ENRON INTERNATIONAL IN INDIA

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in ENRON INTERNATIONAL IN INDIA, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your ENRON INTERNATIONAL IN INDIA paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! .Why do you think Enron was willing to shoulder the risk of making such a significant investment in India? What long run benefits did the company forsee? Do you think these benefits compensated for the risks involved?

India is a developing country with an underdeveloped economy. Since independence in 147 India had a number of restrictions on foreign investments and it imposed number of trade barriers in the form of high import duties. However by the 0's India opened its doors to foreign investors .Former prime minster, Narsimha Rao requested Enron to make an investment in India in the form of an independent power project. Enron accepted the request and then begins the Enron saga…

a .Enron was assured 16% return on investments. The rate of return after the agreement worked out to be %.Usally return on investment in the US would have been around 8%.The higher rate of return was attributed to risk associated with establishing a power plant in India. Considering the uncertain electricity market in the U.S , I would not agree that risk in India was too much.Also when the government of India was assuring the rate of return where was the risk?

The reason why Enron was so keen on setting up an LNG plant was that they had an LNG processing unit worth $4billion in Qatar and they wanted a strong market like India to buy the output that was produced in Qatar.That is why although the Dabhol power plant was not economically feasible Enron was still interested in setting up a power palnt in India.Secondly the west coast where the power plant was located was close to the Gulf states,as a result cost of shipping LNG would be very low.

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Next Enron thought that power availability would set up new industries in the region and increase the economic growth rate of the country.As a result purchasing power of India would increase which would result in outflow of precious foreign exchange.Not only this but growth potential would position Enron well in the global market place.

b.Enron did see many long run benefits

Firstly after the success of a power project in a developing country like India,Enron would gain a very high image amongst other developing countries ie they would be able to capture energy markets in other countries as well.Thats what happened!!After the deal was struck with India Enron had power projects coming up in countires like Brazil, Bolivia, China etc

Secondly the profits that Enron would earn would be extremely high compared to the cost.The main reason being cheap and freely available labour to run and maintain the plant.

Last but not the least, gaining access to business in India, the worlds largest democracy, Enron would be able to develop long term relationship which means that after its success once, India would ask them to set up more such projects which would be a benefit to no one else but Enron.

c.The "benefits" Enron was expecting were low cost of production, very high rate of return on investment in other words a good amount of profit, a successful global image and long term relationship with India.

The "risk"associated with investing in a country like India was very high. First of all the thought of investing in a developing country like India which has an unstable and a downward moving economy was a big risk itself, dealing with corrupt political officials was another issue.Plus selling liquefied natural gas to consumers who mostly use energy generated through burning of coal was a difficult approach because they were not sure if consumers would buy energy at approximately 4 times higher price than what was available in the domestic market.

I think Enron did not get the benefits it was expecting because of the risks associated with investing in India.There were chances of them earning a huge amount of profits.Enron struck a deal to generate 450mega watts of energy(450mega watts higher than the original plant) at .6% less than the original price.Inspite of this cut Enron would have earned a very high rate of return on investment while simultaneously cutting the prices.In reality if everything worked out well they would be making profits which would not be possible abroad.But;because of the political instability the Enron power project did not last too long out and they had to return back.

.Do you think Enron was right to build a risk premium into its original pricing of the Dabhol project?Should the company have foreseen that this might have been perceived as cost padding?

Yes, I think Enron was right to build a risk premium into its original pricing of the Dabhol project.Rebecca Mark was absolutely correct when she said,"In India you are suppose to have a 0% import duty on equipment.but when it comes right down to it,very common in a project is that it doesn't end up being 0% but whatever the customs inspector wants it to be on the day you get there.So you have to price that risk in."In a poor country like India bribery and corruption are the most common practices.No one is satisfied with whatever is given to them officially so they have to bank on unofficial practices to satisfy their needs and wants.Enron just did that it took all the risks(mentioned) into consideration and quoted the price.Afterall Enron was interested in doing business and not charity where its main goal was profit so it was justified to build a risk premium.

But;the risk premium was too high.Enron was asking for 4 times higher price than what was sold by domestic producers.Secondly the energy that they were trying to sell was a very new concept for the indian consumers.Basic common sence tells me that if iam trying to sell a new product in a new country I should sell it at a low price.Enron was doing just the opposite, instead of selling energy at an affordable rate it was trying to reach a peak which was next to impossible.Enron was too confident of the move it was making and therefore ultimately it did not get anything but dissatisfaction from its client(India)

.What lessons about the requirements for successful investments in India can other foreign companies draw from Enrons experience with the Dabhol project?

The effects of Enrons collapse have been felt across the spectrum of financial,social and ethical circles and around the world.Enrons lessons as interpreted by economists,sociologists and everyday people have possibly changed the attitude of investors all over the world.Some of these lessons include

Diversification of investments is important.Investors should be wary not to get carried away by substantial movements in the market, rather set a limit with a reasonable profit or loss.The Enron collapse has also allowed many to see that emotion exerts incredible influence on the markets.

In the information age , companies and consumers become more dependent on the information of the product.Belief in the integrity of information allows companies to maximize the true benefit of the information age.With the very nature of information being questioned, information based companies are finding it harder to sell their services to the consumer.

Enron tried to accomplish too much too quickly using "time is money" philosophy. It depended on the political system to get its way.Investors when investing in a foreign country should try to adapt to the host country's working environment and not stick to their system of working.

Investors should try to explore the local resources rather than importing new raw materials.Enron's high cost of importing and using LNG that was a contrast to other sources of fuel was detrimental to its success.

4.Is former US Ambassador William Clark right when he claims that, in the end Dabhol incident sent the right kind of signals about foreign investment in India?What kind of signals do you think it sends about investments in India?

Yes, Mr.William Clark is right when he claims that, in the end Dabhol incident sent the right kind of signals about foreign investment in India.The following are the signals Enron sent for investments in India

First, political instabilityThe government of India has always made efforts to make money for themselves personally rather than for the nation as a whole,which means the level of corruption is quite high in India which the investors need to keep in mind.

Secondly, India does not follow the policy of "time is money".Investors have to be prepared for delay in completion of the projects.A lot of time is spent in sceduling meetings with the necessary officials,going thorugh negotiations and then finally striking the deal.

Lastly,I would like to say that investors should try not to be the first ones in launching their product or service.I would first want to see the results of others and then make my decision.Enron was the first company to make an independent investment in India.It was on the basis of trial and error that they carried out their operations.Now, after the whole thing other investors in India as well as abroad have learnt lessons from Enron but Enron unfortunately didn't have anyone to take lessons about the methods of working in a country like India.

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How is the notion of ‘Retreating from the global' explored in the movie 'The Castle'?

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The Castle directed by Rob Sitch (17)

In a local community, north of Melbourne, residents struggle to retain their homes with the ever-increasing pressure of globalisation and economic rationalism.

Globalisation looms in the form of the airport and the need to extend to make way for bigger, longer and more runways to stay abreast of increasing economic demands of the global marketplace, eventuating in the compulsory acquisition of private property.

The Castle highlights the repercussions of globalisation on family life and the local, but also upon the residents of the community both collectively and as individuals. We find that globalisation threatened to integrate people into a global community. This would have seen to the erosion of their traditions and principles to one global culture, which in effect would mean the community's loss of identity.

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Through a strong sense of community and history/tradition, ignorance of the global force, idealised notions of ‘normalcy', links to ‘the house' and ‘the land' and family values, the Kerrigan family were able to retain their ‘local' ideals, and thus retreat from the global.

The strong Australian spirit of mateship and barracking for the underdog, come across as major themes, as the Kerrigans and their neighbours come together unwilling to accept the changes and vacate their properties (and as such are resisting global change). Consequently, a real sense of community is expressed throughout the story.

The first dose was administered when Farouk came knocking on the door on the morn that Darryl (Kerrigan) and the residents of Coolaroo were served notice that their houses were to be compulsorily acquired to allow for the extension of the airport to which they lived adjacent. Darryl answered the door and was confronted with Farouk's plea to read the letter which he did not understand "read this to me?", acceptingly, he does so. Again, the sense of community is expressed when we find Darryl's concern for others outweigh his concern for himself and he disappears to check on his elderly neighbour Jack. The strength of the bond is made blatant later when Darryl offers to pay for Jack's share in legal expenses and furthermore to take him in, in the event that they should have to move. Through this, we see that Coolaroo is a very close knit community where everyone knows each other. This is given emphasis in the later gate stealing incident, where we find that Sergeant Mick knows Darryl and breathes warning to him about his actions instead of charging him and even suggesting he "put them round the back".

We find that people in such a community, tend to stick together and stick to the people they know such as Dennis Denuto. Dennis is a small time conveyancing lawyer who knows little about litigation and is clueless in the realm of Constitutional Law. Despite this, Darryl seeks his help in his dilemma, constantly bringing light to his previous battle with Wayne (the oldest of the Kerrigan sons) and supposedly winning in getting ‘only' fifteen years and of course "trying his best".

Family values are clearly manifested throughout the story. First, early in Dale's narration where he states that "Dad's the backbone in this family. And if Dad's the backbone, then Mum's all the other bones". As the story unfolds, we see the importance of Darryl's role as the head of this close knit family of honest battlers and maintaining principle in the household (such as, the rule for the television to be turned down whilst eating). He is found to be a simple optimist and philosopher who is constantly full of praise and makes everyone in the family feel important and worthwhile.

Along the way the Kerrigans visit their favourite holiday spot ‘Bonnie Doon', which turns out to be a stark landscape with a lake in the middle with high voltage power lines running across it. The whole family comes along, including Tracey's new husband Con, which acts to re-emphasize the loving bond and unity within the family in spite of adversity (i.e. Wayne in jail and the fight for the house).

A quality that cannot overlooked of the Kerrigan family, is their sense of history and tradition. The most obvious portrayal of this, is Darryl's prized ‘Pool Room', which contains a collection of everything of significance to him over time, from photographs to beer mugs and the kids' childhood crafts to Trace's Sunshine TAFE diploma in hairdressing. It also emphasised more subtly in the importance of events such as ‘Fathers' Day' and the traditional family viewing of ‘Hey Hey it's Saturday' which comes second only to ‘The Best of Hey, Hey it's Saturday'.

There are constant links to ‘the house' and ‘the land'. For the Kerrigans, their quarter acre block is much "more than just a house, it is a home". Their family home is full of memories and rich in resonant echoes of their past and emotional ties that no amount of money or compensation can replace. It is this belief that breathes life into the philosophy that ‘a mans home is his castle and more important than "a driveway".

With the unfinished extensions, the house proves to be a constant project, and boasts many ‘improvements' such as the fake chimney and plastic veranda ornament which Darryl believes "adds a little Victoriana charm". The children's old cubbyhouse-proposed-granny-flat-turned-dog-house also shows that Darryl is very resourceful.

Bonnie Doon is also seen to have a ‘sacred link', the house built with their own hands, with the use of a kit home that "idea's man" Steve bought over the Trading Post.

It is needless to say that the Kerrigans are quite ignorant of the Global force, which is revealed in their incorrect real estate values. Their home adjoins a runway of a main airport which Darryl believes will be useful in the event that the family may choose to travel, and sits beneath high voltage powerlines which he believes are a "constant reminder of man's ability to create electricity". This is further expressed in the deluded comment that "the house is nearly worth as much as when we bought it".

Really, they seem to have an obscure sense of monetary value. Darryl constantly remarks "you could sell that" to all of Sal's tacky crafts, and when the valuer visits the Kerrigan house, they were very welcoming and Darryl took the liberty in showing him around the house, pointing out such things that would ordinarily lower the value of the property in the belief that they would add to its value.

The Kerrigan family have an idealised notion of ‘normalcy', finding pleasure in digging holes and even more so in digging holes and filling them with water. Steve's life revolves around the Trading Post. Darryl prides in his son's little gadgets and inventions, dubbing him the ‘ideas man'. They deem Wayne's 15 year jail sentence for armed robbery ‘normal' and admire Trace's intelligence, being "the only one in the Kerrigan family to receive a tertiary education" in having a diploma in hairdressing at Sunshine TAFE.

Globalisation is the notion of universal truths, in that they are held simultaneously as local and worldwide (global) truths; provided by the erosion of traditional boundaries and borders catalysed by the globalisation of communications. As time and distance are collapsed into the immediate and local, knowledge can be seen as at once global and local, freed from but still limited by the laws of time.

The global force poses a threat on the local by internal and/or external means. In the case of The Castle, the local was threatened on both levels. Internally, the main threat was the concept of change. The world must and can only move forward. Although, the family's values are very much grounded in the local sense, they desire success. This is made clear in the eventual expansion of Darryl's tow truck business; here, we see the family taking a step ‘forward'. This concept is also seen similarly in the case of lawyer Dennis Denuto who also desires success. Ultimately, he leaves his small office, buys himself a photocopying machine (that never breaks down), a BMW convertible and places a golden plaque at the entrance of his office, inscribed with the words ‘as seen on TV'. (To a small extent) Councils, commercial enterprise and the government play key roles as external threats to the local. These forces are presented in the form the air link consortium, who wishes to expand the airport so that more goods can come into the country.

The global force is very much directed by the powerful corporate and governmental sectors, which dictate and influence much of our lives. However, as shown by the Kerrigan family, by maintaining certain aspects of the ‘local' community, one is able to retain their ‘local' ideals and thus retreat from the global.

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Discuss the ways in which gender studies and gay and queer studies have enabled critics to see texts afresh.

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For the purpose of my essay I will focus on the topics Gender studies and Gay and Queer Studies as forms of critical interpretation.

The idea of Gender Studies and Gay and Queer Studies allows critics to see texts afresh as they are relatively new concepts. Up until the late 160's heterosexual culture was intolerant of gay culture in literature, it was seen as perverse. But then gay and lesbien scholars who had up till then remained silent regarding their sexuality or the presence of homosexuality themes in literature began to speak. Their work along with feminism helped bring into being a new school of gender theory in the 180's. Gender critics began to study gender and sexuality as discursive and historical institutions.

While Gender Studies and Gay and Lesbien studies is a fresh and exciting new perspective it is not an easy one to work with. Gender and gay and lesbien theorists are concerned with unearthing a hidden tradition of homosexual culture in literature and it is not always easy to recover. Homosexual writers including Tennesse Williams and Henry James didn't write openly about their life's experiences as they feared imprisonment.

The notion of sexual identity and the logic behind gender categorisation are other concepts with which critics can use to enable them to see texts afresh. They question the relation of gender categories to sexuality and physiology they can use the ideas that what is culturally accepted as masculine or feminine may not line up with certain sexual behaviours, psychological ideas or sexual practices, that the idea of male or female is merely political and not biological.

When analyzing a text, theorists can question the opposition between homosexuality and heterosexuality, interrogating the identity of each and the relations apparent between the two. " Heterosexuality contains a moment of homosexuality when the child identifies with a parent of the same sex or when heterosexuality men relate to each other while competing over women, and homosexuality comprises both masculinity and femininity supposedly heterosexual qualities, in highly mixed and variable amounts"(Michael Ryan, Literary Theory A Practical Introduction)

Critics can also examine the texts with the ideas of what different societies portray as "the norm". Normatively heterosexual males are masculine and heterosexual females are feminine because "politics" and "culture" instruct them in behaviour appropriate to the dominant gender representations. Alternative sexual practices to "normal" heterosexual practices in some cultures and places is strictly banned. From this it is apparent that, the supposed identities of male and female and the norms of reproductive sexuality are thus effects of enforcement procedures that operate through cultural and legal discussion, priviledging certain sexual choices while denigrating others.

" Such gender identities as "women" are not pre-discursive foundations but rather normalizing injunctions produced by discursive performances" ( Michael Ryan, Literary Theory A Practical Introduction)

Gender critics can also examine text using the idea male heterosexuality oppression has contributed to the marginalization of homosexuality. It is noted that heterosexual masculinity is at a its most fierce in a moment of sexual panic. The violence and abuse exercised against homosexuals originates in part from the instability of heterosexual identity. " Gender studies has thus given rise to analyses of the repressed " homosocial" strains that motivate the heterosexual tradition's construction of compulsory heterosexuality and normative sexuality and normative masculinity" ( Michael Ryan Literary Theory A Practical Introduction)

One of the most interesting theorys a critic can use in their interpretations of a text is that homosexuality is not an identity apart from another identity called heterosexuality. Rather, everyone is potentially gay and it is only society imprinting heterosexual norms that cuts away those potentials and makes heterosexuality as the dominant social format.

When exploring the idea of gender, critics could also use the concept of feminism to help look at texts in a fresh way. " Feminism asks why women have played subordinate role to men in human societies. It is concerned with how women's lives have changed throughout history, and it asks what about women's experience is different from men's either as a result of an essential biological or psychological difference or as a result of historical imprinting and social construction" (Michael Ryan, Literary Theory A Practical Introduction)

According to feminist theory, women are seen as an object of value exchanged between families. Men hold almost all positions of political and economic power in our world. It is accepted in most cultures and societies that the place of the woman in the family is in charge of the domestic chores and childbearing. According to some feminist theorists, continued male domination is the consequence of male violence against women. Men take advantage of the physical strength to place themselves in positions of social, economic and political power.

When critics want to use feminism to help analyze a text, they should take note of how society has portrayed women, so that full understanding of females writers can be established. Luce Irigaray, a French feminist stated " Women represents all that exists outside that subject and its truth. She is material, improper, indeterminate, incapable of conscious mastery without self-identity, in-different, formless and multiple, as matter, she is the mirror, the specular scene upon which reason operates, providing reason with material for its concepts while yet remaining outside rational ideality. Male reason is therefore necessarily predicted in the subordination of the feminine, understood as the principle of connection in and to matter, which is associated with the mother's reproductive body. Men have always appropriated women's reproductive powers to their own self-idealizing ends. Women's powers of reproduction have been exchanged between men to assume male alliances. There is a strong link, therefore, between the philosophical elevation of the male mind over the female body, and the social institution of patriarchy, which traditionally abstracts from women's bodies in order to equate them as exchangeable commodities in the status and marriage markets."

From the evidence presented here it is apparent that both Gender Studies and Gay and Queer Studies offer critics many ways in which to look at texts in a new, exciting and fresh way. Using these theories in critical interpretations of texts will allow the reader or critic to experience a different " feel" for the text in question thus enhancing enjoyment.

Please note that this sample paper on Discuss the ways in which gender studies and gay and queer studies have enabled critics to see texts afresh. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Discuss the ways in which gender studies and gay and queer studies have enabled critics to see texts afresh., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Discuss the ways in which gender studies and gay and queer studies have enabled critics to see texts afresh. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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A Family Must Remain United

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A Family Must Remain United

In the 1950's the Younger Family, a typical black family, lived in

the city of Chicago. Throughout the struggles and adversity they were

Custom Essays on A Family Must Remain United

one of the few families who managed to stay together. Although there

were some arguments amongst their family they were still open to realize

that "Families Must Remain United" (Brantingham 467,470). It is through

unity the Younger family withstood the problems and struggles that

occurred throughout the play. Someone once told me that " Struggles

build Character" (Kyles, Ortensia) and the Younger family certainly had

character.

One of the profound ordeals the Younger family endured was

money. Everyone in the family had ideas on how the money should be

spent. Two family members in particular, Walter Lee Younger and his

sister, Beneatha Younger. Walter Lee wanted to open a liquor store, and

Beneatha wanted to become a doctor. They both showed ambition and

perseverance, but did not let their differences come between their loyalty

to their family.

" The internal difficulties of the family and the detrimental effects

of these problems on the family is a major theme in the play" (Decker,

Tim. "The Propagation of Pride and Dignity. Computer Writing and

Research Lab The University of Texas at Austin, 1999.

www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/anderson/amlit/raisin/td/pride.html (29 NOV. 1999). It is also a

major point to what brings the Younger family closer together. This

family has lived through most of life's big adjustments, should their be

more, by looking at how this family has handled it in the past it should

not even be a challenge.

To determine what is a problem the Younger family must have

expectations and morals to uphold and in knowing these expectations is

what brought the Younger family out and into the life that they are

currently living. Leaving themselves defined by this quote "Family goals,

values and beliefs provides a sense of unity that can surmount any

obstacles and keep the pride of the family alive" (Decker, Tim. "The

Propagation of Pride and Dignity. Computer Writing and Research Lab

The University of Texas at Austin, 1999.

www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/anderson/amlit/raisin/td/pride.html (29 NOV. 1999). Thus

allowing them the freedom to live the American dream. Therefore leaving

with a quote my own that I believe will hold the family together this long,

"It is better to have lived it, than to have went around it, for if it comes

your way again, you will know how to handle it" This quote alone shows

the strength and dignity portrayed by the Younger Family, leading them

to a fulfilling life. The Younger family is by far the most strongest and

most powerful families " For Where a his family stands there is He"

(Richmond 36). They are always willing to come together and solve the

problem and that is my definition of a real family united as one.

Please note that this sample paper on A Family Must Remain United is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Family Must Remain United, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on A Family Must Remain United will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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How has sociology enhanced our understanding of Mental Illness?

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in How has sociology enhanced our understanding of Mental Illness?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your How has sociology enhanced our understanding of Mental Illness? paper at affordable prices!

How has sociology enhanced our understanding of Mental Illness?

Sociology has had many effects on medicine over recent years. Medicine historically was seen as being down to scientific knowledge and that illness was caused by certain bodily problems. In regards to mental health, for many years it was treated as illness that was due to personality of the individual. Sociology helped to show that mental illness is not down to the individual's mental state entirely but can be affected by the social surroundings. On this basis it ruled out, many of the traditional views that up until than had been based around the biomedical model. Sociology has also enabled us to look into the reasons why mental illness occurs and means available for the treatment of the illness. This essay will look at theses three areas and try and show in what way sociology has given a better understanding of them today.

Doctors have drawn up the Bio-medical model and it is the model that all western medicine is based on. The five assumptions that it centres around have in recent time been subject to much scepticism and criticism. It is clear to most sociologists that the model is not representative of all modern illness and therefore it lacks and that it is a very narrow approach to all kinds of illness be it physical or mental. The model fails to take into account much of what surrounds mental health problems. By using the model to categorise all health issues it means that mental health has to be put under one of the five assumptions and is therefore treated accordingly. It fails to take into account what it is that might cause mental deterioration. Also much of the model is based on old stereotypical ideal, which have come under scrutiny from feminist who argue that the model takes away much of the traditional roles particularly in childbirth which was taken in as a medical condition thus changing the way in which undertaken. By using the basis of the bio-model many mental illness have been placed under the umbrella of a clinical illness and so therefore enabling them to be treated under a medial condition. As Tyrer and Steinberg say ‘ in a model making era there can be a risk to identify clinical entities prematurely and this may lead a person into difficulties' . This is the case with the bio-medical when it comes to mental illness. The bio-medical model scientific basis can claim superiority over alternative forms of healing. Because of the scientific basis of the model it can push out other traditional or modern form of treatment. The can relate directly to they way in which the patient is treated in regard to their illness. If the person is treated for a mental illness that a doctor has diagnosed according to the symptoms and treats using drugs and as a mental illness then they are using the medical model. If the doctor looks a t the surroundings of the individual and tries to see what has caused this mental imbalance then that is a total different approach. This is what sociology has done to show what the inadequacies are caused by the bio-medical model. It has looked beyond the lines with which diagnosis reached and looked for other symptoms in a persons life that could have caused the problem ‘as the bulk of ‘mental illness' has no proven bodily cause.' So by saying that there is no biological explanation for many mental illnesses then it does not seem that should be treated as if they fitted into the model.

Over history mental illness has been stereotyped to mean certain things. Going along way back it was said to have been a singe of the devil and other supernatural possessions and was stigmatised against due to this. Only until fairly recently has some of this stigma been taken away. Women have always statistically been more prone to mental related illness. This gendered view was seen due to people believing that women were weaker than men. In Freud's study in 1885 on psychoanalysis in Paris this is clear. He believed that this only affected women so all his research was done using female patients and so the results were entirely one sided. Sociology has opened up a new side into the study of the causes of mental illness. It has looked into the social reasons behind it. There are many social reasons why someone might suffer from mental illnesses. People now recognise that it can be caused through the direct result of other actions such as child abuse, divorce, motherhood and financial stress. All these circumstances and more can result in the mental illness of some kind. Economic pressures are a common cause of several illnesses namely schizophrenia that had much higher occurrences in poorer areas, this study was done in Chicago in the 10's. There are several reasons for illness being more common in poorer areas, one being the ‘drift' affect which is loss of earning through poor health which results in the health deterioration more as there is no financial support. And those in higher have a better standard of living so are less likely to be faced with the same kind of social stress. Pilgrim and Rogers say that there is definite correlation between the two ‘it can be demonstrated unequivocally that social stress is correlated with social class.' This is related to Marist critique of the bio-medical model as it a direct consequence of capitalism that a class in more susceptible to contract illness through a direct result of their economic status. Also they think that the medical profession is run by the educated upper class whose interest it is to keep the lower classes happy as they make up the workforce needed for the growth of the economy.

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Sociology has helped change many of the ideas surrounding the treatment and the cure of the problem of mental illness. Prevention is better then cure so it more worthwhile for health agencies to try and prevent the increase in the number of people who suffer. This is very hard in the case of mental illness as is it often near impossible to predict in a person. Social welfare in areas of poverty to give people support when going through problems can try and catch the problem before it develops into a full-grown mental illness. There have been some efforts made by the medical profession to try and prevent illnesses in general including mental health by setting up health promotion clinics around areas that are prone to certain types of illness. Recently we have seen the decrease in the believe that hospitals and technological medicine and the rise in the primary health care due to the medical profession basing much of their finding on technology and the bio-model and also in biographical and holistic medicine. In recent times there has been an increase in the number of patients that have been diagnosed with a mental illness and not the other way round as you might expect with the advances made in medical knowledge. This may not be due to the more cases but the fact that more people are willing to accept that they suffer from a mental illness and will approach their doctor more openly especially in men. So statistically there might not be singe that strategies for cure and prevention don't show a decrees.

Sociology has played a key role in the development into the study of mental health it clearly shows that there is a problem with the bio-model in regarded to the treatment of mental health and due to it has been phased out over the years no longer be at the forefront of modern medicine when it comes to these problems. It s inadequacy to be flexible to patients that do not fit within its five ‘assumptions' are the reason for this. Likewise is the causation of the mental illness. Only as recently as two hundred years ago people believed that women had smaller brains than men and it was due to this that were susceptible to contract mental conditions. Women have been particularly affected through history by mental illness due to gendered approach that was made towards medicine in particular this area. This gendered view and the fact that more men are suffering from mental illnesses now than ever shows the shift in these believes. Sociology has helped bring this understanding about that it is caused as much by social surrounding and situation as anything. And finally the strategies that have been used to cure, care and prevent these illnesses are based around these findings so cure is shifting towards the social environment rather than the drugs being given. This makes treatment for ill patients far more relaxing and easer to get through than being put in a institution and left there until they are deemed better by doctors. And without this study into the illnesses by sociologist and other social sciences the medical profession might not have made the step forward in the treatment for mentally ill patients.

Bibliography

Tyrer, P & Steinberg, D rd Ed (1) Models for Mental Disorder J Wiley & Sons

Pilgrim, D & Rogers, A (1) A Sociology of Mental Health Illness Open University Press

Nettleton, S (001) The Sociology of Health & Illness Polity

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Democracy

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on democracy. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality democracy paper right on time.

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"What's in a name?" Juliet asks. After the changes in nomenclature effected by modern revolutions, from the French Revolution to the feminist movement, it is very clear that the answer is "Plenty, that's what!" Names do matter they shape and sometimes distort perceptions. Ho-Chi-Minh City, for example, is not Saigon, Thermidor is not July, and Ms. is neither Mrs. nor Miss. With this in mind, let us approach the terms radical or extreme democracy, so often applied to the regime of fifth or fourth-century B.C. Athens. These terms are justified neither by ancient evidence nor modern scholarship, particularly in light of the modern ideological connotations of radical or extreme. I wish to argue, therefore, that scholars should avoid these terms, as well as the term moderate democracy, which is also misleading, though to a lesser extent.

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By way of introduction, consider the work of K.J. Beloch. Writing a century ago, Beloch expressed his clear condemnation of Athenian democracy. His despairing rhetorical question about the Athenian dikasteria, of which he writes in Die Attische Politik seit Perikles, indicates his opinion nicely

Would the long series of unjust verdicts, which stretches like a red thread throughout the whole history of Athenian democracy from Pericles to Phokion, have been sufficient to let us recognize what was to be expected from such a tribunal?1

In accordance with these convictions, Beloch writes of Athens' "extreme, absolute" or "unbridled democracy," both in the fifth and fourth centuries.

More recent accounts of Athenian democracy are rarely as stringent in their criticisms, and many of them are laudatory. The terms radical or extreme democracy are, nevertheless, still in circulation. My far-from-complete survey of contemporary scholarship, beginning in the 150s, finds Hignett devoting a chapter of his History of the Athenian Constitution (15) to Radical Democracy. Schachermeyr, in his 16 biography of Pericles, decries "democracy of the most extreme kind under Cleon." J.M. Moore, in his 175 commentary on Aristotle's Athenaion Politeia and other ancient Greek political texts, refers often to the radical democracy of the fifth century. H. Wolff, writing in 17, discusses "radical Attic democracy" of the fifth century, in which, unlike the modern parliamentary democracy of a Rechtstaat, the will of the majority is expressed directly and immediately, without countervailing institutions. J. Bleicken, in his 185 textbook, writes of the radical democracy created by Ephialtes and Pericles in 46/1.

Other scholars use the terminology in perhaps a more complex manner. M.H. Hansen,

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for instance, who has done so much to demonstrate the rule of law in fourth-century Athens, nonetheless wrote in 174 that while fourth-century Athenian democracy was moderate, the fifth-century democracy was radical. In 18, he writes more cautiously of "the so-called radical democracy of 46-11 and 410-404."4

P. J. Rhodes, author of distinguished studies of Aristotle's (or at least his school's) Athenaion Politieia and of the Athenian boule, argues that, contrary to the Ath. Pol., fourth-century Athens became less, not more democratic, for the sake of efficiency and specialization. Rhodes also makes it clear that Aristotle had his own theory of extreme democracy. Nevertheless, Rhodes occasionally uses the term extreme democracy in a way that suggests it might objectively describe the Athenian constitution.5

These last two sentences point to a paradox the terms radical or extreme democracy are indeed objective, but only when applied to the partisan and anti-democratic discourse of the ancient sources. Aristotle, for example, writing in the Politics, describes the kind of democracy that existed in most of the poleis of his day as extreme (E)SXA/TH), final (TELEUTAI=A), latest (U(STA/TH) or most recent (NEWTA/TH). Although he neither singles out Athens or any other polis as an extreme democracy (perhaps out of prudence, cognizant as he was of Socrates' fate), it is fairly clear that he does have Athens (and perhaps other poleis too) in mind. Plutarch writes of A)/KRATOS DHMOKRATI/A, unadulterate or untempered democracy, perhaps echoing a fourth-century term. The various proponents of oligarchy in Athens in 411 and 404 called for a return of the ancestral constitution (PA/TRIOS POLITEI/A), thereby implying that contemporary democracy was a break with tradition in that sense, one might say that they considered democracy to be radical, although strictly speaking, "radical" in the political sense is a modern, and not an ancient word.6

The critics of Athenian democracy, therefore, referred to it as extreme or untempered, and as a radical break with a better past. The proponents of Athenian democracy, however, of course did not refer to democracy as extreme or untempered. As for the term radical, perhaps Cleisthenes or Ephialtes believed that he was initiating a radical break with the past, but given the prestige of tradition in Athenian society, I doubt that either man admitted it. Certainly, by the late fifth century, Athenian democrats believed that their system, and not oligarchy, was the

1

traditional Athenian regime.7

From the point of view of modern scholarship, Athenian democracy does mark a radical change, politically, from earlier Athenian regimes. Its ideology, however, was strikingly conservative. One may speak of this or that radical change, but to characterize the entire regime as radical democracy is misleading. The term radical, moreover, is hardly value-free it means one thing to a reader of The Daily Worker and quite another to a conservative. In North America, with its consensus politics, most people will automatically react negatively to the term radical democracy and positively to moderate democracy. To call Athens radical democracy is to stack the deck against it; the same is true, of course, of the term extreme democracy.

Above all, the charge that Athenian democracy was extreme, i.e., immoderate and unrestrained, is unhistorical. The recent work of Hansen, Ostwald, Rhodes, and Sealey, among others, cogently defends Athens against that charge. In the fourth century, the rule of law had particularly strong constitutional protections. Even in the fifth century, whose system Ostwald aptly characterizes as "popular sovereignty," the rule of law was firm, if occasionally shaken in crisis, e.g., the trial of the generals after Arginusae.8

A.H.M. Jones, writing in 157, argued against modern scholars who characterize Athens as extreme democracy. I would argue that scholars should similarly avoid the term radical democracy. Likewise, the term moderate democracy should be avoided, both because it legitimizes the term radical democracy and because it suggests that too much democracy is a bad thing‹that democracy must be moderated. I prefer the many more neutral terms that exist, e.g., chronological terms ("fourth-century democracy," "Periclean democracy"), historical periphrases ("what the Greeks thought of as complete or full democracy") or the Greek word demokratia.

It is easier to criticize scholarship than to produce it; my criticism of the terminology used by others should not detract from my great admiration for their achievements. What we call the classical Athenian regime, however, does make a difference. Scholars can, and should improve on the current, unnecessarily biased terminology.

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Road Trip to Disaster: How Cars Lead to Conflicts with the Middle East

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With more and more people driving every day, the amount of gasoline that Americans use is increasing rapidly. There was a time when oil was not as important to the United States, but the invention of cars has led to the need for oil which has caused tension and conflicts between the United States and oil exporters. Nearly every continent harbors oil, but the majority of U.S. oil comes from the Middle East. The U.S. has become very reliant on Middle Eastern oil, and it is this dependence that makes the relationship very fragile. Since the Middle East knows that the U.S. needs their oil so badly, they have a lot of power over the U.S., they use this power to manipulate the U.S. and to get what they want, whether it be money or war support. When the automobile was first invented, the inventor probably did not know that his invention would be the cause of such a powerful relationship.

The actual invention of the automobile did not happen quickly. The first car did not even use oil to run at first, it used steam. It was built in France by Nicolas Joseph Cugnot in 176. Although it was the first officially registered car, it was not efficient, only reaching speeds of kilometers per hour at its fastest. Later, in 1807, Francois Isaac de Rivaz from Switzerland invented the revolutionary internal combustion engine and a car to go with it, the vehicle itself was highly unsuccessful, but the engine sparked ideas from other people. In 1864, the first gasoline powered engine was invented in Austria by Siegfried Marcus. It was able to reach speeds of 10 mph, and was considered to be the forerunner of the modern automobile. His idea was expanded on by multitudes of inventors including Nicolous August Otto. In 1876 he built the first practical gas powered engine. Its four-stroke engine was universally adapted for all liquid-fuel automobiles. When the automobile was finally made practical, it became appealing to the public eye, so Rene Pangard and Emile Levassor decided to manufacture cars for the public in France (Bellis). They improved upon the design of the car and were the first to move the engine to the front of the car. The vehicles used gasoline to power them.

As cars became more popular, the public wanted them to be more readily available, and within their price range. In 101, Ransome Eli Olds invented the concept of the assembly line and produced 45 "Curved Dash Olds". Although he was the leading automobile manufacturer from 101 to 104, the car was still not available to everyone since only the rich could afford it. Then came Henry Ford. He is perhaps the most credited for inventing the car. While he did not invent the automobile, he did perfect the assembly line and popularized cars with the middle class. He was able to make the car cheaper, by manufacturing it quicker. From 108 to 17, there were 15 million Model Ts manufactured (Bellis).The need for gasoline was beginning to rise since there were so many people who owned vehicles. Today, there are about 58 million new vehicles built each year worldwide (Encarta). Each of these vehicles get anywhere from 16 to 0 miles per gallon on average and most cars hold from 10 to 0 gallons of gasoline.

Americans drive .4 trillion miles a year, which is why the demand for gasoline is so high. The United States itself only has a limited amount of fossil fuel to make oil, not nearly enough to satisfy the population's needs, therefore, the U.S. has to import from other oil rich nations. Since the majority of the world's oil is located in the Middle East, that is where it is imported from. The main countries that produce oil are Saudi Arabia, Libya, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Abu Dhabi. The countries have created an organization called OAPEC, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries. They formed the union so that there could be regulations on the oil that was exported instead of just charging any amount that they wanted. Each year, more vehicles are on the road, so the need for foreign oil is always increaing.

The Arab countries that export the oil to the United States know how important their oil is, and they can use that knowledge to manipulate the U.S. On October 6, 17, the Yom Kippur War broke out between Israel and two neighboring countries, Egypt and Syria. The Soviet Union was backing up Egypt and Syria with supplies and money, so the United States did the same for Israel. In order to end the United States sending arms to Israel, 11 members of OAPEC met and made a policy of oil production and export cuts. They decided that they would reduce crude oil production by 5 % each month until Israel withdrew from the territories occupied since the war began. They also announced that there would be a complete embargo on oil shipments to the U.S. ( facts.com ). Then, a month later, they announced that oil productions would be cut 5%. Along with the cut, the other members of OAPEC announced that they were raising oil prices by 17% and the taxes on oil would be raised 70% ( facts.com).

The U.S. was hit hard and economic crisis began to settle. The cut back on oil, combined with raised prices caused severe measures to be made by the president, Richard Nixon. These measures included a ban of gasoline sale on sundays, a lowered national speed limit at 55 mph, a 5% reduction in jet fuel supplies, and a reduction of outdoor lighting, especially Christmas lights (facts.com). The outrageous cost of gas reduced the demand for cars, and as a result many jobs were lost. Although the embargo and the cuts were extremely detrimental to the economy and life in general in the United States, they did not make the U.S. stop supporting Israel, which is why they were imposed in the first place. The U.S. did suffer for their choice of supporting Israel, though, which is what OAPEC was trying for.

Another way that OAPEC manipulates the U.S. is for money. In 1, to boost fuel prices, OAPEC cut its output by 4 million barrels a day, the U.S. uses about 17.4 million barrels a day (facts.com). The results were immediate, and prices began to rise. Then, in 000, fuel prices reached an all time high of $1.68 per gallon. Thankfully, a war did not come from this rise in cost, but tensions with the Middle East rose with the price.

As of today, there does not seem to be an end in sight with the rising prices of gasoline, nor does the public seem to want to do anything about it. Sport Utility Vehicles have become a very popular car in America, totaling about 5% of all the vehicles on the roads. These SUVs use a lot of gas, and are becoming increasingly popular. As long as people keep using so much gas, then OAPEC will always have economic control over the U.S. and there will always be tension. A way of ridding America of this tension would be to switch to hybrid or electric cars which use significantly less gasoline or none at all. Although the automobile has come a long way since Nicolas Joseph Cugnot registered the first one back in 176, it still has a long ways to

go until Middle Eastern nations and the United States of America are at complete peace.

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