Phi Theta Kappa Helps Others

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Cans for Kids A Phi Chapter Project

"Touch a heart, warm a hand, give a can"

· Tonight, within miles of you, a child, an elderly person, or someone ill will go to bed hungry.

Cans for Kids aims to address the real societal issue of hunger. "Most food donation activities occur during the holiday seasons. Project Graduation picks up in the summer, when service agency resources are lagging. Using an established community event - college commencements - the program has the perfect venue for collecting donations. Tapping this resource and providing commencement attendees an avenue through which to give back to their communities, Cans for Kids service project increases the number of materials available to organizations struggling to meet the high demand during this period of shortage.

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According to a United States Department of Agriculture report in March 000, eight million Americans go to bed - and wake up - hungry. In our supposedly prosperous nation, one in ten households do not have enough food to meet their daily basic needs. An additional million Americans are food insecure, meaning they have inadequate food supplies and are at risk of going hungry. Although food distribution agencies are located throughout the country, they are unable to accommodate the rising demands of a needy populace, many of whom are children.

Since 18, pantries, food kitchens, and shelters have reported a dramatic increase in the number of people needing assistance. Fueling this mounting problem are the nations elderly; due to health problems, fixed incomes, and high prescription drug costs, many in the growing elderly population are forced to use emergency food assistance. At the other end of the age spectrum, more than one quarter of a million children are lining up in soup kitchens for their meals. The demands have resulted in critical food shortages for the service agencies. In a recent report, an average of 6.% of community programs cited shortages of cereal, rice, and pasta products, and some 18.% of agencies polled said they needed more canned foods to be able to serve the people depending on them for food. Many of the service programs have resorted to rationing the available food" (www.ptk.org).

Weatherford College's Phi Chapter congratulates the graduating class of Spring 00. Since kindergarten, other people have helped them to become who they are today by providing different needs for their lives, and Phi Theta Kappa would like to give them the chance to help others. What better way to start a new chapter of their lives than by helping others?

All we're asking graduates (and their friends and family members) to do is bring a canned good (or , or , or a whole bagful) to graduation. Phi Theta Kappa members will be waiting for the donations in the lobby. After collecting all cans, we will donate them to a local charity.

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To what extent do thinking and language develop separately.

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The interrelation between thinking and language can be considered in three possible ways. Firstly, language detemines thinking. Secondly, thinking determines linguistic developement. Finally, thinking and language begin independently but eventually interact to determine interllectual and social development. Before examining these propositions it would seem necessary to define the main concepts. Many everyday concepts become very complex when it comes to a concise definition and in psychology it depends who is defining them. A general and hopefully neutral definition of thinking is; any covert cognitive or conscious mental manipulation of ideas, images, symbols, words, propositions, memories,concepts, perceptions, beliefs or intentions(1). Language is the use, vocally or sub vocally, of a system of arbitrary conventional symbols by which we convey meaning.

The linguistic relativity hypothesis was put forward independently in the 10s by Whorf and by Sapir. This hypothesis claimed that language determined thought and peoples perceptions of the world. Empirical evidence such as Hopi indians lack of past and future tense verbs, or Eskimos plethora of words to describe snow was given in support of the theory.

The lack of time related verbs could be explained by the lifestyle of the Hopi, or rather advanced societies preocupation with time. Eskimos reliance on understanding snow must play a part in their language construction(how many words do we have to describe vehicles). The fact that Hopi or Eskimo can be translated into english illustrates a basic commonality, every culture knows what water, sky, air, food are. Human needs and basic desires must be the same across most cultures.

The Whorf-Sapir hypothesis is wrong to assume that language determines thought processes. Thought processes can occur when language is absent. There are five cases in history of powerful rulers instigating experiments to test this. The most well documented case was that of Akbar, Mogul Emperor of India(154-1605). Twenty to thirty infants were interred with silent caretakers for fourteen years, none of the children developed language but they had adopted a gesture system to convey their thoughts and announce their needs.(Campbell and Grieve 18). Feldman(et al.)(178), investigated six congenitally deaf children in Philadelphia, where the authorities had instructed the parents not to gesture to them formally or informally(lest this interfere with their motivation to aquire language--their theory!!). Deprived of speech and signing, they developed their own gesture communication system, they could combine gestures to make short gramatical statements at about the same age as normal children could construct two word utterances. William James(180) cites the case of a Mr Ballard, a deaf-mute instructor at Washington National College. Mr Ballard travelled the world extensivly with his father in his childhood before he recieved any communication training. He could recall in his isolation thinking about the origins of the world and mankind and many other concepts.

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Thought can exist without language and there are many activities which demand a high level of cognition but do not require any language at all e.g. painting, or whistling tunes. Language needs thought but this is not the end.

The possibility that thinking determined linguistic development was implicit in many of the theories of the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget one of the leading figures in developmental psychology.

Piaget provided a great insight into childrens thinking. Piagets theory gives us stages from which the child must progress with its thinking. In the sensori-motor stage, basic thoughts appear after a reflex stage. In the pre-operational stage thought based operations occur. Planned behaviour begins in the concrete operations stage, with the ability to reflect on these behaviours. Abstract thought is possible in the formal operations stage and the ability to imagine what others may think.

Piaget did not place as much stress on language aquisition as other theorists. Piaget recognised the importance of language but preferred to consider language as part of an larger concept Semiotic function, this also includes imagery, role- play, gesture, drawing, etc. He decided that as language was a part of semiotic function then it must develop later than thought but language profoundly transforms thought by allowing for more advanced conceptualization.

The lack of emphasis on language by Piaget may have contributed to the re-evaluation of his work by Margret Donaldson. In her book Childrens Minds(178) she revisits some of Piagets famous experiments. The Three Mountain experiment, to test a childs ability to decentre and conservation experiments, to examine if a child could carry out reverse thinking(remembering how something was and relating it to how it is). Donaldson redesigned these experiments or reworded the instructions or rearranged the conservation material accidentally. Donaldson et al(175) obtained much better results than Piaget. Their explanation was that they had used experiments that made human sense. They had used concepts and language related to the testees ages. This illustrates that communication must be in context. Further, Donaldson states that the adult testers with experience of language and context unknowingly confuse the child. The point of Donaldsons argument is that Piaget believed that children and adults understood words and their meanings in the same way but as illustrated by her research this clearly is not so. Older children therefore conserve not because of a cognitive shift from stage to stage, but they have developed both their thought and language in conjunction with adults, until the context and meanings are understood.

The above conclusion by Donaldson brings us to the third possibility of the interrelation of thought and language. This can be shown in the works of Lev Vygotsky, the Russian psychologist.

Though very little evidence was put forward, Vygotsky decided that language and thought developed seperately. Further, Vygotsky called language without thought social speech, a reflection of received speech, and a required reaction to others. At the same time infants were developing primitive ways of thinking and reasoning, without language.

Both Vygotsky and Piaget both agreed on the age of two years when language and thinking come together. Words begin to act as symbols and the child can begin to use words to explore its own and others thoughts. The interaction with others is the main thread of Vygotskys theory, and the development of language interacts with that of thinking. Alexander Luria was a pupil of Vygotsky and made a major contribution to the understanding of brain function. Luria demonstrated the regulative function of language in a series of experiments with childrens motor responses to coloured lights. Initially the child followed an adults instruction, eventually the child directed herself with overt speech, the language acting as a regulator of actions. At about five years of age the actions were carried out in silence, presumably the speech had become internalized and the language and thought becomes one (Luria 161). Another important theory put forward by the Vygotskian school is social cognition. Social cognition is the ability to reflect on our own and others thoughts, to put ourselves in the mental position of others. The importance of social cognition in daily communication(the resultant of thought and language) can be demonstrated by people who have a deficit in it. One of the characteristics of Autism is the deficit in conceptual role-taking(thinking yourself in anothers position) ( Baron-Cohen 18b). This deficit manifests itself in the awkward communication of autistic people. Similarly, many autistic people cannot comprehend turn-taking another crucial element in verbal communication.

Thought can exist alone but it is an impoverished system. Language embelishes the system and the more sophisticated the society the higher level of communication is needed the more expressive a language must become. Deep and expansive thought is only possible with the enabling quality of language. Whorfs evidence was from less developed societies, the members of which when inculcated in a more advanced society soon adapt to that way of thought. Piaget gave us a deep and expansive theory of child development but in placing less emphasis on language ignored an important part of the equation. Vygotskys position strikes a balance between the polerized views of Whorf and Piaget. Vygotsky and his followers e.g. Luria and Brunner have given us a theory emphasising social factors in the development of thought and language and a concept of Social Cognition which seems to be the direction of research at present.

(1) Penguin Dictionary of Psychology. A.S.Reber 185

-Feldman, Goldin-Medow and Glietman....Action, gesture and symbolthe emergence of language. 178.

-Campbell and Greive......Historiographia Linguistica...18

The Above two from..The Psychology of Language and Communication.

Ellis and Beattie...186

-James.W...... Principals of Psychology.....180

-Donaldson. M. ...Childrens Minds....175.

-Baron-Cohen. S...From O.U. Introduction to Psychology..11

Ed. I.Roth.

-Luria.A.R. .....Speech and regulation of behaviour..161

FromIntroduction to Psychology-an Integrated approach...Lloyd and Mayes..184

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How much does the character of Gertrude Lodge change as the story unfolds?

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Gertrude Lodge is one of the main characters in the ‘Withered Arm' and as the story unfolds her character changes dramatically. We see Gertrude change from a kind, loving, beautiful lady, to a suspicious, deceitful, desperate, bitter women.

She enters the story as the nineteen-year-old bride of Farmer Lodge. Although little more than a girl, Gertrude is mature and ‘a lady complete,' and immediately on her arrival in the village sets about the duties of the bosses wife by bringing gifts to the poorer people in the parish. She is, however, timid by nature, and has a natural shyness, as is shown by the ordeal of her first public appearance in church.

At the beginning of the story, Gertrude is a well-presented lady with a future of prosperity ahead of her. She is well educated and of a well spoken family. She is very pretty; ‘her face too fresh in colour, but it was of totally different quality soft and evanescent, like the light under a heap of rose petals.' She is young, ‘her hair is lightish, and her face as comely as a live doll's.'

Rhoda, one of the milkers, is very fond of Farmer Lodge. She had his son, and uses him to find out more about his wife, Gertrude. One night, Rhoda has a nightmare. She dreams about Gertrude being dressed in fine clothes but looking ugly, old and demonised. She comes to mock Rhoda. Gertrude's apparition almost suffocates her, and Rhoda is forced to throw her to the ground. Rhoda awakes thinking that everything she dreamt was real. This dream of Rhoda's is what changes Gertrude for the worst, as we see a massive change from the loving character se once was to a bitter, somewhat evil women. However, Gertrude change is not instant. It unfolds throughout the story.

Gertrude is known to be a very kind and helpful women towards Rhoda's son. She visits them at the small cottage isolated in the woods, out of kindness to give the boy some new shoes. ‘In her Basket Mrs. Lodge brought the pair of boots that she had promised to the boy, and other useful artiles.' When Rhoda meets Gertrude, she responds readily to her ‘sweet voice and winning glance' and quickly forms a good relationship with her, which limits on affection. They become close and create a strong relationship. Rhoda is astonished at how kind Gertrude is. Gertrude continues to visit them everyday portraying her affection and kindness.

One day, Gertrude finds a strange occurrence on her arm. It begins to become withered and old looking. When the blight first appears on her arm Gertrudes enlightened and educated mind accepts it as a natural misfortune. Although blessed with good looks she is not vain, for she confides to Rhoda that she herself ‘does not much mind it.' But she does mind the effect that she thinks it has on Farmer Lodge. When Rhonda sees her arm, he dream comes backs to her. Gertrude also sees that Farmer Lodge's attitude towards her is changing, as his affection is not as deep. This does not help Gertrude overcome her troubles, it just makes them worse. Her attention from trying to help others and being a carefree lady changes to the obsession of her withered arm. When the suggestion to visit Conjurer Trendle is first made, Gertrude rejects the idea out of hand as superstitious nonsense. During the following five years Gertrude's interest in her arm declines into a fixation, and she becomes ‘irritable and superstitious,' seeking a cure in the wildest of remedies from herbs to black magic. Her pursuit of a cure leads to considerable single-mindedness and a strength of purpose.

Her attitude changes so much towards addressing everyone that she becomes a one women force, learning that she is unable to trust anyone. She is astute enough to realise that personal appearance is very important to her husband and she begins to fear losing his love. Her suspicion grows inside when she sees all the possible doctors there are, and her arm is still not cured, instead the conditions worsens. This brings out the desperation in her and she builds up a lot of anger in herself. She then asks Rhoda to guide her to Conjuror Trendle, whom she had first rejected. He has supernatural powers of ‘white wizard', she believes that he is able to cure this act of witchcraft that is upon her. She goes to see him and he is able to show her the face that did this and to tell her that this injury does not have a physical cause. When she sees the face she emerges pale and shaken, looking older. This face changes the manner in which she shows towards Rhoda, each of them becoming more distant and bitter.

We can see that this change in character has occurred after seeing this face in the egg white. Gertrude becomes bitter and twisted seeing that Farmer Lodge's interest in her has changed dramatically. This makes Gertrude more and more desperate to find a cure. She starts to lose all power in her arm this forcing her to return back to Trendall.

She goes again to Trendall showing her obsession with magic has deepened and that all her care is focused towards the curing of her arm. Trendall say's that seeming that nothing has worked the only thing possible to do is to touch a dead man who has been hung. She portrays herself as being able to do anything if it will cure her arm. The change in her character this far is terrible already and worse is to come.

An encounter which proves altogether too much for her delicate vitality. Gertrudes unfortunate but natural affliction becomes, for Rhoda, a source of guilt fed by superstition and her own unhappiness. Gertrudes fear of losing Lodges love displaces her natural reason and deteriorates into an obsession.

Although she loves her husband, Gertrude is distanced from him by age and her irrational fears, and is unable to discuss the misery of her affliction calmly with him. She is tortured by the belief that the disappearance of the blight from the arm will re-generate her husbands interest in her, and she summons up all of her dwindling strength to face the awful contact with the freshly hanged corpse.

She is so desperate for a cure that she begins to wish for the death of someone. Here we can see she is portraying the evil side of her conscience, we see that she has got to the point where she is on the brink of committing suicide.

Finally when she hears about the death of someone in the village of Casterbridge and that her husband is leaving on a business trip, she sees the time is right, and once Farmer Lodge leaves, she set off too. When she arrives in the village of Casterbridge, she books into an inn and then out of pure desire she rushes to the ‘Hangman's' cottage to speak to the hangman known as Davies.

After discussions, he allows her to touch the body of the soon to be dead eighteen year old male the next day at a small fee. Once they agree that she can touch the body, she is relieved and knows all that awaits her is to touch the man and be cured.

The following day the young man is hung and he is brought to the back of the prison where Davies allows Gertrude to touch the body. As she touches him, she then looks at her arm and sees that it is cured. With great relief all her anxiety, desperation has gone.

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The Sociological Niche of Emile Durkheim's Suicide

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Despite the appearance of gradual development among Emile Durkheim's works, they might as well be considered as a single train of unified thoughts. When one contemplates his four greatest works, there lies the methodology and belief that all of our characteristics beyond that of the physiological aspect originated from, or are greatly influenced by society. This conviction is perhaps best illustrated in The Division of Labor in Society, wherein Durkheim chooses to focus on the method of interaction between people in the social order.

In essence, the division of labor is the separation of employment among workers according to the specialization that meets their needs. Durkheim's work is especially insightful because he is not merely interested in the division itself, but also in the social implications and changes that it would cause. He argues that as specialization increases, people become increasingly separated from one another. Their norms become different, interests are varied, and subcultures are formed. However, Durkheim does not believe that this specialization would lead to the collapse of the social order. His understanding is that the division of labor instead brought about a new kind of social order which is called organic solidarity. This is fundamentally a social order built on the interdependence of people in society. This concept was increasingly overshadowing that of mechanical solidarity, where members of the society are homogeneous such as the societal organization of tribes. Of course, this division is not without its problems. An industrial utopia does not form simply out of interdependence, because specialization can set people not only apart, but against each other. Interests often collide and conflicts will always exist. Durkheim himself does not believe that the changes happening around him as a result of industrialization would bring about total harmony, but he does note that though specialization sets us apart, it also binds us together in certain ways. Hence, the division of labor will always be one of the most important concepts in understanding societies and is the foundation upon which most sociological thought is built upon.

This notion is particularly evident in Durkheim's third major work entitled Suicide. Recognized as an application of his sociological method, Suicide forms a practical explanation and application of his theories, originally set out in The Rules of Sociological Method. In his aim to establish sociological autonomy, Durkheim considers society as more than just the individuals who constitute that society, believing in the ability to explain individual action in terms of society as a whole. He sees suicide as one of the most private acts an individual could perform, and were it therefore possible to explain that action in terms of society, his theory about sociological analysis would stand. Upon analyzing the text, I feel that it is not able to wholly explain the issue it addresses; yet as a practical application of the method elaborated in The Rules, it is a certified success.

I believe that when Durkheim tries to free the study of society from laymans concepts, and replace them with more scientific ones, he is aspiring to define Sociology as a science comparable to the physical sciences like biology and chemistry. Durkheim applies empirical research and analysis in the new sociological method of which it plays a large role in Suicide. Although this has been done before, perhaps the innovation then is in Durkheims application of his conception of sociological method to the statistics in order to explain suicide.

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Of equal importance to his methodology, Durkheim draws theoretical conclusions on the social causes of suicide. He proposes four types of suicide, based on the degrees of imbalance of two social forces social integration and moral regulation. Egoistic suicide results from too little social integration. Those individuals who are not sufficiently bound to social groups are left with little support or guidance, and therefore tend to commit suicide on an increased basis. An example Durkheim discovers was that of unmarried people, particularly males, who, with less to bind and connect them to stable social norms and goals, commit suicide at higher rates than unmarried people. The second type, Altruistic suicide, is a result of too much integration. It occurs at the opposite end of the integration scale as egoistic suicide. Self-sacrifice is the defining trait, where individuals are so integrated into social groups that they lose sight of their individuality and become willing to sacrifice themselves to the groups interests, even if that sacrifice are their own lives. The most common cases of altruistic suicide occur among members of the military.

On the second scale of moral regulation lie the other two forms of suicide, the first of which is Anomic suicide, located on the low end. Anomic suicide is of particular interest to Durkheim, for he divides it into four categories. Acute economic anomie refers to sporadic decreases in the ability of traditional institutions such as religion, to regulate and fulfill social needs. Chronic economic anomie is the long-term diminution of social regulation. Durkheim identifies this type with the ongoing industrial revolution, which eroded traditional social regulators and often failed to replace them. Acute domestic anomie are the sudden changes on the micro-social level which result in an inability to adapt and therefore higher suicide rates. Widowhood is a prime example of this type of anomie. Lastly, Chronic domestic anomie refers to the way marriage as an institution regulated the sexual and behavioral balance among men and women. The final type of suicide is fatalistic suicide. This type Durkheim only briefly describes, seeing it as a rare phenomena in the real world. Examples include those with over-regulated, unrewarding lives such as slaves and childless married women.

In the context of a Philippine setting, one could consider the parameters and data which were published by Durkheim in concluding that compared to other countries, relatively few Filipinos commit suicide. According to Durkheim, even natural factors such as climate tend to work socially, and in effect trigger the social factors related to suicide. An example of this would be religion. Generally, as a predominantly Catholic nation, there are more suicide cases in a country where most people are Protestants or a nation such as Japan. And yet religion is not a real factor in itself because almost every religious doctrine condemns suicide or murder. For us Filipinos then, it must be the social organization we have grown accustomed to as Roman Catholics, where there is a higher level of integration compared to Protestantism. Moreover, Durkheim considers family as another factor. Filipino culture is essentially centered on that, with emphasis on notions such as extended family, filial obligation and the sinfulness of contraceptives. Since the degree of integration of family structure is related in the same way to suicides, those in larger families are less likely to commit suicide, whereas those in smaller families, or single, are more likely. In general, applying Durkheim's theories could help us grasp a better comprehension of the realities we have to deal with day after day. This does not necessarily equate to an understanding of Filipino suicide cases, but of how our society has evolved to become such a major factor in our lives that it affects even our most seemingly personal and psychological processes.

Despite his innovative methods, I feel that Durkheim's major faults are on a number of quite crucial points. A notable factor that Durkheim discusses in the first chapter of his work is his dismissal of non-social influences on suicide. He considers these factors independently as part of an argument by elimination. He reasoning was that as suicide rates did not show a parallelism to any one factor, the explanation must lie in social facts alone. This, at best, is a tenuous assumption and one that could certainly have a detrimental effect on the validity of his application.

Furthermore, the use of statistics in the application of his method owed a great deal to the number of statisticians who had written them before him. Virtually the entire basis of Suicide rests on these statistics, yet Durkheim mentions nothing as to the validity of official data, nor their usefulness in the study of suicide. The accuracy of his data can be questioned, not only due to the inadequacies of data collection and analyses at the time of his writing, but also at the level of determination of a suicide by a coroner.

This problem is best considered alongside another of Durkheims faults which is his rejection of motive as an important factor. I believe that in times of doubt it is also important as to what the police, jurors and coroners think happened to the victim. It is therefore evident that the official statistics for suicide, and for his theories, are mostly based upon the perceptions and intuitions of fallible human beings.

However, I do not believe Durkheims sole reason for writing the text is for it to be an explanation of suicide; instead he uses it as a tool for the demonstration of his new method. The importance of this text lies in the application of a social theory to a complex phenomenon. Despite his limitationss, Durkheim was able to establish the autonomy of his discipline and that is where, I believe, the true sociological value of Suicide is revealed.

Please note that this sample paper on The Sociological Niche of Emile Durkheim's Suicide is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Sociological Niche of Emile Durkheim's Suicide, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Sociological Niche of Emile Durkheim's Suicide will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Basic Elements Can Have Advanced Effects On Interpretation

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Basic Elements Can Have Advanced Effects On Interpretation, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Basic Elements Can Have Advanced Effects On Interpretation paper at affordable prices! Aaron Allison

English Composition II

Mr. Todd Sukany

1 May 00

Basic Elements Can Have Advanced Effects On Interpretation

A poem is only appreciated as well as it is interpreted. Poets apply and use different elements to affect the interpretations of a particular poem. In "Mirror" and "To A Daughter Leaving Home," the poets of each of these poems use the elements of imagery, tone, and symbolism to mold the way their reader decodes the message of their poems.

Imagery is a widely used literary tool in all forms of poetry. A reader can appreciate imagery because it is a representation of something they can recognize using one of the five senses (Sagan ). Imagery is a very basic concept to comprehend in literature, and that is why it is easy for the reader to recognize an object, a taste, smell, or sound and attribute meaning to it. Poets can use imagery to either define a concrete meaning in their poetry, or to perhaps entail a hidden meaning lying in a simile or metaphor. In "Mirror," the poet uses metaphors to directly relate what the mirror is saying about itself (Plath 74). In the first stanza, the mirror claims to be the four-cornered eye of a god, something that reflects not cruelty, but truth; the mirror states in the second stanza that it has become a lake. The reader may associate a relationship in the first stanza that the mirror is an idol that is worshipped, and therefore is like a god, or in the second stanza, when it states ‘I am now a lake,' a mental image of a vast body of water surges in the reader's mind, perhaps used to drown something in. In "To A Daughter Leaving Home," the poet uses the entire poem (as in a mental image or snapshot) as a memory of a happier time (Pastan 4). Imagery is very important in this poem because it is told as a fond memory; the reader actually gets to see what the poet is thinking because the poet puts the reader into her own unique mindset. The images used bring very concrete meanings to the forefront of the reader's mind; the only ‘hidden' meaning found in this poem is a simile found in the last five lines, "the hair flapping behind you like a handkerchief waving goodbye," and the poet makes sure that not only is this simile easy to understand, but it correlates well with the title of the poem as well, and interconnects the meaning of both the title and the memory. Imagery is a powerful tool that can bring meaning to almost every word in a poem.

Symbolism is also a powerful tool used by many poets, and can incorporate multiple meanings with images to create deeper interpretations. The reader should not necessarily define symbolism as the use of similes or metaphors (Miller 4). Symbols not only make comparisons of two dissimilar things, but the association established in the two dissimilar things yields a meaning that is both literal and figurative (4). The double entendre presented here usually is obvious to the reader, but sometimes is meant for a select few, as in a specified audience. Symbols can be used in terms of making various points to the reader throughout the poem, or simply using the poem as one large symbol for the reader to associate a meaning to. Quentin Miller, of Suffolk University, sums up the function and meaning of symbols as thus,

A symbol works two ways It is something itself, and it also suggests something deeper. …No symbols have absolute meanings, and, by their nature, we cannot read them at face value. Rather than beginning an inquiry into symbols by asking what they mean, it is better to begin by asking what they could mean, or what they have meant. (4)

In "Mirror," the mirror states that in her, a woman "…has drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman rises toward her day after day…" (Plath 74). The mirror uses the previously stated lake metaphor as a means to create a symbol of the aging process. The process is showed as being slow and gradual, in terms of occurring day by day, but still shows the aging of a young girl maturing into an old woman. In "To A Daughter Leaving Home," the girl in the poem leaves her mother behind for the first time as she rides solo on her bicycle (Pastan 5). The memory in the poem is used to create a past symbol of what is occurring at the present time of the writing of the poem, the daughter is now grown up and leaving home. The analogy of the bicycle ride is very important in its symbolic nature of what is occurring at the time of the poem's writing; mother and daughter were riding together on the park path until the daughter realized she could be just fine on her own, and now she is leaving her mother's protection to live her life out on her own. Symbolism is an effective literary tool in that it gives a very important figurative meaning to what would otherwise be considered a literal interpretation.

Tone is also a powerful tool in conveying the correct interpretation to the reader. Tone, in essence, is the attitude of the poet, or speaker, about the subject. When the reader reads the poem, the implied tone used to write the words on the page will become apparent by creating a mood in the mind of the reader (Hammer 75-6). Poets, like actors or singers, can write or say the same phrase in many different ways to get across different meanings (Kennedy 11). The meaning of the literature can be totally lost if either the wrong tone is used, or the correct tone did not get across to the reader. In "Mirror," the speaker is the mirror itself, reflecting on what it has done over the last several years in the house it has been hung in (Plath 74). The tone of this poem is reflective (just like a mirror) and somewhat sad, but not regretful. The tone used by the mirror produces the idea to the reader that the mirror has feelings, but does not let them affect what the mirror believes is the truth, that the mirror refuses to be biased towards anything. In "To A Daughter Leaving Home," the speaker is the mother, reflecting on a memory of her and her daughter together (Pastan 4). The tone of this poem is also reflective, sad, and not regretful either. The mother is in essence reminding her daughter that she is ready to leave her mother's side and begin her new independent life away from home, and the tone used conveys a message of a sort of "remember when" style. The tone used in a poem can have a direct effect on what the reader determines is the meaning of the poem.

Tone, symbolism, and imagery are all integral parts of the interpretations of both "Mirror" and "To A Daughter Leaving Home." Combining these elements together allows the reader to understand the meaning of the poem that the writer had originally intended. Unlocking the writer's true meaning of the poem is the reader's key to appreciating all of the intricacies found therein.

Works Cited

Sagan, Miriam. "Stalking the Poetic Image." Writer 106. (1) .

Plath, Sylvia. "Mirror." Literature Structure, Sound, and Sense. Ed. Thomas R. Arp. Washington, D.C.

International Thomson Publishing, 1. 74.

Pastan, Linda. "To A Daughter Leaving Home." Literature Structure, Sound, and Sense. Ed. Thomas R.

Arp. Washington, D.C. International Thomson Publishing, 1. 4-5.

Miller, Quentin, Suffolk University. 1 May 00.

http//bcs.bedfordmartins.com/Virtualit/poetry/elements.html.

Hammer, Langdon. "Frank Bidart and the Tone of Contemporary Poetry." Southwest

Review 87.1 (00) 75 1.

Kennedy, X. J., ed. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 4th ed. Boston Little,

Brown, and Company, 187.

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Drug Abuse

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The word drug is defined as any substance, other than food, that can affect the body and or mind in any way. Drugs are used in every culture in the world. There are hundreds of types of drugs, each of which affect the bodies' nervous system in its own way, whether good or bad. Some drugs are developed for medical uses and are approved by the federal government before they are available to the public. The drugs are legal if taken by the one that they are prescribed to. Some drugs are made up of various chemicals which have altered affects on the body. These drugs include the ever so popular names such as Cocaine, Crack, PSP, Ice, and LSD. These drugs illegally produced usually under poor circumstances and of cheep and dangerous household cleaning products. Not all drugs are illegal. These drugs include tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, and several other everyday items. All drugs can be abused.

According to Rosen, the author of Everything You Need to Know about Drug Abuse, the number one drug of choice in the United States is Alcohol. Alcohol is the most abused drug in the United States. Although illegal to drink if under the age of twenty-one, one out of every five teens has a drinking problem. This means that about million teens have trouble with alcohol. There are many types of drinks which have alcohol in them. They are divided into beer, wine, and liquor. Although they are divided into categories they still have the same potent ingredient in them, Ethel Alcohol. Ethel Alcohol when put into the body causes the brain to send mixed messages to the body. These mixed messages could make you angry or happy. These messages also could slur your speech, or make you stager when you walk. Alcohol not only effect the visible aspects of the body it also effect parts of the body that are unseen. It makes the blood vessels expand causing more blood to flow through the veins. This causes the body to loose heat and may cause one to freeze to death. The liver is also greatly affected by alcohol. The liver is an organ that is responsible for filtering the alcohol out of the blood and riding the body of it. The alcohol makes the liver work harder than normal this causes the liver cells to turn fatty and harden. Drinking for a long time can cause cirrhosis of the liver and could kill.

Tobacco is another American drug of choice. Tobacco is very addictive. Tobacco contains several agents that are dangerous. Nicotine is the most dangerous of them all. Nicotine has the ability to enter the blood stream faster than heroin. It affects the brain and central nervous system. Nicotine is a stimulant and a depressant. It stimulates the nerves in the spinal cord slowing reactors; it also affects the heart and lungs. The use of tobacco products over a period of time can cause physiological dependence this making it very difficult to stop using the product. The cost of tobacco is much more than just the price of a pack of "smokes." It is estimated that the cost of tobacco products cost the economy 1. million dollars in indirect cost. This is according to Dr. Dorothy Rice of the University of California.

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Race relations in american labor

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Ever since the beginning of American history, there have been tensions between the different races and ethnicities living in this land. When the first settlers came to America from Europe, all the different nationalities involved dealt with issues with each other and the Native Americans. Skipping ahead a couple hundred years, with the emergence of slavery, the problem with race relations, especially with blacks, reached a horrible peak. Luckily, the people of this country realized that slavery was a horrendous endeavor and it was abolished after a civil war was fought. From that point on, it seems that race relations would take a turn for the better. It has, but the truth is that many blacks in today's America make a good argument in stating that equality has not reached the level it should be. These problems with race relations have touched on every possible topic in American life. One very prevalent area where the problem with race relations has been obvious is labor. While today, it might not seem so, less than a hundred years ago, blacks were excluded from all aspects of labor including union membership, jobs, fair wages, and fair working conditions. Although all of the working class people had the basic problems of poor paying jobs and bad working conditions in common, race and ethnic problems remained prevalent and severely hampered the different races and ethnicities ability to work together to solve these problems as a group instead of as individuals working on their own. Three main contributing factors to this problem were the different wages paid to laborers, the ways in which these laborers were used, and the underlying fear of different races and ethnicities.

A problem that arises when there is a work shortage is obviously that people can't find jobs. This becomes even more of a problem when it is believed that employers are treating their employees unfairly. When thinking of unfair treatment of workers, two things usually come to mind. One is conditions and the other is pay. When looking at wage problems in America, in the early 100s, they can be directly linked to the sudden rise of unions America. Unions were thought of as a way for workers to be able to stand up against employers paying unfair wages. The problem that arose however was the fact that as a basic rule, minorities and especially blacks were paid lower wages than their white counterparts. That is of course when they were even allowed jobs. This imbalance in pay combined with the work shortages of the time produced a problem for unions, who would use strikes as their main weapons against companies. When workers would strike, companies could simply fire the workers and hire "scabs", who would work for less money then what was originally being paid to the union workers. As it turns out, the "scabs" were often times minorities and in many cases black. This in itself helped divide races from joining together to fight for their rights. Whites were often very resentful towards the blacks for taking their jobs, but the blacks and minorities were happy to simply find work. "We didn't understand why they (blacks) went to work when we were out, and I guess they couldn't trust the white people… We lost the union because of that and I didn't think we was ever going to have one again, not with so many coloreds in there." (Halpern, p.74-75) This statement was a white workers response to the Amalgamated Meat Cutters strike that was broken by the company's hiring of black workers to replace the white ones on strike.

Companies realized that hiring "scabs" was an effective way to break union strikes. After a strike was broken, employers often times would not hire the old employees back. When they did, they would often times be very vengeful in their treatment of the workers and in many cases cut wages of the strikers. This would often bring down more heat upon black laborers. Black workers inadvertently gave employers insurance against strikes and therefore weakened a union's effectiveness. In many cases, it was not only wage-problems that arose.

"Black workers were severely hobbled by racism. Employers fomented racial hatred by using blacks as strikebreakers, and the racism of white workers sometimes came back to haunt them. In 1886, for instance, white steelworkers at Steelton, Pennsylvania, founded a Jim Crow benevolent society, then turned around five years later and solicited black support in a strike, but were told by blacks, "we were not wanted at first and will not join under any circumstances."" (Laurie, p.1) Racism in America was already a very common thing, but with employers pitting white workers against blacks, matters only worsened as America went into the great depression. Even though racism was still prevalent in the twenties and thirties, voices of reason did ring out as early as the 180s. W.E.B. Du Bois, an African American sociologist and historian believed that, "Native-born and northern-European-derived workers enjoyed the "wages of whiteness"." (Zieger and Gall, p. 16) "Du Bois and other champions of racial and ethnic minorities concluded that the struggle of blacks for access to America's opportunities had to be conducted as much against a tenacious white working class as against employers." (Zieger and Gall, p.16) Unfortunately, racism was too far ingrained in American society for Du Bois' belief to gain wide-enough acceptance. Even when the point was reached that blacks were being accepted into unions, the division remained due to the lasting racial tensions. An example of this was Philip Weightman. He was a black hog butcher heavily involved in a union, who became a "scab" because of treatment by whites. "Yet during the 11- strike, Weightman crossed the Amalgamated's picket line and remained on the job, his initial enthusiasm for the organization destroyed by the Jim Crow treatment he received at the hands of white members." (Halpern, p.74) This is not to say that all blacks felt this way. Towards the 10s, blacks were beginning to break through the racial barrier, but the work was far from over. It seems that whites did however begin to realize that combining with blacks would help the overall labor movement. It seemed that people were finally starting to head the warnings of union man Samuel Gompers, "If we fail to organize and recognize the colored wage-workers we cannot blame them if they… frustrate our purposes… if common humanity will not prompt us to have their cooperation, an enlightened self-interest should." (Zieger and Gall, p.16) Racism from whites was still very common, and in the cases that whites were willing to organize with blacks to fight employers, that is often where the relationship ended. Many whites still felt that blacks were inferior and did not belong with whites.

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It seems that jobs and money were not the only reasons that racism was so common during the time. It is no doubt that a reason for this hatred of blacks, especially in the South, came from the opinion that blacks were inferior because they were recently slaves. How can a race that has been dominated for so long by another all of a sudden be seen as equal? Blacks were often times looked at as uncivilized savages. This played a major role in keeping blacks and whites from uniting in the labor movement. In many cases, white men and women were afraid to be around blacks. This was especially the case concerning women and children. Whites did not want blacks near their women and children. It is true that in the mining industry, during the 180s, blacks and whites began to unionize together, but that was as far as some whites wanted it. This undoubtedly set the stage for inequalities that would be faced by blacks in not only the working world, but also in the social world. ""Nowhere were the ethics of living Jim Crow more subtle and treacherous," Jacquelyn Dowd Hall observes, "than when they touched on the proper conduct of black men towards white women…." Indeed, the singular power of the social equality charge flowed from its formidable capacity to link African American empowerment and interracial activity in wide-ranging endeavors-schooling, worship, casual recreation, political campaigns, social movements-to the lurid imagery of interracial sex." (Letwin, p.544) These whites were only concerned with the illusion of equality for blacks and only as long as whites would benefit from it.

Unfortunately, racism has been a staple in American history. Things have certainly changed a great deal for the better, and true equality in all aspects is certainly a possibility and in reach, but common class interests among workers did not prevail of racial and ethnic differences until at least the 150s-60s. In the thirties, there was still too much of a racial and ethnic barrier in place for workers to truly unite together. Three main contributing factors to this problem were the different wages paid to laborers, the ways in which these laborers were used, and the underlying fear of different races and ethnicities in the 10s. Although tremendous strides were made during this period, it would be over the next thirty years that fundamental changes would take place.

Halpern, Rick. Down on the Killing Floor. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago. 17

Laurie, Bruce. Artisans into Workers. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago. 18

Letwin, Daniel. Interracial Unionism, Gender, and "Social Equality" in the Alabama Coalfields, 1878-108. The Journal of Southern History, Volume LXI, No. , August 15

Zieger, Robert H. and Gall, Gilbert J. American Workers, American Unions. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 186

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