Karen Horney

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In Horney's book, New Ways In Psychoanalysis she significantly widened the limitations of Sigmund Freud's theories and prepared the theories to be obtainable to a wide-ranging public. Freud is considered the father of psychology and psychoanalysis. His theories are based on sexual instincts rather than biological. In Horney's book she disagrees with Freud's libido theory, views and emphasis of childhood, and female masochism. Horney emphasized the significance of communal, educational, and gender aspects in human maturity, disagreeing on Freud's focus on sexual disagreement as the origin of neurosis. Horney says, "Sexual problems, although they may sometimes prevail in the symptomatic picture, are no longer considered to be in the dynamic center of neuroses. Sexual difficulties are the effect rather than the cause of the neurotic character structure" (Horney p.10). These will be the three points discussed in the paper. It is important to know that she did base her beliefs on Freudian theory. She believed that change and contributions were necessary in order to further psychoanalysis. She believed that Freud did not pay attention to social factors that he emphasized physiological factors. Horney did agree with Freud that childhood is important to understand, however, she thought he spent an inordinate amount of time on it. Horney thought it was more important to find what in the past was causing the problem in the present not the psychosexual stages concentrated by Freud. Freud believed that masochism was natural to the female existence where as Horney believed masochism originated from personality conflicts. Her contributions and involvement in psychosomatic theory led her to be the first therapist to confront Freud's culture bound analysis of women. She believed that Freud's theories were made to explain the male's view and completely ignore female's view.

In Horney's book, New Ways in Psychoanalysis Horney rejected Freud's libido theory. Freud's libido theory is based on sexuality and its influence on the personality. Freud believed that all bodily sensations of a pleasurable nature, or strivings for them, are sexual in nature. Freud believed that after a baby nursed he/she felt the same sensation after someone having intercourse. Horney had her own theory about Freud's theory. Horney emphasized that woman's feelings of inferiority to men point to the defects in our society, and is not the result of women's lack of penis. "I realized… that my search for a better understanding had led me in directions that were at a variance with Freud. If so many factors that Freud regarded as instinctual were culturally determined, if so much that Freud considered libidinal was a neurotic need for affection, provoked by anxiety and aimed at feeling safe with others, then the libido theory was no longer tenable. Childhood experiences remained important, but the influence they exerted on our lives appeared in a new light" (Horney 1, p1). Horney questioned the role of gender in personality development and stressed the importance of society and culture as determining factors for normal and pathological development. Horney disagreed with Freud's penis envy. Horney believed that Freud was really detecting a women's justified envy of men's power in the world. While penis envy might occur occasionally in neurotic woman, she said womb envy occurs just as much in men. Horney felt that men were envious of a woman's ability to bear children. To the degree in which men are driven to succeed and to have their names live on. Horney believed that men compensated for their inherit ability to carry, nurture and bear children. Horney did not understand why Freud placed so much emphasis on the male anatomy. Furthermore, Horney desexualized Freud's oedipal complex, stating that clinging to one parent and jealousy of the other was simply the result of anxiety caused by a disturbance in the parent-child relationship. "When we realize the great impact of cultural conditions on neuroses, the biological and physiological conditions, which are considered by Freud to be their root, recede in to the background" (Horney 1, p.1) .

Horney did agree with Freud on the importance of anxiety-provoking childhood experiences in the development of maladjustment. However, Horney did not agree with Freud's theory of primary narcissism, infantile fixation, and repetition compulsion theories. Anxiety became a central aspect of Horney's theory, accounting for the personality's defensive and security operations. Horney believed that oral, anal, and genital drives do not exist in all human beings. Horney believed that the compulsive drive was not based on satisfying sexual instincts as Freud did, but to provide safety from feelings of isolation, helplessness, fear, and hostility. She did not question the influence of childhood development, but how it operated. Horney believed that adverse experiences in childhood affected development… "Let us say, anticipating evil rather than good, the old experiences enter directly into adult ones" (Horney 1 p15). She believed that all childhood experiences develop the personality not sexual instincts "the sum total of childhood experiences brings about a certain character structure, or rather starts its development" (Horney 1, p.67).

Horney also disagrees with Freud's theory that women are masochistic the desire to be hurt, even physically, a probable source of the myth that women wish to be raped. Horney states, "Masochistic drives are neither an essentially sexual phenomenon nor the result of biologically determined processes, but originate in personality conflicts" ( Horney 1, p. 80). Freud believed that masochism was natural to female existence. Freud's purpose was to discover the internal psychic reasons for the realities he observed. His theory, stated briefly, was that the original anatomical structure of both sexes was male which remains obvious in the boy (the penis) and in the girl (the clitoris). When children discover the difference between the sexes by seeing the external difference, girls suffer shock, they have no penis. Girls then envy the boys, loose their sadistic-aggressive tendencies, and develop feelings of inferiority. In the same experience, boys, however, find their aggressive self-confidence. Girls turn to their fathers in order to make up for their deficiencies. The girls think that the father relates to the boys because of the physical differences. Then the girls feelings of inferiority are greater and the fear of not being loved deepens their dependent relationship towards men. The relationship that the girls have towards females is resentment. Identity is tied to the loss of maleness, which can only be regained through the birth of a son. If girls are to have anything enjoyable, she must get over the chain of masochistic frustrations. Freud believed that male masochism is pathological; the female form is the normal psychic consequence of the difference of anatomy. Horney believed that Freud's view of female masochism stems not from Freud, the Psychoanalysis, but from Freud, the boy.

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Horney observed that her uncertainties about Freud's theories regarding women caused doubts concerning his theory as correct. After she immigrated to the United States in the 10's, these qualms were established in her book, New Ways in Psychoanalysis. Many of her colleagues said the she was abandoning the spirit of psychoanalysis.

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History of the Trombone research

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Trombone research

History

www.geocites.com/vienna/145/history.html

www.angelfire.com/md/urbanhangout/tbone.html

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In the late 14th century, a long straight trumpet was curved into an "s" shape and thus began the trombone. "Trombone" is from the Italian term for trumpet ("Tromba") and big trumpet ("one"). The English term for the same instrument is "Sackbut" which is thought to derive from the Spanish word "Sacabuche" meaning "draw pipe" and "boter" meaning "to push". If traveling in Germany, the trombone would be referred to as "posaune" which term derived from "buisine" which was a long straight trumpet from which the trombone was developed. "Buisine" became "Posaune" after the 16th century. Trombones were originally used to accompany trumpets and this grouping continued through the music of composers such as Giovanni Gabrieli, Heinrich Schutz and Henry Purcell.

Performers

http//www.jazztrombonehistory.com/Dorsey/history.php

http//ooz.tripod.com/cd/htm/60F1C174E47.htm#artist

Born in Mahoney Plane (or Shenandoah), Pennsylvania in 105, Tommy and his brother Jimmy were both musically talented and received music lessons from their father who was a high school band director. Through competition with each other, both Dorseys became excellent musicians but it was Tommy who wanted to master the trombone over all of the other instruments they played. Throughout the years, Tommy and Jimmy would play together in swing bands but went separate ways musically in 15 due to their inability to get along creatively. Tommy Dorsey and the Dorsey Brother's band is credited with launching such vocal talents as Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley. Tommy Dorsey died in Greenwich, Connecticut in 156 after being a huge influence during the big band era.

http//www.redhotjazz.com/ory.html

Kid Ory (born in 1886) kicked it up a notched playing jazz trombone and is said to be the "greatest trombone player is the early years of jazz". He started out as a banjo player who switched to trombone and developed the "tailgate" style of playing the trombone where the player plays the rhythmic line underneath the trumpet or cornet. His bands were named "Kid Ory's Creole Orchestra" and he recorded music in California under "Spike's Seven Pods of Pepper Orchestra". Kid Ory retired in 166 and died in 17.

Composers

http//www.allaboutjazz.com/reviews/r118_17.htm

Clifford Adams is a trombone player credited with starting the punkadelic group "Kool and the Gang" known for such great hits as "Jungle Boogie" and his currently available CD "Master Power" is a "warmly recommended" mix of "latinesque" and jazz music with excellent accompaniment and vocals.

http//www.glennmillerorchestra.com/history.html

Glenn Miller was both a trombone performer and composer of historical big band music from approximately 1 when he quit college to focus on his musical career until 144 when the plane he was traveling to Paris in was lost the musical world lost a renowned musician. Born in Iowa, Glenn Miller's first instrument was a mandolin his father brought home one day. He traded that in for a well used horn and played that all of the time. He formed his band in 17 after playing with many well known musicians as a solo trombonist and arranger. He played with Benny Goodman, Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey and accompanied Bing Crosby. The success of his first "orchestra" was disappointing and he dissolved that band and returned to playing for other orchestras until he came up with an idea of arranging trumpets and saxophones that Miller felt to set his orchestra apart from the others. He was right and the Glenn Miller Orchestra () enjoyed huge success and sold out shows.

Repertoire (most famous pieces)

http//www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B00000WRM/ref=ase_musiceducationon/10-680-548?v=glance&s=music#product-details

"Moonlight Serenade" performed by Glenn Miller Orchestra

"Sunrise Serenade" performed by Glenn Miller Orchestra

"Sentimental Journey" performed by Tommy Dorsey Band

http//www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005Z0G/qid=105748857/sr=-/ref=sr__/10-680-548#product-details

"Sweet Time Suite" Kenny Wheeler

http//www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B000006GG/ref=pd_sbs_m_1/10-680-548?v=glance&s=music#product-details

"Appalachian Spring" composer, Aaron Copland

http//www.oldhouseweb.com/ourStore/classical-6681B00000C.shtml

"Carnival Overture" composer, Antonin Dvorak

Famous Orchestras

http//www.barberusa.com/orchestra/miller_glenn.html

Glenn Miller's Orchestra

The Glenn Miller Orchestra still entertains sold out crowds today through the ownership of the Miller Estate. The Glenn Miller Orchestra consists of four trombone players, five saxophone players, four trumpeters as well as a rhythm sections which is comprised of piano, bass and drums. Today's Glenn Miller Orchestra tours and plays the original scores.

http//www.barberusa.com/orchestra/andrew_michael.html

Michael Andrew and Swingerhead (based in Orlando); Michael Andrew Retro-Swing wing Band; The Coconut Club Orchestra; Michael Andrew and Rainbow Room Orchestra;

Michael Andrew loves big band music and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree and major in theatre from the University of Wisconsin and started performing on the Carnival Cruise Line until he (and the orchestra he formed) was asked to become a regular performer at the Rainbow Room in New York City. An illustrious career was begun and continues to this day on the East coast of the US and theWest coast of US.

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Historic Antecedents of MERCOSUR and the Challenge of Liberalization

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Historic Antecedents of Mercosur and the Challenge of Liberalization

Shortly after the creation of the European Community, Latin America started its process in working toward regional integration. To remove trade barriers, and ensure the free circulation of goods in 160, the treaty of Montevideo established the Latin American Free Trade Association (ALALC). Liberalization was starting to flourish; however it proved to be controversial and difficult. The end of 178 needed a restructuring of the Association.

The market liberalization programs starting in the 170's (and continuing in the 180's in Mexico and 10's in Brazil and Argentina) adopted by a number of Latin American countries were meant to improve industrial efficiency which was hampered from developing due to the inward looking Import Substitution Strategies faced by many of the Latin American Governments. Trade reforms were implemented and many of these countries not only joined treaties of regional integration but also engaged in substantial trade liberalization. Privatization and deregulation were measures on the government agendas to increase domestic competitiveness and proceed with the liberalization of trade.

Not all agree however with the rapid transition of trade liberalization. In Chile, for instance, one of the first countries to start adopting Neoliberal policies, many of its domestic industries suffered. During liberalization, an effect contrary to stabilization was taking place as more and more firms went to bankruptcy. The costly social effects of such move was taken upon the government, who was unable to meet the with the social burden. The question of how transition should be made is still depending on how fast trade liberalization proceeds.

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Under protectionism, Latin America was not totally stagnant economically . However Neoliberal doctrines and the shift to a more dynamic and integrated trade pattern has revived the region . Import substitution was definitely being questioned as the belief that it had gone too far in restricting an open economy in countries.

Regional integration was backed by many as a way of deepening economic integration in the hemisphere. The dynamic integration process was revived by political change underway in Southern countries. Democratization of Latin America, disdaining the national security doctrine, a loosening of foreign debt tension were effects in the renewed economic values .

Deepening integration therefore was successfully followed with structural reforms and programs that stabilized and increased the international capital mobility. Domestic producers were more exposed to international competition from imports and policy makers had their freedom reduced in respect to designing targeted responses to economic restructuring. Political and security concerns play a decisive role in trade arrangements taking in consideration the many net economic losses there could be.

The main incentive to design a common market in preferential agreements is the dynamic gains obtained from liberalization. Regional integration is definitely a constructive way to improve allocation of resources and higher economic growth through the use of scale economic production. Higher technology and investment are gains that are brought by the larger markets. Other gains involve the bargaining stance against other trade partners and credibility in domestic policies implemented by the Government.

Trade liberalization was extremely limited under the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), which was established in 160 . Greater problems for unbalanced terms of trade arose due to the wider range of size and economic development of the eleven countries in LAFTA. Because of LAFTA's intention in deepening Import Substitution strategies (which in a way is opposed to free trade) among country members, many of the protective tariffs were kept, and the attempt of integration was unsuccessful.

In 180 LAFTA was ended and the Latin America Integration Association (LAIA) was then created in order to promote bilateral trade between member countries through bilateral and multilateral agreements, with the objective of achieving regional free trade. In the last 40 years, Latin America countries have participated to the creation of new

economic blocks (free trade areas, customs unions and common markets) as they responded to the demands of new dynamics to the world economy. An economic preference zone was established and regional integration was stimulated by the growth of bilateral and multilateral agreements.

However as previously mentioned, because of the sizes of the eleven countries' economies other factors led to the frustration in this attempt. Because of the overly ambitious definitions of commitments like the establishment of a free trade zone, and later the establishment of a Latin America common market. It caused an imbalance between the broad geographic territory and the objectives of deepening. It generated a big distance between the articulation of commitments and the actual conventional commitments.

In 186 respective presidents Afonsin from Argentina and Sarney from Brazil agreed to form a committee in order to achieve economic integration. A "Preferred association" was proposed by Argentina and Brazil displayed an interest in pursuing the economic integration with Argentina .

In 186, Brazil and Argentina started negotiations in the Integration Program for Economic Cooperation (PICE) that had as its objectives the improvement of their countries' economies by enlarging their markets and accelerating economic development. More efficient use of resources and the preservation of the environment were also addressed. Communication improvement, coordination of macroeconomic policies and harmonization of different sectors of the economies such as capital goods, automobile, wheat industries were among the objectives of the program . Technology and energy supply were also included in the regulation of numerous industries and thus economic integration . The twenty four protocols signed during PICE's first three years of existence was meant to expand trade, encourage bilateral investment flows, foster cooperation in areas such as nuclear energy and biotechnology and facilitate transportation. The idea of an economical and political past was met with a lot of skepticism and many doubts because of the history of such pacts in Latin America. In 186, the only viable economic pact in the world was the European Common market. PICE successfully restored Argentinean and Brazilian trade flows reached prior to the external debt crisis of the early 180's , but the liberalization process did not proceed with the same velocity especially after the non-conflicting phase of reciprocal trade liberalization process was worn out. The establishment of a common market moving to stabilization was still the long-term objective.

It can be said therefore that regional integration was a fundamental requirement to insure and speed up economic development

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Comparing Two Newspapers

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In this essay I intend to compare two newspaper front pages. One from ‘The Sunday Times' and the other from ‘The Mail On Sunday'. Both papers contain the same story as their main article and the journalists describe the stories in full, on the 6th April 00. The stories are about American tanks moving in on the Iraqi capital city, ‘Baghdad'. Although I intend to focus on the stories, I will also discuss the differences in the layout between the broadsheet and tabloid front pages. There are many more similarities than differences between broadsheet and tabloid newspapers, yet each type does tend to have certain characteristics.

Before I begin to compare the two newspapers, I will tell you about the newspapers' format. ‘The Mail' is a tabloid newspaper which is a smaller size format than ‘ The Times', it is written on A paper whilst ‘The Times' is twice as big as that. ‘The Mail' is written for a lower socio-economic group, it contains simpler language and very short sentences. This type of language is called Journalese. Journalese is a way journalists shorten vocabulary to produce punchy headlines, rather than headlines that can take up a great deal of space. Most of this vocabulary is rarely used anywhere else and involves unusual use of nouns, verbs and adjectives,"US tanks strike into Baghdad"

Here the journalist uses journalese, by using the word "Strike". He does this to play with the readers' emotions. " Strike" here is also an example emotive language. Whilst the journalist could have used the word ‘go', he has chosen a word which has a much greater affect

‘The Times' and ‘The Mail' are national papers that cover the whole of the United Kingdom. ‘The Mail' is sometimes called the popular tabloid, whilst ‘The Times' is sometimes referred to as the quality or serious press. This is clearly shown when you look at the two papers.

These papers were released on the same day, April 6th 00 and show pictures of American and English soldiers closing in on Baghdad.

As soon as you look at the two papers you notice a number of differences. ‘The Mail' is appealing to a mass market, while ‘The Times' is a slightly more serious looking paper. This is evident because half of the front page of ‘The Mail' contains a DVD advert and the other half has the paper's main story. This is done because DVD's are popular and will attract everyone from children to adults. Whilst on ‘The Times' three quarters of the page is its main story and the other quarter has an advert about investing, this is done to attract the working population, people such as businessmen.

Also, ‘The Mail' has a more colourful front cover than ‘The Times'. This again is probably done to attract children and adults of all ages, and to appeal to a mass market.

The title is a very important part of a newspaper article. There is fierce competition to sell newspapers. To attract busy commuters, the front page has to be clearly set out, instantly recognizable as belonging to that particular newspaper and striking enough to catch the eye. Also it is the first thing the reader sees, which sways the readers in their decision on whether they want to read the story or not. The titles from the two papers are completely different. "BloodBath" is the title of ‘The Mails' article whilst "Us Tanks Strike Into Baghdad" is the title of ‘The Times'. ‘The Mail's title reinforces the point that this paper is written to attract a lower socio-economic group. "Us Tanks Strike Into Baghdad" is a more descriptive and serious title. It makes it very clear what is going on in Baghdad. The title "BloodBath" on the other hand is a less serious title. It sounds very exciting and the way it is written in block capital letters, sensationalises the story. The title "BloodBath" dosen't really describe what is going on, so what it is really doing is making the reader want to read on. Also, the size and the way the title is written adds to the impact. Emotive language is used in both titles, but in ‘The Mail' it is used to create emotion and an idea of dead people, "BLOODBATH".

The pictures illustrating the articles for each page are different. On ‘The Mail' there is a picture of scared soldiers in close combat, whilst the one on ‘The Times' is a picture of soldiers putting out a fire on a US tank. Again the pictures appear to be used to attract their target, economic group and again the picture on ‘The Mail' is more eye-catching, and dramatic. Design is used both to attract readers and to present material in intresting, effective and eye-catching ways.

The caption under the picture in ‘ The Mail' is an example of emotive language, "In Iraq's smouldering capital".

This is emotive because "smouldering" suggests it has been badly burnt. In ‘The Times' the caption under the picture describes the story in more detail, "Troops from the rd Infantry Divison battle to extinguish a fire in an Abrams tank in Baghdad yesterday".

Although in ‘The Times' the story is described in more detail, I think that ‘The Mails' article is more effective because the journalist uses dramatic pictures and headings.

Out of the two papers, ‘The Tmes' has the more writing on it, this is because it is written in more detail. This again raises the point that ‘ The Mail' is written for a lower economic group.

These are all the differences I found between the two papers. I have learn't a lot from this essay . The things I learn't from writing it were what Journalese meant and the differences between Broadsheet and tabloid newspapers, also I learnt that colours, headings, size of writing, etc, are all features that play a majour role in attracting different socio-economic group .

Please note that this sample paper on Comparing Two Newspapers is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Comparing Two Newspapers, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Comparing Two Newspapers will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Language and machines

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"One view of artifical intelligence sees that, in the near future, independent machines will evolve and leave human far behind."

That's a quotation of Edward Fredkin from 17, which goes, in my opinion way to far beyond our time. I don't think there will be a great changing in the relationship between machines and humans for a long time in the future.

Nowadays the humans got the role of constructing, programming and improving machines, and that's the way it should resist. Machines aren't able to build themselves, there not complex enough to feel, think by themselves or learn by their own. Machines should help mankind in difficult situations or find solutions for problems.

Linguistically, machines should be able to write this essay after receiving the topic and a limit, how much they should write. Also, they should be able to correct my mistakes and use figures of speech directly.

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Maybe in a couple of centuries, we will be able to construct mechanical doubles of humans, which can communicate with human beings and maybe with themselves - without just repeating or recognizing what they already known or heard before. But there's no use for a superior power which substitutes people's brain, so we won't be able to make our own decisions, machines would do that for us.

I dreamed that sometime in the future, machines will overtake the leadership of mankind, which lead to serious problems for human beings such as working for them, ruled by them, considered as slaves, praying to them like they were equal to god, who doesn't exist in a machine ruled world, of course. If sometimes the case of a machine ruled world is close to happen, the world becomes smaller, and we are gravitating towards becoming an advanced civilization that concentrates more on efficiency and less on compassion or emotions in general. The hearts and the minds (at least the natural ones) will suffer under the dictatorship of artifical intelligence. You must train your brain, machines must not. Your brain gets older an loses some memories, machines won't. You will be destroyed by corporal death, machines will resist things like aging process. We won't have any chance in a war against artificial intelligence which is superior in a physical and mental way. They got no emotions or feelings which could destroy them or increase their ability to think.

But in Fredkin's eyes we won't care much about that, because we won't be able to talk no more. In my eyes it's a long way to get there, but nobody would a machine to control mankind, so the necessairy of a security against thoughts like humiliating, control or destroy people is obvious. It's a cruel dream of our future, but I hope it won't come true.

George Yule The study of language

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Tobacco

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Tobacco. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Tobacco paper right on time.

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Tobacco

" A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular and what no just government should refuse." (Thomas Jefferson www.oehha.org) Smoking is the right of the consumer. If the consumer chooses to smoke, then that choice is non other then the consumer's. Just like we are entitled to our own opinions, we are entitled to our own rights. Many times, smoking has come up as a huge and involving issue. Compared to this century of having much disagreement, and controversy; in the sixteen hundreds, tobacco was so popular that it was regularly used as money. (http//www.buedu/COHIS) No one now, in 00, would use such a thing. But since tobacco was such a popular item, and many people around that time, often craved for it, it was a good source of income.

Around 184, cigarettes became very poplar and in style. (www.lcolby.com) On the other hand, smoking and tobacco companies have had its twisting and turning. Many people frown upon those who smoke, for the non-smokers find it tasteless and unappealing. As for those who have long since been smoking, they cannot help but continue. Nicotine is a very addictive but yet satisfying activity that is a hard habit to break. Prohibition was the banning of alcohol in the 10`s and before. Prohibition failed greatly because the addiction to alcohol was so high. Just like prohibition failed, so would banning smoking. Both are an addictive behavior and both would fail to ban. (www.lcolby.com) Just because someone makes a law, doesn't mean that its right, and just because it's a law, doesn't mean the rest of the world will follow it. There are many who drink, smoke, drive, etc. all under age. All of those acts have laws against them, yet so many choose to ignore those laws and proceed in their life. For an example; Driving is an act that someone is entitled to. It is their right to drive. Driving such as smoking are both a hazzard. Driving could easily kill someone else, or injure someone else. The government seems not to understand, that it is the consumer`s RIGHT to smoke, just like it is their right to go driving when they need/want to.

People today seem to be finding more and more effects of secondhand smoke. The portion of the public, whom choose not to smoke, should not have to be exposed to secondhand smoke. Second hand smoke is dangerous but occurs in many public places. Secondhand smoke was found to cause lung cancer by Surgeon General in 18. (www.bu.edu) In 187, Congress banned smoking on all flights lasting more than two hours because of these high risks it took. Even by 16, had the United States started to take serious action, by making it illegal (law) to smoke in public places.(www.bu.edu)

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You cannot prove smoking is a harmful activity because you can't prove a negative. (www.smartlink.net, Johnson, Jonathan Dallas) Tobacco companies require a lot of workers. They give many jobs to women who cannot find jobs elsewhere. For the many people in this world that have just gotten out of a rehab center for alcoholism etc. many turn to smoking, because it is a very relaxing way to relieve stress or tension.

Back in 10, a ban on alcohol was attempted. It failed greatly for many found how addictive alcohol is (alcoholics.) Smoking however is just as addictive as alcohol. (www.lcolby.com) If the government were to try and put a ban on smoking in public areas etc. I highly doubt that anyone that had been smoking for more than one year would stop "cold turkey." Although smoking has been more accepted in today`s society, there are still very many people that have their strong disagreements about it.

(http//no-smoking.org)

It is the people`s and public`s right to stay smoke- free, especially in public places. Secondhand smoke is harmful and the public is entitled to their safety. It is a proven fact that cigarette smoke accounts for thirty percent of all heart disease deaths.

On the other hand, we know nicotine is in the process of smoking. Nicotine is the leading ingredient that people most often, would think would cause the heart disease and would attack the heart and make you crave more. A proven study was shown that while smoking a cigarette, only a little allows its way into the bloodstream.(http//no-smoking.org "Action on Smoking.")

While snoring is one of the less complicated and less dangerous effects of smoking, it is still a problem associated with smoking. Many sleepless nights and damaged passage ways for airflow because of the number of cigarettes smoked, is something almost every smoker deals with. Yet, we have all seen the ads in the papers on the television in magazines etc. about cures for snoring. Patches, surgery, exercises, positions to sleep in at night, etc.

It is the smokers RIGHT to smoke. If they choose to smoke, then so be it. Non-smokers are not to say whether or not a smoker can smoke or not. It isn't their body. A woman died at age one hundred twenty- five and smoked up until she was one hundred and twenty- three. A man died at age one hundred and two, from old age, and smoked almost every day of his life, compared to a man fifty years of age, died and never smoked once. If the public has such a problem with passive smoking, then don't resort to that public place.

There have been many times through out history when smoking has come up as a big issue and, has had up roaring action taken upon, and against the danger of smoking. Many people say, how dangerous it is, yet only know from what they've read, seen, or heard. But experience, is how you really find out. People say that the smoking ads for the various types of brands of smoking encourage young adults to smoke, and gain and unhealthy lifestyle. Concluding that this may be the simplest form of conclusion is not so. The smoking ads in reality are ads to entice smokers to switch to their brands. A survey was taken of one hundred and twelve middle school students, and only two out of the hundred and twelve students raised their hand to the question whether or not an ad has ever enticed them to smoke.

Free- choice is a magazine sent out with information from and organization called, Forest. They send out useful information for those who agree that it is the consumer's choice and right to do what they want to their body. Surveys, documents, general information, etc. are all included in this magazine. Many smokers depend upon to get their information. The OSH society is a smoking control agency. It relates to people with questions on smoking related topics. (www.just4u.com) It can be reached at 470 Buford highway, NE Atlanta, GA 041-74. The Cigarette Pack Collectors is a group which follows the tobacco industry trends and gives people a forum or exchanges stories as well as swapping packs. The newsletter is published six times a year. (www.just4u.com)

Rights 1. Qualities that constitute what are correct, just, proper, or honorable. . Something to which one has a just or lawful claim. By banning smoking in all public places is something unjust, which will hopefully never again be an issue. I have a great apprehension, that people have a problem and disagreement to the fact where people have their rights, and it is the nonsmoker's right to stay smoke free… But where there is a simple problem, there is a simple solution. If the nonsmoker has a problem with the smoke, leave. No one is making that person stay. Allowing a person to smoke in a work place, etc. would be an act of justice, but we don't have a just society.

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Descartes and Elizabeth

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Descartes and Elizabeth

Though Descartes adequately explains the functions of his practical philosophy in the control of the passions using reason, Elizabeth of Palantine more successfully shows the impractical use of reasons in relation to the passions in civil and family life. Descartes' basis is reason. It can be used to control the passions and lead to truth. The passions need to be controlled because if they are, true happiness is found and pain can be avoided. Elizabeth argues with this in explaining that only a person with an infinite knowledge of these passions and reason can succeed in this mastery of the passions and it isn't useful in the everyday life of everyday people.

Descartes argues that one should base their ideas of truth and what exists on reason and not experience. He claims that reason is the foundation for everything we should believe is real. When we base our beliefs on cause and effect we basically base them on experience because cause and effect are merely derived from experience. But there is no reason to believe that our experiences should be consistent with the past. Experience cannot give us truth to what will happen, only what is likely to happen, only an estimate of the future. He claims that it is not experience that should aide in your ideas of the world, but reason . We connect this to Descartes idea of the passions. He says that you must use reason to control your passions and in doing so you will be happier because you can control each aspect of the passions, both good and evil. Descartes argues that a person is an entangled web of passions that are the key to thought. Each passion has the ability to warp rational thought. He believes that each passion can be based on the body and its reaction, the way the heart beats, the blood pumps, and the muscles ache. He believes that if one truly understands these passions they can learn to control them which is the key to happiness and relief of the painful emotions. If a person can control the passions they will only allow the good to get through and avoid evil. This is the key to knowledge.

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The main passions are wonder, love, hate, desire, joy and sadness. Descartes believes that each has a separate result from the body. Some cause your heart to beat faster, while some cause your muscles to tense and ache. To regulate these passions the first step is to use reason to understand each physical aspect of them. His whole basis is to keep rational thought even through experiencing passions. One of his most convincing descriptions of controlling the passions is keeping morality which pertains to the passion of desire. He says to control this desire you must only desire the things that are good for you and only desire what depends on your actions, your own free will. To truly believe this you must believe that everything outside of your free will is Gods will and you have no control. Another point he makes about the passions is based on generosity and its counterpart, pride. One who is generous is confident in themselves and willing to give to others because they are secure in what they have. On the other hand pride is not good for the persons soul. It is based on others being less than you and comparing yourself to them. Pity relates to this as well in that pity is only sadness for another because you are thankful that you aren't going through the same thing. Pity is based on believing you are better and not that you are happier. Descartes adds to these passion with sadness, especially when it comes to death. In a letter to a friend who's wife passed away he explains "a soul that is strong and generous, like yours, knows too well to what condition God has made us born into to wish by any ineffectual wishes to resist the necessity of his law... even those who go to their death for the good of persons they love seem happy at the last moment of their life" (Nye, p ). He is saying that if one controls their sadness with reason and prevents all disagreeable emotions they will achieve clear rational thought and true happiness. If one can look ahead using reason to see the result of the passions, they can control the outcome.

Elizabeth makes good points against Descartes argument about the passions, which causes doubt in the minds of the reader She complains that one cannot truly know the reaction of the body to the passions because the body reacts to so many things at once how is one know which is which. If you can't understand the passions in their entirety how can you have good reason to believe them as true passions and therefore control them? She gives an example of her confusion, "love is always accompanied by desire and joy, or desire and sadness... How is it then possible to tell the different beating of the pulse, the different digestions of meats, and other changes of the body, which serve to reveal the nature of these movements (Nye, p ). She looks at herself to discuss the difference, she claims that sadness will cause excessive eating to one person, but lack of eating to another. To continue her argument she begins to tear apart Descartes' idea of how to control these passions, and whether or not it is possible. She says that there are so many things in life, an infinite number, that one cannot even come close to anticipating every thing. Reason alone can't help to differentiate which actions will be useful. She also wonders "how (can) we prevent desiring with ardor things which tend necessarily to survival (like health, and the means to live) which nevertheless do not in fact depend on free will" (Nye, p 4). How do we really know good and evil if we can't anticipate all that will happen? Reason alone can't do this. She believes that although Descartes' philosophy may relate to himself, an intellectual, it would be very little use to others in life with respect to family and politics.

Elizabeth makes an excellent point here. Descartes puts himself in a life outside of the real world, secluded from everyone around him. Although Elizabeth realizes that she is not the average person either, she isn't claiming that she is right, only that Descartes isn't. The knowledge of family and political life has aided Elizabeth in the realization that "to evaluate goods, it is necessary to be completely acquainted with them and to be acquainted with all those among which we must choose in an active life would require an infinite science" (Nye, p 58). Elizabeth has a broader view of life seeing how people act gives her an advantage over Descartes. Her point about infinite things gives good reason to doubt Descartes. If we are supposed to evaluate every possible outcome of our passions to control them it will be difficult when looking at all the possibilities. Elizabeth makes a good point in that it is difficult to differentiate between a passion and indigestion, and each person probably has a different reaction to each passion than the next person.

Descartes' argument for using reason, the foundation to his practical philosophy, in the role he gives to the passions seems good from the initial standpoint but when Elizabeth analyzes his belief she does an excellent job of causing skepticism towards his arguments. In another letter to Descartes Elizabeth claims that under her own experience she has found sometimes using experience to understand life is more beneficial than using reason. For people who aren't very rational Descartes practical philosophy isn't very practical.

Please note that this sample paper on Descartes and Elizabeth is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Descartes and Elizabeth, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Descartes and Elizabeth will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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