Factors that Influence the Selection of Fuel Substrates During Exercise

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Factors that Influence the Selection of Fuel Substrates During Exercise

Fuel substrates for producing energy in the body are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Carbohydrates and fats are the primary fuel substrates in the selection for producing energy. Only % and no more than 15% during the final minutes of a prolonged exercise are contributed by proteins. Several factors influence the selection of fuel substrates which includes the type of diet of the individual, the intensity of the exercise, and the duration of the exercise.

Individuals who eat a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet will have a higher rate of fat metabolism. A high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet will produce a higher rate of carbohydrate metabolism in the individual. A high-protein no-carbohydrate diet can cause health problems because essential amino acids are broken down as fuel.

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Fats are the primary fuel source for muscle during low-intensity exercises. An example would be an exercise of walking using less than 0% VO max. As the exercise increases in intensity, there is a steady increase in carbohydrate metabolism and a decrease in fat metabolism. Eventually there is a crossover to carbohydrates for use as the primary fuel substrate instead of fats. This crossover occurs somewhere around an exercise with a Vo max of 5%.

Two main factors that cause this shift from using fats as a primary fuel source to carbohydrates are the recruitment of fast twitch fibers in the muscle and increasing levels of epinephrine in the blood. The fast fibers in the muscle have more glycolytic enzymes than lipolytic enzymes. Because glycolysis requires carbohydrates as the fuel source and lipolysis uses fats, the fast fibers are better suited to break down carbohydrates. Higher levels of epinephrine stimulate the enzyme phosphorylase which causes an increase in glycogenolysis and glycolysis. An increase in glycolysis raises lactate levels which inhibits lypolysis. Since there are more carbohydrates, there is less fat metabolism.

During prolonged exercises approximately greater than 0-0 minutes, there is a gradual shift from carbohydrate metabolism to an increased rate of fat metabolism. Lipolysis is the process that breaks down fat molecules or triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol by the enzyme lipase. These lipase enzymes are inactive until there is an increase in certain hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucagon. These hormones stimulate the lipase enzymes which increases lipolysis. Lipolysis increases free fatty acid levels in the blood and muscles which promotes fat metabolism. Since lipolysis is a slow process, this will only occur after several minutes of a prolonged low-intensity exercise. There is also a decrease in insulin which inhibits mobilization of FFA. By decreasing the level of insulin, lipolysis can speed up and FFA can increase.

In conclusion, the body contains proteins, carbohydrates, and fats which are used as fuel substrates for producing energy. Proteins contribute a small percentage of the fuel supply, approximately %, and only 15% during the final minutes of a prolonged exercise. Primary fuel substrates are carbohydrates and fats. Factors influencing fuel selection include the type of diet of the individual, the intensity of the exercise, and the duration of the exercise.

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Cell Notes

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Section -1 Review

1. What observations were used to develop the cell theory?

• German botanist, Schleiden cells compose not only the stems and roots but every part of a plant

• German zoologist, Schwann - made same claim about animals

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• German physician, Virchow observed that cells come only from other cells

. What function do organelles serve?

• Eukaryotic cells possess organelles

• Their small, specific membrane-bound internal compartments, that carry out specific functions in the cell.

. Explain why cells must be small.

• limits that affect how efficiently cells work and that govern cell size.

• One is related to the exchange between the inside and the outside of the cell.

- All info and materials entering or leaving the cell must pass through

"doors" in the cell membrane. The efficiency of this exchange depends on the ratio of the cell's surface area to its volume.

- Large cells have far less membrane surface per unit of volume with which

to supply materials to the cells interior and to rid it of wastes.

• The other reason is that as the cell size increases, it takes longer for information and materials to reach their destination.

• SMALL CELLS ARE MORE EFFICIENT THAN LARGER CELLS.

4. Explain prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

• Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack internal membrane-bound compartments.

• Eukaryotic cells are complex cells that have a nucleus and organelles,

• Bacteria is the only prokaryote, all other living cells are eukaryotes.

• Many biologists think that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

5. The three parts of the cell theory

• All living things are composed of one or more cells.

• In organisms, cells are the basic units of structure and function.

• Cells are produced only from existing cells.

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Alexandira Nechita

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Alexandira Nechita. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Alexandira Nechita paper right on time.

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by Mike Piazza

Period 1 Art 1

Alexandra is a child prodigy which means shes very skilled at what she does. She is a artist and is one of the best and youngest which is whats so crazy about it. Shes younger then I am and shes making millions of dollars for her paintings she makes so shes basically set for her entire life and shes still in High School. Alexandra is 17 now and is already a millionaire and it all started from crayons like all little kids do when they are younger.

Alexandra and her parents came from Romania when she was very very young.They moved from Romania in 185 with his wife Viorica and made it to California in 187 . She started using pen and ink when she was only two years old thats very advanced for a two year old,most two year olds cant even draw in the lines. When she turned five years old she started using the water colors..which I have a big problem with they are very complicated. She just knows what colors would go with what and how do to it right because water colors are very hard to master,well thats what I think. She went throught stages as she got older and her artwork progressed.

She has a form of painting like Picaso did with abstract art and just with paintings. She used ceramics and clay also to get the abstract form like Picaso, she likes his work very much so you can see why she does that kind of form. One of her paintings called release the peace was sold for $700. Two weeks after it was purchased a couple wanted to pay $5,000 for the painting but it was turned down by the owner. A lot of the paintings have sold for $5,000 to $65,000. She also broke he million dollar level as a artist which usually takes years to do.

Alexandra is still a normal teenager who goes to High School and hangs out with her friends. She does only go to high school three days a week so there is one difference and she chose painting over sports in high school. She only goes to school for days a week because she needs time to do her artwork because basically its her career already. Basically she has a very nice life set up for her and hoe she does well.

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Assessment

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Leadership Styles and Strategic Planning

Carol Marion Cook

May 1, 00

How can a leader suddenly share power to become collaborative in decision-making? Is there any substantive difference between a leader who practices authoritarian leadership and one who practices transformative leadership? The research shows an identifiable difference between authoritarian and transformative leadership. These differences center on the way leaders define and use power.

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Cryss Brunner (17) quoted power as the ability to get things done with other people. It is viewed as a process in which power holders possess certain motives and goals, having the capacity to secure changes in the behavior of a respondent, human or animal, and in the environment, by utilizing resources in their power base, including factors of skill, relative to the targets of their power-wielding and necessary to secure such changes (Burns,176). This view of power deals with a relationship among all of the following the motives and resources of power holders and the motives and resources of power recipients.

If power is viewed as one in which the power holders possess certain motives and resources, the relationship is transactional. These leaders approach followers to exchange one thing for another, contingent reinforcement. This leader is authoritarian and practices top-down leadership. The strategic plan is something he/she will construct and give to the employees. These employees will not know their mission statement or their exact job responsibilities because of this.

If the power holder does the later, looks for motives and resources of power recipients, he/she is a transforming leader. The transforming leader seeks to satisfy higher needs and engages the full person of the follower. This type of leader should engage their followers in the planning process if they want them to understand and make sense out of their job. After all, the strategic plan is a public declaration of the organization's heart and soul. Followers are empowered who participate in the process. The motives and resources of the stakeholders should be acknowledged in the strategic plan, specifically noted in the mission statement. The result of this leadership style is a relationship of mutual stimulation and elevation that converts followers into leaders and may convert leaders into moral agents. These leaders have realized that power is the ability to work with other players for the good of all.

In order for transformational leadership to be "authentic" it must incorporate a central core of moral values. This leadership style is defined first, as the leaders and led have a relationship not only of power but of mutual needs, aspirations, and values; second as the followers have adequate knowledge of alternative leaders and programs and the capacity to choose among those alternatives; and third that leaders take responsibility for their commitments. These leaders can produce social change that will satisfy the followers' authentic needs. These leaders have developed a relationship of elevation with the followers causing them to become more active. These followers will actively participate in the strategic planning process with enthusiasm, commitment and dedication.

The best of leadership is both transactional and transformational. Transformational leadership augments the effectiveness of transactional leadership it does not replace transactional leadership. (Waldman, Bass & Yammarino, 10). Both practices are complimentary. Transactional practices get the day-to-day routines carried out without stimulating improvement. However, transformational leadership provides the incentive for people to attempt improvements in their practices.

References

Burns, J.M. (178). Leadership. New York Harper & Row.

Cook, W.J. Ph.D. Strategic Planning. American Association of School Administrators.

Brunner, C.C. (17). The school administrator. Exercising. June.

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Death penalty

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I think that preventive detention is a good plan to keep criminals off the streets. People may argue that it is unfair to keep some one in prison not for a crime but for things they might do when they get out. For example, Lets say that there is a prisoner in jail who is a career inmate. He has been in and out of jail for raping young women. He is a threat to society he should be kept in prison so that he doesn't hurt anyone else. If he was to be sent back out into society excuse my French but he should be castrated so that he couldn't rape young women anymore. Along with this he should be examined psychologically too see if he could even function in society. The way that I see career criminals is like a dog once it gets the taste of blood from a chicken it can never go back and it will always be craving the blood from a chicken.

If a person is caught and it is his multiple time being convicted of drug trafficking even though he has no past history of violence he should still be put in preventive detention because with him locked up that would be one less drug trafficker out on the street, in result less drugs on the streets. I think that a person who is just exposing himself to women not causing harm to them is not really a risk to society. So what he likes to show off a little bit as long as he's not hurting any one "streak on". Some one who is convicted of multiple white-collar crimes such as cheating on their income taxes, he is not really hurting society he's just sticking it to Uncle Sam. The IRS should keep him under close surveillance and not keep him locked up in jail.

My whole view on preventive detention is if you are harming society you should be put in jail and have them throw away the key. But if you are in there for non harmful activity you should be released but still be under close supervision.

weather it be stoning shooting or hanging.

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History of accounting

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History of Accounting

This paper will inform you on the history of Accounting, from the beginning to the present. Even how the idea of Accounting came into existence and how it's changed throughout time to become one of today's mainstream jobs for the workplace.

Accounting is one of the oldest professions that there is. In fact, since prehistoric times families had to account for food and clothing. The first record of currency began with tokens in shapes to symbolize certain commodities such as grain, and other items people needed for everyday living. These methods were used for over 5000 years, before the first writings were found. Evidence of accounting records can be found in the Babylonian Empire (4500 B.C), in pharaohs Egypt and in the Code of Hammurabi (50 B.C). Eventually, keeping records became a necessity for governments to sustain social order.

Now, it is the time of the Renaissance and the accomplishments of man are coming to new heights. This is when a man, by the name of Fra Luca Pacioli, also known as "The Father of Accounting" would come into play and express his ideas plus his theories on Accounting. Pacioli showed the world that Accounting was one of the most important inventions know to man. Born in 1445, Pacioli was a mathematician, who was also a friend of Leonardo da Vinci. He wrote and taught in many different fields, such as mathematics, theology, architecture, games, military strategy and commerce.

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In 144, he wrote a book called "Summa de Arithmetica Gemetria Porportionalita", which was on Arithmetic; but included a section dedicated to the description of Double-Entry Accounting. The book became a major success and was translated from Italian to many other languages. Even through he was not credited for developing the system he was first to publish text on its practice. The system that he used included most of today's accounting routines such as the use of memorandums, journals, and ledgers. He described the year-end, closing entries and proposed that a trial balance be used to prove a balance ledger. There would be little modification to Pacioli's system for the next years. Double-entry Accounting is used to catch errors to accurately track the various streams of money in your business. This made banking reliable, and also enhanced trade and commerce.

By the 1800's, Scotland became the world's leader in modern Accounting. In the lat 1800's, Edinburgh society, followed by other accounting societies in Scotland and England, adopted the title of Chartered Accountant (CA) to identify its members. The first certified Public Accountant (CPA) law was passed in 186 in the state of New York. This law required accountants to pass an examination to become certified. There were no education requirements since most accountant were trained an apprenticeship and not by formal education. The actual exam had very little to do with Accounting, it focused on reading, writing, and arithmetic. By 11 thirty-three states had CPA laws and by 11 all fifty states did.

In 17 the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) was founded. Its goal was to establish standard of financial accounting and reporting. Such standard are important for the creditors, investors, auditor and other people rely on credible and comparable information about their finances and the finances of others. The FASB accomplishes this mission by acting to improve the usefulness of Financial reporting, keep standards current, and promptly consider any faulty areas in methods of financial reporting, promote international accounting standards, and to improve the understanding of the information in financial reports.

Today, computers play an important role in the field of Accounting. Different software types are doing most of accounting applications. Whether an accounting system is manual or computerized, the underlying principles of accounting are the same.

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Rasputin

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Rasputin

Rasputin, the image alone is pretty horrifying, creepy. This man was able to do the impossible, social escalating isn't very common or easy, especially amidst royal blue blood. The rural man who was Gregory Rasputin no education, no money and no faith; known only as a pervert, criminal and drunken behavior. Born in January of 186, in Siberia to poverty stricken conditions which explains his ambition. Was he evil? Was he a miracle worker? Was his ambition that brought him to manipulate?

He spent his teenage years as a rebel, mainly finding ways to have a good time. He was known to have sexual intercourse with several women, consuming several drugs, not to mention the alcohol. You can say he like the shock affect it gave the people in the rural village. He did the equivalent to what Marilyn Manson does now, worshipped by many and feared by most.

A change was what he wanted; The Russian Orthodox Church's mystery drew him towards spiritually and his future. Studying he found that he had the perfect sect of his new religion, Skopsty The sinner's perfect sect. As part of this he started to abide his life to it, to Skopsty. The sect consisted of committing sin in order to get closer to God. It was also said that Skopsty was to commit sin in order to end sin. Rasputin apparently being the biggest follower, to later adopt the robes of a monk and practice and teach others of it, developed his own self-gratifying doctrines, traveled the country as a staretz which is like the concept of those preachers from the Southern states.

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Touring and promoting his sect had made him quite the popular monk. By 10 he was being requested by the clergy in St. Petersburg. He made his first visit which there he recounted tales of his traveling promotion of Skopsty. Several religious leaders caught wave of the heat and decided to take a peek.

Mean while Rasputin was in his prime, the Tsar Nicolas II and his wife Alexandra were expecting their third child. The child was the heir to the empire, which made them quite happy and his name was Alexis in favor of the second Romanov tsar. Suddenly bad news came upon the happy couple; Alexis had a genetic disease, Hemophilia, which if he had been born a hundred years could have been cured with gene therapy. It became apparent after an injury and he did not stop bleeding for some while. A miracle was hoped for.

Prayers from the desperate mother had clouded her mind to do whatever possible for her child, opening for any miracle worker to whom wanted to help. Alexis kept on with off and on with Hemophilia attacks. Rasputin at the time was battling his to restrain his sinner's way. Two years had passed and he had moved prudently in the Russian capitals aristocratic circles and made a name for himself. He had a little following in St. Petersburg and some what an amount of power. He had gained the friendship of The Grand Duchesses and a close friend of Alexandra's.

The Duchesses and Alexandra's friend arranged a meeting for Alexandra and Rasputin. He strangely brought calmness to the Tsar and his wife. Once during one the heir's hemophilic attacks Rasputin was able to control the situation and stop the bleeding. After that the couple kept him around, many people wondered why such a friendship, what was in it for Rasputin? Rumors started that the Royal Couple's daughters had become his sex toys and that he and Alexandra were having an affair. One may never know since both Alexandra's journal and Rasputin did not uncover such allegations. Soon after Rasputin was under suspicion by the Tsar and several people of the Romanov family, death had predestined for all. Rasputin cursed the Tsar's family that within two years they'd all be dead. Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich and Prince Felix Youssoupov, husband of Nicholas IIs niece Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia, were among the leaders of the plot to strike against Rasputin. They didn't kill though, poison, gunshot and beatings didn't get rid of the monk, he ran and later drowned in the river.

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