush power to use the military, as well as guidelines to follow limiting this power.

A. Congress entitled the President with the power to use military force in the case

1. To defend national security of the United States against a continuing threat posed against Iraq

. To enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions

B. The President must inform Congress and the House of Representatives an attack on Iraq 48 hours after the attack

1. Some argue that to give the right to the President to launch a war with Iraq and not have to tell Congress or the House about it for 48 powers gives the President too much power and is unconstitutional

C. But, accusations of its unconstitutional nature have been brushed aside by politicians, given that the Senate requires the President to site after these 48 hours that further diplomatic negotiations wouldn't protect the national security of the US or accomplish the enforcement of all UN Security Council resolutions, emphasized as the second most important thing to the safety of America.

II. Iraq has broken every resolution that the UN Security Council had created after Desert Storm.

A. Congress reported that in 11, the UN Security Council Resolution 688, demanded that the Iraqi regime cease the repression of its own people. This has not happened. The UN Commission on Human Rights found tens of thousands of political opponents and ordinary citizens have been subjected to arbitrary arrest and imprisonment, summary execution, and torture by beating and burning, electric shock, starvation, mutilation, and rape. Wives are tortured in front of their husbands, children in the presence of their parents.

B. Congress reported that in 11, the UN Security Council Resolution 687, demanded that Iraq renounce all involvement with terrorism, and permit no terrorist organizations to operate in Iraq, yet Iraq continues to shelter and support terrorist organizations that direct violence against Iran, Israel, and Western governments. In 1, Iraq attempted to assassinate former President George Bush during a visit in Kuwait, and more recently the Iraqi government openly praised the attacks of September 11th, along with harboring al Qaeda terrorists that escaped from Afghanistan.

C. Congress reported that in 11, the Iraqi regime agreed to destroy all weapons of mass destruction and prove to the world it has done so by complying with rigorous inspections. Iraq agreed. From 11 to 15, the Iraqi regime clamed to have no biological weapons. A defected senior official of the Iraqi regime exposed this as a lie, and the regime admitted to producing tens of thousands of liters of anthrax and other deadly biological agents. As far as letting UN inspectors access to verify Iraq's commitment to rid itself, well, Iraq broke its promise, spending 7 years deceiving, evading, and harassing UN inspectors before ceasing cooperation with them entirely

1. The UN Security Council demanded that Iraq fully cooperate with inspectors twice in 11, once in 14, twice in 16, three times in 17, three times in 18, and once in 1, before UN inspectors were forced out.

. President Bush said in his speech to the UN "It's been almost four years since the last UN inspectors set foot in Iraq, four years for the Iraqi regime to plan, and to build, and to test behind the cloak of secrecy"

Transition There is no doubt that Iraq defies the resolutions they had agreed to in 11, and their consistency to disregard the UN brings the question regarding other countries' opinions and support for America's military backed resolution.

III. There has been a variety of reactions to the Iraq War Resolution passed by Congress and the House, from different countries and the UN

A. Yahoo! News reports that among those that support the US include Bulgaria who has anted up an airport, Romania who has guaranteed air bases and airspace rights to US fighter jets, Qatar who is letting the Pentagon set up a command center and pre-position armored brigade equipment there, as well as the unconditional support of Australia, Poland, and Spain.

B. Yahoo news also reports that among those that criticize America's Iraq resolution supporting war to enforce UN resolutions include Tunisia's UN Noureddine Mejdoub, who says, "This war is useless because its motives are not well-founded, and because UN inspectors have been expected in Baghdad since Sept. 17th to accomplish their mission."

C. Baghdad's UN ambassador Mohammed Aldouri, among claiming that his country wasn't guilty of any accusations made by the US, was quoted in saying, "The American people do not want the inspectors to come back because if they did, they will prove the Americans have been repeating one lie after another, one allegation after another."

Conclusion

And the conflict continues each day, as America proves through its passing of the Iraq War Resolution that it is tired of playing dangerous games with Saddam Hussein, and has taken steps toward solving Iraq's deliberate attempts to slither its way out of one UN resolution after another. Congress is convinced that Iraq is potential threat to national security, and that Congress will no longer tolerate such insubordination. Can this conflict be resolved without military action? As President Bush said in its remarks to the UN,

"If the Iraqi regime wishes peace, it will immediately and unconditionally forswear, disclose, and remove or destroy all weapons of mass destruction, long-ranged missiles, and all related material."

"If the Iraqi regime wishes peace, it will immediately end all support for terrorism and act to suppress it"

"If the Iraqi regime wishes peace, it will cease persecution of its civilian population."

For as President Bush concluded his speech as he signed the Iraq War Resolution, "The broad resolve of our government is now clear to all, clear to everyone to see We will defend our nation, and lead others in defending the peace."

Please note that this sample paper on The Iraq War Resolution is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Iraq War Resolution, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Iraq War Resolution will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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