To what extent can the reigns of edward and mary be regarded as forming a mid tudor crisis

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To What extent can the reigns of Edward and Mary be regarded as forming a mid Tudor crisis

The reigns of both Mary and Edward were both responsible for a period full of turmoil and controversy. So naturally the debate of whether there was a crisis will be presented. There were various aspects throughout both reigns that have to be analysed to see if there was a crisis or not foreign policy, economic policy, government, laws, politics and religion, since these are the only fields that a noticeable crisis would take place.

remained was that Edward was too young to provide a proper leader for a nation and somebody who wasn't royalty would have to take his place. In order to prevent this from happening, Henry left in his will that there would be a council of sixteen men all with equal power left to rule the country. One man Edward Seymour who was currently the Earl of Hertford already a member of the council soon emerged as leader through discovering loopholes in henry's will (although it was more likely altered) the governing sixteen had been named but were able to dispose of power as they saw fit. So he took Edward VI his nephew to London and was given the position of Lord protector of Edward VI via the council. Later he was to discover further loop holes in which he implemented a vague clause in Henry's will concerning gifts that henry was supposedly going to give to the members of the council. Councillors were raised in the peerage. Seymour's gift was to become duke of Somerset. All needed gifts of land also to secure their new status Somerset managed to use this to buy off opposition and secured his position holding sole power he was now no longer merely a councillor but he was in practise a substitute king.

Somerset's short reign was one of failure he had a fixation on war he continued to pour vast amounts of funds into a relatively pointless war with Scotland which was lost any way. He distanced himself from the other councillors and essentially isolated himself from them, this would undoubtedly cause the creation of an opposing faction who disagreed with what he was doing. This caused a period of instability in the government with internal conflict. Not what I would say was a crisis since no undesirable outcomes from the conflict it was in fact in my opinion a good thing since it removed Somerset who was damaging England with his poor foreign policy. The duke of Northumberland led the opposing faction, which brought the duke of Somerset down. The duke of Northumberland's reign was much more successful than that of Somerset's he had a much more peaceful foreign policy but was responsible for some unforgivable acts that have for ever tainted his name and one of which was responsible for his death. Firstly he surrendered Boulogne to the French and sold it for a fraction of what it was worth. Secondly when he discovered Edward's illness he tried to position Jane Grey his daughter-in-law as queen. His interfering with the order of succession was a viewed a terrible crime by Mary and her followers as a result Northumberland was executed. Had Mary's followers not spoken out the reign of the Tudors would have ended there and then. At this point there was what seemed a possible crisis with the order of succession but it never occurred so although a crisis was imminent it never happened.

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After Edward VI's death Mary was next in line for the throne she was the first woman ever to solely rule England. It was a big responsibility and challenging position and many believed she wasn't up to it because of her being a woman. This was in a society where women were second class citizens with no real influential power. To worsen the matter she married a foreign prince from Spain, Prince Philip. Her government disagreed with Her, as did many other people. There was in fact a rebellion sparked up by a man Named Wyatt as protest to the marriage. The uprising was crushed and no more followed. The idea of a foreign Prince and the possibility of England being drawn into wars that had nothing to do with England did not please the people. Mary insisted on the Marriage and her and Philip were wed. Mary's government was a particularly bad corrupt one with untrustworthy members within it, split between them and the trustworthy loyal members. Although suprisingly the government did manage to pull together to right up the marriage treaty of Mary and Philip which was the work of Mary herself, Paget, Gardiner and Renard, and Paget and Gardiner where in opposing factions at that time. Although they all disagreed with the marriage they had to support Mary for fear of losing patronage. Again there was no actual crisis here but there seemed to be possibilities of a crisis breaking out with the instability and corruptness of Mary's government. And that the marriage to Philip would cause trouble for the English. Little harm came from neither.

One of the other main Debates for a Mid-Tudor crisis is that of Religion. At this point in time the religion situation in England was a particularly unstable one with the change from Catholicism to Protestantism and back to Catholicism all in the space of Twenty-five years. Henry had established the Protestant church in England and abolished the Catholic Church. Edward was a devout Protestant and Protestantism followed in his reign. Although it was not followed very securely throughout Somerset's partial rule he was to pre-occupied with war to be bothered about religion although he did what he had to retain patronage with the young king. Northumberland enforced religion much more forcefully then Somerset and Catholicism was not tolerated at all. When Mary came to power She was a devout Catholic and changed England's religion back to Catholicism which proved a problem since so many people had followed the Protestant religion since it had been enforced, it was a difficult time for the masses in which religion to devote yourself to. To do so at that period could be life threatening. The constant changing of Religion at that period caused much confusion within England although I am led to believe that there was never really a crisis, although it seemed like there was. As it was the constant cause of conflict.

The economical situation throughout these reigns was a rather unstable one. Throughout Somersets reign the situation was terrible he was spending thousands of pounds on the war with Scotland his actions led England further into a recession. The French saw this as their time to attack England when it was weak. Boulogne an English settlement within France was attacked. Somerset refused to give up and continued to pour more money into the fight for Boulogne. To worsen matters a bad harvest followed and taxes had to go up inflation also went up as the result of debasement of the coinage and food prices doubled but people's wages didn't. Northumberland restored some order to the economic state of England but unfortunately his reign was to short to make a significant difference and Mary's reign had bad economics also. There were bad harvests again and food prices rocketed, there was severe famine and many died. I would say at this point that if there was a crisis during the mid-Tudor period it was now. Things were at an all time low in England.

England's Foreign policy was particularly poor at the beginning of these reigns when Somerset was in power. His war policy with the French and the Scottish was a bad one, which cost England lots of wasted money and lives. Northumberland's policy was more peace related and was without war as was Mary's in which foreign relations improved heavily with the alliance of English and Spanish through the marriage of Mary and Philip. England had come off better than the Spanish from the marriage as a result of the marriage treaty. And new trade links had been formed. Other then Somerset's reign foreign policy was not too bad other the loss of Boulogne and Calais on Mary's behalf when she was persuaded into a war by Philip I feel there was no real crisis at that point.

Throughout the Mid-Tudor period I feel there was lots of turmoil and lots of situations where it looked like a serious crisis was about to happen although one never actually happened. I think it is safe to say that there was definitely a series of minor crisis that occurred throughout the period that may of raised doubt as to whether there was a mid-Tudor crisis, for example the war situation with France and Scotland. And the economy situation throughout all of the reigns.

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Free Will and "The Story of An Hour"

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What is freedom?

Freedom is an independent person=s greatest gift freedom to dream, to assert oneself, to drink the Aelixir of life@ Kate Chopin reveals in AThe Story of an Hour@ how relationships and marriage in specific can suffocate one=s freedom and ability to live life with the liberating impulse of their own being. Mrs. Mallard=s free will is stifled by her dull marriage to Brently Mallard. Mrs. Mallard suffers not only from a physical heart ailment , but also from a broken heart as a result of an imprisoned free spirit. By depicting Mrs. Mallard as a broken, weak and imprisoned women, Chopin suggests that marriage can chain down the Astrongest impulse@of an independent women her free will.

Chopin characterizes Mrs. Mallard as a passive (broken)women with a heart so weak that it could stop beating at the slightest shock. (The first indication that Mrs. Mallard is broken and weak occurs in how Chopin sets the mood of a nursing home. ) AKnowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband=s death.@ Her sister Josephine and her husband=s friend Richards view Mrs. Mallard as weak and broken down and they worry that all the news at once might be too much for her to handle. AIt was her sister Josephine who told her, in broken sentences, veiled hints that revealed in half concealing.@ Josephine is tantalizing with her hints because she believes Mrs. Mallard is too weak and feeble and that the initial shock may be too much for her. Richards Ahad only taken the time to assure himself of its truth by a second telegram, and had hastened to forestall any less careful, less tender friend in bearing the sad message.@ Richards cares for Mrs. Mallard greatly and he feels that he has to be careful and tender in the way he bears the sad message. He=s afraid that if a more careless friend lets Mrs. Mallard know, she may not be able to handle the sad news. However, Mrs. Mallard does not respond to the news of her husband=s death like most typical women would Ashe did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister=s arms.@ Chopin is suggesting that Mrs. Mallard did not love her husband as much as people would expect. In fact , her sudden wild abandonment points more to a buoyant release from a heavy weight than an immobilizing shock of grief . Mrs. Mallard did not react in a traditional way because her love was not completely real Ashe had loved him-sometimes. Often she had not.@ In short, Mrs. Mallard=s actions and reactions following the news of her husband=s death imply that her spirit and will to live have been imprisoned behind the bars of her marriage. Her will has been bent Aby the powerful will of another@ , and now the news of his death has set her heart free.

(The second indication that Mrs. Mallard=s will is chained down occurs in how )Chopin uses the imagery of springtime to symbolize new life for Mrs. Mallard after she has heard the news of her husband=s death. The suggestion is that Mrs. Mallard was not free before her husband=s death, and now as she looks out the Aopen square@ before her, she sees the Atops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life.@ Symbolically, this Anew spring life@ represents the new and free life that Mrs. Mallard begins to birth out of her Avacant...fear A of the unknown. Her senses begin to awaken and her Ahaunted@ physical exhaustion begins to Aquiver@ with new sights and sounds. She surrenders to her heart=s A sound of a distant song@ and she begins to drink in Aa delicious breath of rain@. Furthermore, Mrs. Mallard sees Apatches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds.@ Her will to be free is beginning to appear like the heavenly blue patches of sky , uncovered from the clouds of her life. (Also, the image of blue sky appearing through the clouds implies that Mrs. Mallard=s own will used to be covered up like the clouds that cover up the blue sky. )

(The third indication that Mrs. Mallard=s free will has been chained down by marriage comes from the diction the Chopin employs in describing Mrs. Mallard after the news of her husband=s death.) Chopin highlights Mrs. Mallard=s new gift of freedom by sequencing words such as Aopen@ , Aabandoned@ and Aescaped@. First, she uses the word Aopen@ in describing the window. It is important to note that this diction is applied immediately following the news of Brently Mallard=s death. It can be inferred that Mrs. Mallard=s will was always closed and suffocated inside of her as a result of her obligations in marriage to Mr. Mallard. After the news of the death, Mrs. Mallard=s life begins to change. Everything she sees and experiences is open and full of life like the Acountless sparrows (that) were twittering in the eaves.@ AOpen@ symbolizes that Mrs. Mallard is beginning to open up her heart to this new Aelixir@ of life she is experiencing. In addition, Chopin uses the word Aabandoned@ to imply that Mrs. Mallard is abandoning all the physical boundaries that have been pressing in on her. In the ephiphany of an hour, Mrs. Mallard is abandoning herself to her imagination, and she begins to dream of what it is like to be free and full of life AWhen she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips. She said it over and over under her breath Free, free, free!=@ Lastly, Chopin uses Aescaped@ to suggest that Mrs. Mallard is escaping from the physical boundaries of her marriage and from her weakened body Ashe saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome.@ The use of this specific diction takes the reader into the imagination of Mrs. Mallard during her hour of freedom as she realizes that Athere would be no one to live for during those coming years@ but herself and that Athere would be no powerful will bending her in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow creature.@

AStory of an Hour@ (demonstrates how a free will can be smothered by marriage and it) offers ironic twists regarding freedom and marriage. Mrs. Mallard=s freedom and joy in her new free will lasts only an hour. As she walks downstairs Alike a goddess of victory@ the physical door opens and her physical husband walks in. Her heart cannot take the shock of her old physical reality because she had been imagining her new spiritual freedom for an hour. It is ironic that when faced again with her physical reality, she has to die to truly experience the freedom she had been imagining for an hour. (Chopin is implying that 1th century marriages can chain down an independent women=s freedom and ambition so drastically that death is the only way to discover true freedom. ) Mrs. Mallard=s brief ephipnay lit is poignantly echoed by the Romantic poet William Blake To see the world in a grain of sand/and Heaven in a wild flower/To hold infinity in the palm of your hand/And eternity in one hour.

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Learning Team Behaviour

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Introduction

In order to understand the basic functioning of a system, you must first come to understand what each individual part contributes to the whole. Getting to what makes Learning Team A (LTA) is no different. The question then becomes, "How best to gain insight into the individuals on the team?"

This week the creation of the final paper fell to me, we also concluded that we needed to approach this paper differently from our previous assignments. Each person in the team would complete the assignment on their own and then I would meld all four of the papers into one. This presented me with an opportunity that I could not resist.

We have learned that perception has a significant influence on the way people will interact with each other. It follows then that we should be able to learn about the way LTA functions by examining the perceptions of how the team works, as written by each of the team members. This paper will present the readers with a view of LTA from the inside.

Eric

Eric has a fine eye for detail, is very personable and has an aura of dependability about him. I get the feeling that he is very much in tune with his value system. Here is his view of how the team operates.

In the game of basketball you have different positions that each player fills based on his abilities and strengths. You have a "point guard", who is the person who sees how things should play out. The "center" is always underneath the basket to slam it in. The "power forward" has great ability to push it in but doesn't have the height or muscle that a center does. The small forward is a flexible player with the ability to shift from a guard position playing on the perimeter to a player not afraid of taking it inside for a score.

Paul who is our point guard, he tends to be the more assertive one with the ability to take charge and make things happen. His experience in both business and years living make him a strong leader, and he frequently holds this role on the team. He does not demand his way and is not overbearing in his attempt to keep things going smoothly. He manages his time well and focuses on doing exactly what is required. He is not afraid to ask for suggestions from his teammates. The lack of timeliness of two members does frustrate him in particular, but he holds it all in check as he knows that everyone on this team is determined to do the best.

Next is Jerry who along with Paul possesses a drive to do the best that he can. Jerry plays the role of "center" very well. He has a great sense of humor, which comes out, in his writing and during our conversations as a team. He is able to stay close to the assignment and deliver the ball right into the basket as it is passed to him underneath. Jerry is not the type of individual to be all fun and games, however, he will wait until the other members have completed the other sections to begin or share his section with the rest of the team. Jerry brings a balance to the take-charge demeanor of Paul.

Joy brings a certain charismatic style that bounces off Paul and Jerry well. As a "power forward," she is able to think solidly about the subject. She can joke with the best of them while still maintaining focus on the assignment. She has fulfilled all of her obligations in a timely manner. The other team members need not worry that her section will be there.

Paul

Paul is a great example of the "positive potential" in having age diversity on a team. His maturity has the effect of keeping the team focused on time issues. He uses a basic and direct approach to interacting with his fellow teammates, while exhibiting a polished, personable demeanor that makes him very easy to work with. Here is his take on how LTA works its' magic.

We have no real defined roles. The major contract that we all agreed to was to respect each other's opinion and to try to do nothing that would affect the team. We also agreed that if anyone had a problem, they could bring it up without fear of ridicule. Aside from that, nothing was formalized.

Of the four members, Joy seems to be the person with the best time management skills. Her papers and paper sections are always on time, with Eric and Jerry exhibiting slightly less time management abilities.

However, time management is not everything. If you look at the raw papers that are initially submitted, Joy's needs the most work from a grammar standpoint, but her thoughts, and her feminine view bring a lot of good input into the group Jerry, although he has never seen a calendar that he likes, is an excellent writer. Eric is the best detail person in the group. His input is well rounded and precise, and he is the final person to edit the paper.

Each member has different priorities, which affect their performance in LTA. Eric has some family issues that are, to him, a much higher priority than school, and the rest of the group agree with him. To Joy, getting her degree seems to be the highest priority in their life. Jerry, on the other hand seems to prioritize his time correctly.

This team meets all of the requirements to become a high-performing team, but it is not performing at this level now. Assignments, although turned in on time to the school, are not turned in on time to the group. What will turn this team into a high-performance group? The answer is communication

Joy

Joys' contribution to the team is another example of the advantages of diversity. She brings her unique female perspective to the table. She is also very adept at communicating with males, I point to her analytical approach when presenting her thoughts and ideas as proof. Here are her perceptions on the teams' performance and processes.

LT A is a dynamic and diverse team. It is comprised of three males, one female and has a span of thirty years difference between the oldest and youngest. We are all highly motivated in our education pursuit at UOP. Dedication to educate ourselves shows with our work we have done so far. Our professional experiences are as different as we are.

Making time to get together as a whole team is challenging whether it be a teleconference or in a chat room. Time is a valuable resource that we as full time students, employees and people cherish. This LT has been able to get on the same page, even with such limited time together.

Communication in a virtual environment is vital to its success. The different ways our LT communicates on a typical week includes e-mail, IM, and teleconferences; utilizing the internet is important since the majority of communication can be asynchronous. This communication method allows individuals to think about their responsibilities within the team.

LT A does not have a conflict resolution plan since we all work together as a whole without much conflict. When teleconferencing we all respect talk time for all members to make comments or address concerns we may have. The last teleconference we had we were able to discuss many future assignments and outline the timing for each one. Each team member, allowing the team to establish a plan that met with everyone's needs, gave input to the timing plan.

Conclusion

Despite the differences in perspective, LTA performs at a very acceptable level. This is due largely to the willingness of the members to make allowances for personal traits, both positive and negative. The team has done a good job of focusing in on individual strengths and playing to those strengths.

Please note that this sample paper on Learning Team Behaviour is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Learning Team Behaviour, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Learning Team Behaviour will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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ENRON INTERNATIONAL IN INDIA

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on ENRON INTERNATIONAL IN INDIA. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality ENRON INTERNATIONAL IN INDIA paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in ENRON INTERNATIONAL IN INDIA, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your ENRON INTERNATIONAL IN INDIA paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! .Why do you think Enron was willing to shoulder the risk of making such a significant investment in India? What long run benefits did the company forsee? Do you think these benefits compensated for the risks involved?

India is a developing country with an underdeveloped economy. Since independence in 147 India had a number of restrictions on foreign investments and it imposed number of trade barriers in the form of high import duties. However by the 0's India opened its doors to foreign investors .Former prime minster, Narsimha Rao requested Enron to make an investment in India in the form of an independent power project. Enron accepted the request and then begins the Enron saga…

a .Enron was assured 16% return on investments. The rate of return after the agreement worked out to be %.Usally return on investment in the US would have been around 8%.The higher rate of return was attributed to risk associated with establishing a power plant in India. Considering the uncertain electricity market in the U.S , I would not agree that risk in India was too much.Also when the government of India was assuring the rate of return where was the risk?

The reason why Enron was so keen on setting up an LNG plant was that they had an LNG processing unit worth $4billion in Qatar and they wanted a strong market like India to buy the output that was produced in Qatar.That is why although the Dabhol power plant was not economically feasible Enron was still interested in setting up a power palnt in India.Secondly the west coast where the power plant was located was close to the Gulf states,as a result cost of shipping LNG would be very low.

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Next Enron thought that power availability would set up new industries in the region and increase the economic growth rate of the country.As a result purchasing power of India would increase which would result in outflow of precious foreign exchange.Not only this but growth potential would position Enron well in the global market place.

b.Enron did see many long run benefits

Firstly after the success of a power project in a developing country like India,Enron would gain a very high image amongst other developing countries ie they would be able to capture energy markets in other countries as well.Thats what happened!!After the deal was struck with India Enron had power projects coming up in countires like Brazil, Bolivia, China etc

Secondly the profits that Enron would earn would be extremely high compared to the cost.The main reason being cheap and freely available labour to run and maintain the plant.

Last but not the least, gaining access to business in India, the worlds largest democracy, Enron would be able to develop long term relationship which means that after its success once, India would ask them to set up more such projects which would be a benefit to no one else but Enron.

c.The "benefits" Enron was expecting were low cost of production, very high rate of return on investment in other words a good amount of profit, a successful global image and long term relationship with India.

The "risk"associated with investing in a country like India was very high. First of all the thought of investing in a developing country like India which has an unstable and a downward moving economy was a big risk itself, dealing with corrupt political officials was another issue.Plus selling liquefied natural gas to consumers who mostly use energy generated through burning of coal was a difficult approach because they were not sure if consumers would buy energy at approximately 4 times higher price than what was available in the domestic market.

I think Enron did not get the benefits it was expecting because of the risks associated with investing in India.There were chances of them earning a huge amount of profits.Enron struck a deal to generate 450mega watts of energy(450mega watts higher than the original plant) at .6% less than the original price.Inspite of this cut Enron would have earned a very high rate of return on investment while simultaneously cutting the prices.In reality if everything worked out well they would be making profits which would not be possible abroad.But;because of the political instability the Enron power project did not last too long out and they had to return back.

.Do you think Enron was right to build a risk premium into its original pricing of the Dabhol project?Should the company have foreseen that this might have been perceived as cost padding?

Yes, I think Enron was right to build a risk premium into its original pricing of the Dabhol project.Rebecca Mark was absolutely correct when she said,"In India you are suppose to have a 0% import duty on equipment.but when it comes right down to it,very common in a project is that it doesn't end up being 0% but whatever the customs inspector wants it to be on the day you get there.So you have to price that risk in."In a poor country like India bribery and corruption are the most common practices.No one is satisfied with whatever is given to them officially so they have to bank on unofficial practices to satisfy their needs and wants.Enron just did that it took all the risks(mentioned) into consideration and quoted the price.Afterall Enron was interested in doing business and not charity where its main goal was profit so it was justified to build a risk premium.

But;the risk premium was too high.Enron was asking for 4 times higher price than what was sold by domestic producers.Secondly the energy that they were trying to sell was a very new concept for the indian consumers.Basic common sence tells me that if iam trying to sell a new product in a new country I should sell it at a low price.Enron was doing just the opposite, instead of selling energy at an affordable rate it was trying to reach a peak which was next to impossible.Enron was too confident of the move it was making and therefore ultimately it did not get anything but dissatisfaction from its client(India)

.What lessons about the requirements for successful investments in India can other foreign companies draw from Enrons experience with the Dabhol project?

The effects of Enrons collapse have been felt across the spectrum of financial,social and ethical circles and around the world.Enrons lessons as interpreted by economists,sociologists and everyday people have possibly changed the attitude of investors all over the world.Some of these lessons include

Diversification of investments is important.Investors should be wary not to get carried away by substantial movements in the market, rather set a limit with a reasonable profit or loss.The Enron collapse has also allowed many to see that emotion exerts incredible influence on the markets.

In the information age , companies and consumers become more dependent on the information of the product.Belief in the integrity of information allows companies to maximize the true benefit of the information age.With the very nature of information being questioned, information based companies are finding it harder to sell their services to the consumer.

Enron tried to accomplish too much too quickly using "time is money" philosophy. It depended on the political system to get its way.Investors when investing in a foreign country should try to adapt to the host country's working environment and not stick to their system of working.

Investors should try to explore the local resources rather than importing new raw materials.Enron's high cost of importing and using LNG that was a contrast to other sources of fuel was detrimental to its success.

4.Is former US Ambassador William Clark right when he claims that, in the end Dabhol incident sent the right kind of signals about foreign investment in India?What kind of signals do you think it sends about investments in India?

Yes, Mr.William Clark is right when he claims that, in the end Dabhol incident sent the right kind of signals about foreign investment in India.The following are the signals Enron sent for investments in India

First, political instabilityThe government of India has always made efforts to make money for themselves personally rather than for the nation as a whole,which means the level of corruption is quite high in India which the investors need to keep in mind.

Secondly, India does not follow the policy of "time is money".Investors have to be prepared for delay in completion of the projects.A lot of time is spent in sceduling meetings with the necessary officials,going thorugh negotiations and then finally striking the deal.

Lastly,I would like to say that investors should try not to be the first ones in launching their product or service.I would first want to see the results of others and then make my decision.Enron was the first company to make an independent investment in India.It was on the basis of trial and error that they carried out their operations.Now, after the whole thing other investors in India as well as abroad have learnt lessons from Enron but Enron unfortunately didn't have anyone to take lessons about the methods of working in a country like India.

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How is the notion of ‘Retreating from the global' explored in the movie 'The Castle'?

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The Castle directed by Rob Sitch (17)

In a local community, north of Melbourne, residents struggle to retain their homes with the ever-increasing pressure of globalisation and economic rationalism.

Globalisation looms in the form of the airport and the need to extend to make way for bigger, longer and more runways to stay abreast of increasing economic demands of the global marketplace, eventuating in the compulsory acquisition of private property.

The Castle highlights the repercussions of globalisation on family life and the local, but also upon the residents of the community both collectively and as individuals. We find that globalisation threatened to integrate people into a global community. This would have seen to the erosion of their traditions and principles to one global culture, which in effect would mean the community's loss of identity.

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Through a strong sense of community and history/tradition, ignorance of the global force, idealised notions of ‘normalcy', links to ‘the house' and ‘the land' and family values, the Kerrigan family were able to retain their ‘local' ideals, and thus retreat from the global.

The strong Australian spirit of mateship and barracking for the underdog, come across as major themes, as the Kerrigans and their neighbours come together unwilling to accept the changes and vacate their properties (and as such are resisting global change). Consequently, a real sense of community is expressed throughout the story.

The first dose was administered when Farouk came knocking on the door on the morn that Darryl (Kerrigan) and the residents of Coolaroo were served notice that their houses were to be compulsorily acquired to allow for the extension of the airport to which they lived adjacent. Darryl answered the door and was confronted with Farouk's plea to read the letter which he did not understand "read this to me?", acceptingly, he does so. Again, the sense of community is expressed when we find Darryl's concern for others outweigh his concern for himself and he disappears to check on his elderly neighbour Jack. The strength of the bond is made blatant later when Darryl offers to pay for Jack's share in legal expenses and furthermore to take him in, in the event that they should have to move. Through this, we see that Coolaroo is a very close knit community where everyone knows each other. This is given emphasis in the later gate stealing incident, where we find that Sergeant Mick knows Darryl and breathes warning to him about his actions instead of charging him and even suggesting he "put them round the back".

We find that people in such a community, tend to stick together and stick to the people they know such as Dennis Denuto. Dennis is a small time conveyancing lawyer who knows little about litigation and is clueless in the realm of Constitutional Law. Despite this, Darryl seeks his help in his dilemma, constantly bringing light to his previous battle with Wayne (the oldest of the Kerrigan sons) and supposedly winning in getting ‘only' fifteen years and of course "trying his best".

Family values are clearly manifested throughout the story. First, early in Dale's narration where he states that "Dad's the backbone in this family. And if Dad's the backbone, then Mum's all the other bones". As the story unfolds, we see the importance of Darryl's role as the head of this close knit family of honest battlers and maintaining principle in the household (such as, the rule for the television to be turned down whilst eating). He is found to be a simple optimist and philosopher who is constantly full of praise and makes everyone in the family feel important and worthwhile.

Along the way the Kerrigans visit their favourite holiday spot ‘Bonnie Doon', which turns out to be a stark landscape with a lake in the middle with high voltage power lines running across it. The whole family comes along, including Tracey's new husband Con, which acts to re-emphasize the loving bond and unity within the family in spite of adversity (i.e. Wayne in jail and the fight for the house).

A quality that cannot overlooked of the Kerrigan family, is their sense of history and tradition. The most obvious portrayal of this, is Darryl's prized ‘Pool Room', which contains a collection of everything of significance to him over time, from photographs to beer mugs and the kids' childhood crafts to Trace's Sunshine TAFE diploma in hairdressing. It also emphasised more subtly in the importance of events such as ‘Fathers' Day' and the traditional family viewing of ‘Hey Hey it's Saturday' which comes second only to ‘The Best of Hey, Hey it's Saturday'.

There are constant links to ‘the house' and ‘the land'. For the Kerrigans, their quarter acre block is much "more than just a house, it is a home". Their family home is full of memories and rich in resonant echoes of their past and emotional ties that no amount of money or compensation can replace. It is this belief that breathes life into the philosophy that ‘a mans home is his castle and more important than "a driveway".

With the unfinished extensions, the house proves to be a constant project, and boasts many ‘improvements' such as the fake chimney and plastic veranda ornament which Darryl believes "adds a little Victoriana charm". The children's old cubbyhouse-proposed-granny-flat-turned-dog-house also shows that Darryl is very resourceful.

Bonnie Doon is also seen to have a ‘sacred link', the house built with their own hands, with the use of a kit home that "idea's man" Steve bought over the Trading Post.

It is needless to say that the Kerrigans are quite ignorant of the Global force, which is revealed in their incorrect real estate values. Their home adjoins a runway of a main airport which Darryl believes will be useful in the event that the family may choose to travel, and sits beneath high voltage powerlines which he believes are a "constant reminder of man's ability to create electricity". This is further expressed in the deluded comment that "the house is nearly worth as much as when we bought it".

Really, they seem to have an obscure sense of monetary value. Darryl constantly remarks "you could sell that" to all of Sal's tacky crafts, and when the valuer visits the Kerrigan house, they were very welcoming and Darryl took the liberty in showing him around the house, pointing out such things that would ordinarily lower the value of the property in the belief that they would add to its value.

The Kerrigan family have an idealised notion of ‘normalcy', finding pleasure in digging holes and even more so in digging holes and filling them with water. Steve's life revolves around the Trading Post. Darryl prides in his son's little gadgets and inventions, dubbing him the ‘ideas man'. They deem Wayne's 15 year jail sentence for armed robbery ‘normal' and admire Trace's intelligence, being "the only one in the Kerrigan family to receive a tertiary education" in having a diploma in hairdressing at Sunshine TAFE.

Globalisation is the notion of universal truths, in that they are held simultaneously as local and worldwide (global) truths; provided by the erosion of traditional boundaries and borders catalysed by the globalisation of communications. As time and distance are collapsed into the immediate and local, knowledge can be seen as at once global and local, freed from but still limited by the laws of time.

The global force poses a threat on the local by internal and/or external means. In the case of The Castle, the local was threatened on both levels. Internally, the main threat was the concept of change. The world must and can only move forward. Although, the family's values are very much grounded in the local sense, they desire success. This is made clear in the eventual expansion of Darryl's tow truck business; here, we see the family taking a step ‘forward'. This concept is also seen similarly in the case of lawyer Dennis Denuto who also desires success. Ultimately, he leaves his small office, buys himself a photocopying machine (that never breaks down), a BMW convertible and places a golden plaque at the entrance of his office, inscribed with the words ‘as seen on TV'. (To a small extent) Councils, commercial enterprise and the government play key roles as external threats to the local. These forces are presented in the form the air link consortium, who wishes to expand the airport so that more goods can come into the country.

The global force is very much directed by the powerful corporate and governmental sectors, which dictate and influence much of our lives. However, as shown by the Kerrigan family, by maintaining certain aspects of the ‘local' community, one is able to retain their ‘local' ideals and thus retreat from the global.

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Discuss the ways in which gender studies and gay and queer studies have enabled critics to see texts afresh.

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For the purpose of my essay I will focus on the topics Gender studies and Gay and Queer Studies as forms of critical interpretation.

The idea of Gender Studies and Gay and Queer Studies allows critics to see texts afresh as they are relatively new concepts. Up until the late 160's heterosexual culture was intolerant of gay culture in literature, it was seen as perverse. But then gay and lesbien scholars who had up till then remained silent regarding their sexuality or the presence of homosexuality themes in literature began to speak. Their work along with feminism helped bring into being a new school of gender theory in the 180's. Gender critics began to study gender and sexuality as discursive and historical institutions.

While Gender Studies and Gay and Lesbien studies is a fresh and exciting new perspective it is not an easy one to work with. Gender and gay and lesbien theorists are concerned with unearthing a hidden tradition of homosexual culture in literature and it is not always easy to recover. Homosexual writers including Tennesse Williams and Henry James didn't write openly about their life's experiences as they feared imprisonment.

The notion of sexual identity and the logic behind gender categorisation are other concepts with which critics can use to enable them to see texts afresh. They question the relation of gender categories to sexuality and physiology they can use the ideas that what is culturally accepted as masculine or feminine may not line up with certain sexual behaviours, psychological ideas or sexual practices, that the idea of male or female is merely political and not biological.

When analyzing a text, theorists can question the opposition between homosexuality and heterosexuality, interrogating the identity of each and the relations apparent between the two. " Heterosexuality contains a moment of homosexuality when the child identifies with a parent of the same sex or when heterosexuality men relate to each other while competing over women, and homosexuality comprises both masculinity and femininity supposedly heterosexual qualities, in highly mixed and variable amounts"(Michael Ryan, Literary Theory A Practical Introduction)

Critics can also examine the texts with the ideas of what different societies portray as "the norm". Normatively heterosexual males are masculine and heterosexual females are feminine because "politics" and "culture" instruct them in behaviour appropriate to the dominant gender representations. Alternative sexual practices to "normal" heterosexual practices in some cultures and places is strictly banned. From this it is apparent that, the supposed identities of male and female and the norms of reproductive sexuality are thus effects of enforcement procedures that operate through cultural and legal discussion, priviledging certain sexual choices while denigrating others.

" Such gender identities as "women" are not pre-discursive foundations but rather normalizing injunctions produced by discursive performances" ( Michael Ryan, Literary Theory A Practical Introduction)

Gender critics can also examine text using the idea male heterosexuality oppression has contributed to the marginalization of homosexuality. It is noted that heterosexual masculinity is at a its most fierce in a moment of sexual panic. The violence and abuse exercised against homosexuals originates in part from the instability of heterosexual identity. " Gender studies has thus given rise to analyses of the repressed " homosocial" strains that motivate the heterosexual tradition's construction of compulsory heterosexuality and normative sexuality and normative masculinity" ( Michael Ryan Literary Theory A Practical Introduction)

One of the most interesting theorys a critic can use in their interpretations of a text is that homosexuality is not an identity apart from another identity called heterosexuality. Rather, everyone is potentially gay and it is only society imprinting heterosexual norms that cuts away those potentials and makes heterosexuality as the dominant social format.

When exploring the idea of gender, critics could also use the concept of feminism to help look at texts in a fresh way. " Feminism asks why women have played subordinate role to men in human societies. It is concerned with how women's lives have changed throughout history, and it asks what about women's experience is different from men's either as a result of an essential biological or psychological difference or as a result of historical imprinting and social construction" (Michael Ryan, Literary Theory A Practical Introduction)

According to feminist theory, women are seen as an object of value exchanged between families. Men hold almost all positions of political and economic power in our world. It is accepted in most cultures and societies that the place of the woman in the family is in charge of the domestic chores and childbearing. According to some feminist theorists, continued male domination is the consequence of male violence against women. Men take advantage of the physical strength to place themselves in positions of social, economic and political power.

When critics want to use feminism to help analyze a text, they should take note of how society has portrayed women, so that full understanding of females writers can be established. Luce Irigaray, a French feminist stated " Women represents all that exists outside that subject and its truth. She is material, improper, indeterminate, incapable of conscious mastery without self-identity, in-different, formless and multiple, as matter, she is the mirror, the specular scene upon which reason operates, providing reason with material for its concepts while yet remaining outside rational ideality. Male reason is therefore necessarily predicted in the subordination of the feminine, understood as the principle of connection in and to matter, which is associated with the mother's reproductive body. Men have always appropriated women's reproductive powers to their own self-idealizing ends. Women's powers of reproduction have been exchanged between men to assume male alliances. There is a strong link, therefore, between the philosophical elevation of the male mind over the female body, and the social institution of patriarchy, which traditionally abstracts from women's bodies in order to equate them as exchangeable commodities in the status and marriage markets."

From the evidence presented here it is apparent that both Gender Studies and Gay and Queer Studies offer critics many ways in which to look at texts in a new, exciting and fresh way. Using these theories in critical interpretations of texts will allow the reader or critic to experience a different " feel" for the text in question thus enhancing enjoyment.

Please note that this sample paper on Discuss the ways in which gender studies and gay and queer studies have enabled critics to see texts afresh. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Discuss the ways in which gender studies and gay and queer studies have enabled critics to see texts afresh., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Discuss the ways in which gender studies and gay and queer studies have enabled critics to see texts afresh. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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A Family Must Remain United

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A Family Must Remain United

In the 1950's the Younger Family, a typical black family, lived in

the city of Chicago. Throughout the struggles and adversity they were

Custom Essays on A Family Must Remain United

one of the few families who managed to stay together. Although there

were some arguments amongst their family they were still open to realize

that "Families Must Remain United" (Brantingham 467,470). It is through

unity the Younger family withstood the problems and struggles that

occurred throughout the play. Someone once told me that " Struggles

build Character" (Kyles, Ortensia) and the Younger family certainly had

character.

One of the profound ordeals the Younger family endured was

money. Everyone in the family had ideas on how the money should be

spent. Two family members in particular, Walter Lee Younger and his

sister, Beneatha Younger. Walter Lee wanted to open a liquor store, and

Beneatha wanted to become a doctor. They both showed ambition and

perseverance, but did not let their differences come between their loyalty

to their family.

" The internal difficulties of the family and the detrimental effects

of these problems on the family is a major theme in the play" (Decker,

Tim. "The Propagation of Pride and Dignity. Computer Writing and

Research Lab The University of Texas at Austin, 1999.

www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/anderson/amlit/raisin/td/pride.html (29 NOV. 1999). It is also a

major point to what brings the Younger family closer together. This

family has lived through most of life's big adjustments, should their be

more, by looking at how this family has handled it in the past it should

not even be a challenge.

To determine what is a problem the Younger family must have

expectations and morals to uphold and in knowing these expectations is

what brought the Younger family out and into the life that they are

currently living. Leaving themselves defined by this quote "Family goals,

values and beliefs provides a sense of unity that can surmount any

obstacles and keep the pride of the family alive" (Decker, Tim. "The

Propagation of Pride and Dignity. Computer Writing and Research Lab

The University of Texas at Austin, 1999.

www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/anderson/amlit/raisin/td/pride.html (29 NOV. 1999). Thus

allowing them the freedom to live the American dream. Therefore leaving

with a quote my own that I believe will hold the family together this long,

"It is better to have lived it, than to have went around it, for if it comes

your way again, you will know how to handle it" This quote alone shows

the strength and dignity portrayed by the Younger Family, leading them

to a fulfilling life. The Younger family is by far the most strongest and

most powerful families " For Where a his family stands there is He"

(Richmond 36). They are always willing to come together and solve the

problem and that is my definition of a real family united as one.

Please note that this sample paper on A Family Must Remain United is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Family Must Remain United, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on A Family Must Remain United will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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