Beowulf

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in beowulf, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your beowulf paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Beowulf, A True Epic Hero

An epic hero is a man of divine ancestry, who is endowed with great courage and strength, has loyalty and generosity, speaks genuinely in prolonged speeches, is celebrated for his bold exploits, and undertakes obstacles to protect his society (Benson ). In the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf, Beowulf is depicted as the epic hero as he exemplifies all the qualities of this type of hero. However, some beg to differ, stating that he is the opposite of a hero; rather he is a ‘bully'. But if he is a ‘bully' then why does he fit the definition of a true epic hero? First, he is of noble birth and possesses supernatural strength. Beowulf also is a loyal and generous warrior who keeps both his king and his kingdom at heart. In addition, his tone is serious and his language grand. He also undertakes quests to achieve something of tremendous value to himself and his society. At the end of his quest, his people glorify him. Therefore, these characteristics make Beowulf a true epic hero.

A characteristic that Beowulf possesses that defines him as a true epic hero is that he is born of noble birth. He is the son of Ecgtheow, who married King Hrethel's only daughter. Due to his father's "abandonment and death", his maternal grandfather, King Hrethel, raised him (Benson 6). Beowulf, "being a great warrior", went to Denmark to fight (Benson 7). When he returned from Denmark, Hygelac, and Ecgtheow's brother-in-law welcomed him. With the consent of Hygelac, Beowulf went to fight Grendel. He was adhered to be sent from divine order to fight against evil and save his kingdom from subjugation when the Danes stated, "…Our Holy Father has sent him as a sign of his grace, a mark of his favor, to help us defeat Grendel and end that terror"(Beowulf 81-84). Consequently, he was seen to be of noble birth through the eyes of his people.

Another trait that defines Beowulf as a true epic hero is his supernatural strength. Indeed, "His bravery and power surpassed all mortal men" (Huppe 4). The poet described Beowulf as "…greater/And stronger than anyone anywhere in this world" (Beowulf 15-16). Because of this trait he is seen as a hero in the eyes of his fellow men. He is able to use his super-human physical strength and courage to put his people before himself. One of his fellow warriors said "out of all the men on earth, one greater/ Than has come with you" (Beowulf 47-4). Beowulf fought in numerous battles and returned victorious from all but his last. When he went to fight he was very confident and implied "…the monsters scorn of men/ is so great that he needs no weapons and fears none/ Now will I…" (Beowulf 4-44). He swum for seven nights and stopped to kill nine sea creatures in the depths of the ocean. Also, with his bare hands he ripped off the arm of Grendel, a monster that has been terrorizing the Danes for twelve years. The reason why Beowulf decided to kill Grendel without any armor is because he felt that he should have "no advantage" over Grendel, thus proving to his people that his supernatural strength in turn makes him courageous and skillful (Huppe ). This is shown when he assured the Danish Queen of defeat against Grendel

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When we crossed the sea, my comrades

And I, I already knew that all

My purpose was this to win the good will

Of your people or die in battle, pressed

In Grendel's fierce grip. Let me live in greatness

And courage, or here in this hall welcome,

My death! (Beowulf 61-67)

His supernatural strength is also exposed when he fought Grendel's mother. He was able to slay her by slashing her neck with a giant's sword that can only be lifted by a person as strong as Beowulf.

Another quality that Beowulf possesses that defines him as a true epic hero is that he is loyal and generous to the king and his kingdom. He respected the king, he was "ever loyal" to Hyglec, his kinsmen, and to Hygd the Queen of Geats (Brodeur 17). Because of his courageous abilities and loyalty to the king he was offered many gifts such as treasures and jewelry, but he usually turned them down or gave the assets to others in the kingdom. Even when he was offered the thrown by Hygd, he still turned it down. A further example of his loyalty to the king is shown when he was given treasures by Hygd to deliver to Hygelac. Beowulf could have easily taken some of the treasures since there was an over abundance of jewels, but being an honest hero, he delivered it in full to Hygelac. Not only did Beowulf show loyalty to the king, someone of high power, but he also showed a great deal to the common people. He never cared about wealth; rather he was all about honor and giving (Brodeur 18). In fact, Beowulf's only request when he died was to have a light tower built in his name to help guide sailors in the darkness. Beowulf had set a prime example for all human beings relaying the necessity of brotherhood and friendship.

Another characteristic that exemplifies Beowulf as a true epic hero is his serious tone and grand language. He does not talk for any reason rather he has "great determination and intimidation" in his lengthy wordy speeches (Goldsmith 17). One prime example where this is shown is when he was addressing his fellow soldiers "We are Geats/ Men who follow Higlac. My father/ was a famous soldier…Forever, for as long as Herot towers/ High on your hills." (Beowulf 60-85). In this speech he was indirectly telling the soldiers to be determined in their battle and to intimidate their enemies. Another example is shown when Unferth taunted Beowulf. He claimed that once Beowulf lost a swimming match against Breca and that Beowulf will meet with defeat for a second time when he faces Grendel in the mead-hall. Beowulf responded by saying, "Ah! Unferth, my friend, your face/ Is hot with Ale, and your tongue has tried/…May enter this hall that evil will be gone!" (Beowulf 50-607). Basically in his responsive speech, Beowulf intimidated Unferth by proving that he lost victoriously because he had swum for seven days and killed nine monsters along his way. Beowulf's did not only have physical strength he also had verbal skills that he used to illustrate his heroism.

A fourth characteristic that defines Beowulf as an epic hero is he undertakes quests to achieve something of tremendous value to himself and his society. With great motives of gaining the people's respect and restoring peace to the community, Beowulf requested to journey to Herot at a time of crisis to fend off it's evil (Hume 1). He showed no sign of fear when he went into battles. He never looked back and always accomplished what he set out to do. He always explained his death wishes before going into battle and "requested to have any assets delivered to his people" (Hume 14). After some of his battles, Beowulf was crowned King of Danes. During his reign as King a fire dragon began to destroy the town that he built. In his last battle, Beowulf sought out to rid the town once again of its villain. He took the life of another monster, but this time he also died. In his last words he spoke of how he will die happy because his kingdom was now safe from harm, "I'd leave my armor to my son/…so long, if I look at this last of all prizes." (Beowulf 7-751).

A final characteristic of Beowulf that makes him a true epic hero is that his people glorify him. After slaying Grendel and Grendel's mother, he was regarded as a hero by many Thanes. He was also awarded gold and a festive feast was held for him by Heorot. Also he was given land to govern. His death was honorable as Wiglaf implied, "How often an entire country suffers/ on one man's account! That time has come to use…" (Beowulf 077-078). At his funeral Wiglaf along with seven warriors gather treasure and carried the king along with it to the Cape of Whale. A pyre was built with helmets and shields surrounding it, and it was lit. The warriors sang a dirge and an old woman wailed in sorrow, proclaiming that "the bloodshed, shame and bondage is soon going to beset the Geats" (Harris 7). For ten days, the Geats work on the barrow, burying the ash from the funeral as well as the treasure in it, till a high mound was built. Then twelve brave warriors rode around it, bemoaning the death of the king, and of their sorrow, and singing a dirge highlighting his valor, and praising him for being the kindest and gentlest of kings, and foe being "most mindful" of his glory (Harris 8).

Even though many already agree and see Beowulf is a true epic hero. There are those who see Beowulf as a ‘bully' rather then an epic hero. Two prime examples in which Beowulf is depicted as a ‘bully' are presented in John Gardner's Grendel and "Beowulf," by Richard Wilbur.

In John Gardner's Grendel, Grendel tells his side of the story. He feels useless in society and does not want to accept his given role. He states the he never set out to hurt man just understand him. He mentions that when he shows up for the first time in the mead hall he yells Mercy! Peace! (Grendel 7). No one even gives him a chance when he walks in holding a dead body and using it for protection against the drunken men swinging axes and swords at him, referring to Beowulf and his men (Grendel 8). Throughout the book, Grendel pretends to be innocent, which he is clearly not. If he was as innocent as he depicts himself to be then why would he return to a place where he does not feel accepted? The answer is because he likes to cause trouble. He tries to use the excuse that he was rejected by Beowulf and his men to justify his actions of going into the mead hall and causing distress to the common people.

Another example that depicts Beowulf as a ‘bully' rather then a hero is presented in the poem "Beowulf" by Richard Wilbur. Here Wilbur compares Grendel to a child

It was a childish country; and a child,

Grown monstrous, so besieged them in the night

That all their daytimes were a dream of fright

That it would come and own them to the bones

The hero, to his battle reconciled,

Promised to meet that monster all alone. (Wilbur 15)

After reading such a verse one automatically thinks that Beowulf is a ‘bully', since he wants to confront Grendel one on one. However, Wilbur fails to show what Grendel has done in Geatland. He does not mention that Grendel disturbed Geatland and was a threat to the kingdom. Why would someone be considered a ‘bully' if they were providing protection to their kingdom? Beowulf did what a hero would do for his kingdom and that is to protect it from any harm.

As one can clearly see, Beowulf is a true epic hero. He is of noble birth and possesses great supernatural strength. Also he speaks in a serious tone and incorporates lengthy speeches. In addition he put his people's welfare before his by undertaking quests to achieve something of significant value. At the end of his battles, his people glorify him. All of Beowulf's heroic deeds and battles make him the superhero he desires to be. Perhaps what makes Beowulf live today, forever a legend of our past, is the fact that he did die, making him a mortal being; living and dying with the people, for the people, and as a person.

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Huck Finn

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On this paper I decided to take a little different outlook then choosing one single chapter and analyzing it, I decided to write on a broader yet narrow topic, if that made sense. I am going to write about Huck's conscience towards some characters in the story, but also his own conscience towards his feelings and emotions. I am sure most people decided to go with the chapter writing, but I decided to branch off and be a little more creative by developing the thoughts of Huck Finn.

William Blake wrote, "Conscience in those that have it is unequivocal." In Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the theme, man's conflict with his conscience, is manifested through Huck Finn. Huck develops his own individual views of right and wrong. In his struggle with his morality, his insights ultimately lead him to defy social norms by freeing a runaway slave, Jim.

In the beginning of the novel, Huck Finn is portrayed as a stubborn juvenile without principle, however, when he realizes the consequences of messing with Jim's emotions, Huck's moral conscience comes into play. Huck misguides Jim by telling him that they were separated in the night by the fog and had lost the raft. Huck quickly points to the broken oars, indicating that the incident did take place. This stunt makes Jim feel uncomfortable and foolish that he would have fallen for such a childish stunt

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"…my heart wuz mos' broke bekase you wuz los', en I didn' kyer no mo' what become er me en de raf'. En when I wake up en find you back ag'in, all safe en soun', de tears come, en I could ‘a' got down on my knees en kiss yo' foot, I's so thankful. En all you wuz thinkin' ‘bout wuz how you could make a fool uv ole Jim wid a lie. Dat dah is trash; en trash is what people is dat puts dirt on de head er dey fren's en makes ‘em ashamed."

Believe it or not, Huck didn't actually mean to harm Jim's integrity. Huck feels terribly sorry afterwards that he "could almost kiss [Jim's] foot" for forgiveness. In the this society it is morally wrong for a white person to apologize to a black, much less kiss the very feet he walks on. Jim provides moral guidance to Huck by triggering his sincerity. Huck starts to realize that Jim isn't just a slave that someone owns, he is a person with the same exact feelings, thinks the same things, and bleeds the same color blood as everyone else. By Huck apologizing one can see that his view on Jim is changing each day. After Huck viewed Jim as equal, he promised not to play any tricks or jokes on Jim that would harm him emotionally, and or physically. Although Huck feels differently about Jim, and feels he is equal, it doesn't mean that he feels the same way about every other black that he comes across. This is proven in the novel when Huck's Aunt Sally asks him if the steam boat explosion took any lives, he replies, "No'm killed a nigger." Thus, it still proves that Huck feels that blacks are no equal to the white race.

More instances in the novel test out Huck's conscience to see if he is changing for the better. For example, when Huck runs into the three robbers, he and Jim grab there onl way out, a skiff. After Huck gets away he begins to realize that he is leaving men to die, "I begun to think how dreadful it was, even for murderers, to be in such a fix. I says to myself, there ain't no telling but I might come to be a murderer myself…" Huck, feeling he needed to let someone know about the robbers, informs a captain in hope that they will be rescued in time. Huck continues to show his noble side after coming across the plans of two dirty scoundrels, the King and the Duke, to betray the Wilks sisters into giving them there uncle's money.. Huck, so disgusted that "it was enough to make a body ashamed of the human race," recognizes the crime in stealing from the poor helpless girls. When he decides he can't sit back and watch anymore and that he must take things into his own hands to stop the King and the Duke, Huck finds a way to return all that is stolen. When Huck finally realizes that he needs to listen to his conscience and tell Mary Jane all that has happened, which is ironically the same time he tells a lie to help someone, Huck feels only good about himself for doing the right thing. After his experience with Mary Jane, Huck realizes that lying isn't always the only resolution, telling the truth can resolve in the same outcome. This is actually a big step for Huck, because he starts to see that telling the truth is better in the long run. Before Huck would lie and steal and not feel a slight bit terrible for his actions, but now he is realizing the bigger picture.

Huck's conscience comes into play once again when he realizes what the townspeople are going to do to the two criminals, the King and the Duke. Although Huck can't stand the constant lie's and deceits that the two are involved in, Huck makes an effort to warn them. But when he sees, he is too late. Huck sympathizes with the men realizing that "human beings can be awful cruel to one another." Regardless of how good or evil a person, Huck does not want to see anyone suffer, especially if he can stop it. Huck begins to show some light of having a good conscience.

While all of Huck's experiences illustrate maturation, none is more profound than the circumstances he has with Jim. It is those situations, in which Huck makes decisions that goes against the morals of society, but proves that his own morals are starting to come into play. The dilemma in the story is established when Miss Watson and Huck argue whether or not to turn Jim in. While Huck is pushed by society to turn Jim in, his moral conscience pushes him to keep his promise to Jim. But, when Jim starts talking how when he is free is he going to free his family to start a new life, Huck cannot help but feel at shame

"What had poor Miss Watson done to you that you could see her nigger go off right under your eyes an never say one single word? What did that poor old woman do to you that you could treat her so mean? Why, she tried to learn you your book, she tried to learn you your manners, she tried to be good to you every way she knowed how. That's what she done."

Yet, when Huck is thanked by Jim for being his only true friend, Huck decides that he would feel just as comfortable if he were to betray Jim. Thus, when the men hunting Jim arrive, Huck decides to lie to the men so he doesn't put Jim's life and freedom in danger. Huck lying to hide a slave goes against everything he has been taught, and can result in severe punishment. Huck begins to forget his individual values as he tries to pray to "Providence" for forgiveness of helping a runaway slave; however, realizes later that "you can't pray a lie." Huck then begins to think about Jim's fate, as well as his own, if he were to turn Jim in; Jim would be pissed and censured by society for being an "ungrateful nigger," and Huck would be of mixed emotions for helping free a slave. In spite of it all, Huck's social principles cause him to write a letter to Miss Watson confessing it all in an attempt to be "cleaned of sin." At first Huck isn't upset by the letter, but as he regains Jim's compassion and trust, Huck's unusual sense of right and wrong tells him not to betray Jim. After Huck finally resolves, "All right, then, I'll go to hell," he destroys the letter. Huck's remark is the most important line of the entire novel, in which he does not fall to the demands of society, instead, he sticks with what he believes, in his heart, is right. Realizing that Jim is like a father figure to Huck, Huck is willing to sacrifice himself to free Jim. By taking such risks to free Jim, Huck finally shows that his own life is equal to that of a slave. Yet, by helping Jim, Huck is guilty for what society claims to be illegal and immoral. This worries Huck because society in the South has raised him to believe that blacks are the weaker race, all slaves are property, and by not turning over a runaway slave, is committing the worst, and most dishonorable crime. Ironic as it is, Huck believes he is, indeed, sinning by helping a human being from the sufferings of slavery. What is even more ironic is, although this society values Christian beliefs, this same society allows the dehumanization of slavery.

Throughout the entire novel, Huck Finn struggles to distance himself from the beliefs of society, and to establish his own beliefs rather than turning to those set for him. In his own journey to discover right and wrong, he came across many instances that tested his conscience. The inner conflict that Huck is challenged with causes him to stand in between his individual beliefs and the beliefs of society. Jim, who can be credited for Huck's new morals, helps to cause Huck to make the right decisions and act responsibly. Huck learns, most of all, that friendship and loyalty overshadow society, and that he must trust his heart instead of social morals. Thus, it is Huck's morality that topped his selfless acts, which in the end, he discovers is inevitable, "…it don't make no difference whether you do right or wrong, a person's conscience ain't got no sense, and just goes for him anyway."

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The Heart

If you order your Cheap Custom Essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Heart. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Heart paper right on time.

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The topic I chose to do my report on is heart. The heart is an organ that pumps blood through the body. The heart is apart of the circulatory system. It distributes oxygen and nutrients to the body. It carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products. The heart is an important part of the circulatory system because it is the power supply. If the heart stops pumping blood more than a few minutes you can die.

The heart is shaped like an upside down pear. The heart is located to the left center inside the chest cavity. It is about the size of a balled up fist. The heart is made out of muscle tissue. It contracts to put through blood the whole body.

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The heart has four chambers. The upper two chambers are the right and left atria. These chambers are to receive blood. The lower two chambers are at the right and left ventricles. These chambers are powerful working chambers. A wall of tissue separates the right and left side of the heart from each other. Each side pumps blood through a different circuit of our blood vessels. The right side of the heart is accountable for pumping blood to the lungs. The left side is accountable for blood to the body.

There are four valves in the heart. They help prevent blood from going backwards. Blood flows in the direction in which the valves open. If the blood flows the opposite direction the valves will close. Two of the calves are stuck between the atria and ventricles. The right valve has three flaps of tissue. The other two valves are stuck between the ventricles and arteries. They have ½ flaps of tissue.

There are two vena cava, the pulmonary artery, the four pulmonary veins, and the aorta are major vessels. The right atrium of the upper blue vessel is the superior vena cava. It transports deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. The lower part of the blue vessels is the inferior vena cava. It makes deoxygenated blood leave fro the legs into the right atrium. In the right atrium blood passes through the right atrium where the blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary artery. The left and the right pulmonary arteries carries blood to the lungs. Pulmonary veins are four red veins that blood is drained from the lungs. The blood passes into the left ventricle and comes out through the aorta.

Muscle tissue wraps around tough tissue to form the walls of the heart's chambers. A tough double-layered sac surrounds the heart. The inner layer of the sac rests on top of the heart's muscle. The outer layer is close to the breastbone and helps store the heart in position. Between two layers is a water fluid that helps the layers from touching together.

The heart's duties are much than simply pumping blood throughout life. The heart must also be able to respond to the changes the body needs for oxygen. When we sleep the heart works differently.

The right and left halves of the heart are separate. Even though the both bond in unison, producing a single heartbeat. An implement known as a stethoscope is use to distinguish internal body sounds. It includes the sounds produced by the heart as it beats. Valves in the heart make the heartbeat sounds. The first heart sound is longer and lower than the second.

Please note that this sample paper on The Heart is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Heart, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on The Heart will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Animal-Human Bond: How Strong Is It? (Prison Dog Project)

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The Animal-Human Bond How Strong Is It?

"A prison inmate, a neglected shelter puppy and a disabled person on the surface, the three just do not seem to have a lot in common. However, in prisons across the United States and other countries, kindness, hard work and the desire for a productive life are connecting them"-petplace.com.

The Prison Dog programs are a good deal for the dogs, who are adopted from shelters where they would otherwise be killed. These dogs are given the ability to help others and in some cases, given a second chance at life. It is good for their disabled owners, who experience a new world of freedom with the dogs at their side. The programs can also change the lives of the inmates who are showing greater social interaction with fellow prisoners and staff and a sense of real responsibility from their participation.

In 181 Sister Pauline Quinn, a Dominican nun, began the Prison Pet Partnership Program (PPPP) at the Washington State Correctional Center for Women (WCCW). "Her belief was that the animal-human relationship could help with inmate rehabilitation. With that thought in mind, inmates at the WCCW began training special dogs that would assist disabled people"(pathwaysofhope.org).

Since that time, the program has proven to be nothing less than amazing. More than 600 dogs have been placed with the disabled since the program began at the Washington prison and new programs have been spawned around the world (pathwaystohope.org).

Numerous states have seen the benefits of the program and have decided to put together their own. Presently, there are Prison Dog Programs in Maine, Michigan, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, New York, Virginia, Washington D.C., and Washington State. In addition, Canada, England, Scotland, Australia, and South Africa have also taken part (pathwaystohope.org).

I wanted to give something back and help people who are in institutions find meaning to their life through the dog, says Sister Pauline. It gives the inmates the opportunity to become ‘other' centered while giving something back to society. People need to have purpose in their life and this gives them the chance to learn skills, to be loved unconditionally by the dog, and to give love to people who need a special dog to help them.

The programs allow the prison inmates to adopt dogs from the local animal shelters or humane societies and train them to assist the disabled, become guide dogs, and in some cases, save an unwanted dog from euthanasia.

The National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy (NCPPSP) numbers from 17 shows that

• The number of dogs entering the shelters were ,,78

• 56% of dogs that enter animal shelters are euthanized.

• 5% of dogs that enter animal shelters are adopted.

"In 186, the Prison Pet Partnership Program out of the WCCW was one of the top ten finalists for Innovations in State and Local Government recognized by the Ford Foundation and the John F. Kennedy School of Business at Harvard University" (pathwaystohope.org).

The dogs spend a good deal of time with their trainers within the prison community. To the left are some of the women inmates training the dogs to be friendly with a cat. This will be useful when the dogs are released to a new home with "different" animals.

"General H. Norman Schwarzkopf came to the WCCW in 17 to host "What's Right in America" for NBC. He felt that the Prison Pet Partnership Program exemplified how the prison system can aid in the rehabilitation of inmates while serving the community at large" (pathwaystohope.org).

The women work at a prison kennel in the mornings, feeding and grooming the dogs boarded there by private owners. "The boarding of the dogs, grooming fees, plus donations and grants, keep the nonprofit program running" (The Seattle Times).

The objectives of the program are

• To place 60 dogs with recipients annually, with at least 5% of them being Service/Seizure or Therapy animals.

• To establish a scholarship fund to assist released inmates from prison to continue their pet industry related education.

• To continue to build a Veterinary Assistance Fund, started by the Bosack Kruger Foundation in 15.

• To assure quality veterinary care for our dogs before they are placed in the community and to assist a number of low income recipients or our dogs when they are unable to pay their veterinary bills (pathwaystohope.org).

"The program is not for every inmate. Prisoners must first meet qualifications before being admitted in to the program Any major violation of prison rules results in automatic removal from the program. Once excluded, prisoners cannot rejoin. Any sign of mistreatment or neglect also results in expulsion" (pathwaystohope.org).

Some of the requirements are

• Anyone with a history of abuse toward children or animals are excluded automatically.

• Inmates must serve at least 1 year before they can be considered for the program. This is so prison authorities can review the inmates behavior while incarcerated.

• Candidates must have at least two years left to their sentence, so they can complete the program.

• Candidates must be free of major infractions against prison rules such as fighting for 1 year.

• Candidates must be free of minor infractions for 0 days. A minor infraction includes missing an appointment in the prison.

• Candidates must not have a history of drug abuse in the prison (petplace.com).

Inmates must take and pass a -month Pet Care Technician class, given by the American Boarding Kennels Association if they are accepted into the program. They learn skills such as the physiology of dogs, first aid for pets (including CPR), grooming, pet health and wellness maintenance, kennel care, as well as customer relation skills (pathwaystohope.org).

When they pass the course, inmates are assigned one or two dogs. The dogs live with the inmates in their cells. Beth Rivard, the programs coordinator explains that, "A cell usually holds four people. Instead, two inmates and two dogs, or two inmates and one dog, are housed together" (pathwaystohope.org).

"Only about twenty percent of the dogs have the temperament to complete the eight- month training", said Executive Director Beth Rivard. The rest are adopted out in to the community as "paroled pets." "It costs approximately $5,000 to train one service dog", she said, "and the disabled recipients pay only a $5 application fee" (The Seattle Times).

This program teaches inmates how to become productive members of society and the results are amazing. The female prisoners involved in the 1 year PPPP have a re-offending rate of zero percent and one hundred and seventy dogs have been rescued from the pound, taken to prison, educated and placed as service dogs.

The Prison Pet Partnership (PPP) is out of the Perdy Correctional Center for Women in Washington D.C. This program has numerous benefits for the inmates including

• Lessons on care and responsibility for life

• Job skills

• Getting in touch with their feelings

• Having something to care for

• Getting the opportunity to feel better about themselves

• The ability to accomplish their goals (pathwaystohope.org).

This program matches the inmates with unwanted dogs from a shelter. They teach them to be dogs that are "adoptable and keepable." This includes sit, stay, come, heel, off, as well as learning how to behave in crowds and in front of strangers and other animals. These dogs are not adoptable because of their demeanor (pathwaystohope.org).

Each cycle lasts about three months and the dogs are then placed in their new homes. The inmates feel that the dogs "help break barriers that exist between each other." They tend to feel less defensive and more relaxed. "When a prisoner has a friendly dog by their side, people want to go up and greet them. The friendly dog then helps to break the tension" (pathwaystohope.org).

The women also train Service Dogs. Those dogs will go on to assist the physically disabled. They teach them to open and close doors and pick up dropped items when requested.

"I've learned responsibility," said Jennifer Palmer, who is serving a sentence of three years and ten months. "I know now it depends on me to change my life. Doing this has given me self-esteem. This is something I can do" (The Seattle Times).

It is difficult for the women to let the dogs go to their new owners. The dogs are placed with these women twenty-four hours a day and they become attached very quickly. "This program allows the new owners to bring the dogs back for boarding if they go on vacation, and gives the inmates to opportunity to see the dogs for another time" (pathwaystohope.org).

In 10, another program joined the list, Friends for Folks at the Lexington Assessment and Reception Center in Oklahoma. This program allows long-term inmates to train dogs from local shelters as companions for single elderly people or as service dogs for the disabled.

The Assessment and Reception Center is a medium security prison with approximately 800 prisoners. There are twenty inmates involved with the Friends for Folks program, and there is a large waiting list. Many inmates are involved because the prisoners are rotated through the program (pathwaystohope.org).

Normal training takes ten weeks however, for a donation of seventy-five dollars, inmates are willing to put the dogs through a new High Intensity Program (HIT). This obedience-training program allows for the potential new owners of the dog to have the training done in thirty days. The training is a full time job for four inmates who give the dogs constant care (Pet Gazette).

"To the left is Lexington Correctional Center, a facility that houses over 1,000 inmates in minimum, medium and maximum-security units. Unit , a medium unit, also houses very different inmates, ones with four legs" (Pet Gazette).

"The dogs get a second chance to live out their lives in a useful manner in a non-abusive environment. There is no cost to the recipients, and the dogs are delivered. For senior citizens, the dogs fill a void, helping them cope with loneliness and the need to show affection. For the inmates, its a chance to change their outlook on life" (Pet Gazette).

Project POOCH (Positive Opportunities-Obvious Change with Hounds) began in 1 at the Maclaren School, Oregon Youth Authority in Woodburn Oregon. This is a Juvenile Correctional Center for males. Juvenile offenders adopt dogs form two local animal shelters and give the dog's obedience training with the help of their classroom teacher, who is also a dog trainer.

The student trainers work with their dogs each day, and apply "The principles of positive reinforcement and behavior modification." As the trainers teach their dogs, they also learn about themselves. They acquire the following abilities

• to be responsible

• to persist when faced with setbacks

• to know they are needed

• to realize dogs dont care about excuses

• to be consistent and reliable

• to practice patience

• to know how it feels to make a difference (pathwaystohope.org)

Based on survey responses from adults' staff at the MacLaren Youth Correctional Facility, students who participated in Project Pooch showed marked behavior improvement in the areas of respect for authority, social interaction and leadership (pathwaystohope.org).

Program alumni interviewed reported that they "Felt they had changed and improved in the areas of honesty, empathy, nurturing, social growth, understanding, self-confidence and pride of accomplishment" (pathwaystohope.org).

"The relationships, emotional support and mutual trust established between the trainers and dogs are key to the success of the program" (pathwaystohope.org).

The students involved with Project POOCH have decreased numbers of office referrals and show improved self-esteem, patience, responsibility, and vocational skills (pathwaystohope.org).

Another program is Puppies Behind Bars (PBB), which began in 17 at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility in New York. Inmates in this facility raise guide dogs for the blind. This is the only Maximum Security Prison for women in New York.

PBB began with only five puppies and now there are five more facilities participating with over fifty puppies. Twenty-three of those puppies have become guide dogs (pathwaystohope.org).

Gloria Gilbert Stoga founded the program. She served on a commission to develop private sector employment for low-income residents for Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani when she heard about a prison dog program in Ohio. I just thought it made a lot of sense to utilize people that had a lot of time on their hands to help blind people through these dogs, Ms. Stoga said (The New York Times).

In an interview with the USA Network Stoga said, "The primary objective of the PBB is to raise the most highly trained, healthy, happy-to-work guide dogs, and allow blind individuals to have a chance at independence."

Willie, to the left, who has been blind for twelve years and received a dog from PBB says, "I know it's not only helping myself, but it's helping the ones training the dogs" (USA Network).

"Each dog comes to the correctional facility at two months old and becomes the sole responsibility of a carefully selected inmate. Participants live on special puppy-raising wards, where they care for their animals 4 hours per day - overseeing everything from house-training to toenail clipping - for a year and a half" (Good Housekeeping).

Because the puppies live in the cell with the inmates for sixteen months, they are taken to "puppy sitters" two to three times a months to get them exposed to outside influences. This is beneficial for the puppies for many reasons. The puppies will hear simple sounds that the prison environment does not provide, such as a doorbell ringing or a coffee grinder. It also exposes them to complex things for instance, riding in a car or walking down a crowded sidewalk (pathwaysofhope.org).

Puppy raisers are required to sign a contract with PBB. It outlines the inmate's responsibilities with the puppies and with the program. The contract clearly states that inmates will be asked to leave for any reason deemed appropriate by PBB (pathwaystohope.org).

Requirements for participation in the program include mandatory attendance at weekly puppy class and successful completion of reading assignments, homework and exams. The puppy raiser must always put the needs of the puppy before his or her own, must be able to work effectively as a member of a team, and must be able to give and receive criticism in a constructive manner (pathwaystohope.org).

"When you ask the inmates what they learned from PBB they will say ‘Somebody trusted me.' It gives them hope because it makes them feel human again." believes Ms. Stoga (USA Network).

Stoga said, Are we raising guide dogs? Yes. Is that the first and foremost thing we are doing? Yes. However, these are people who are being given an opportunity to learn important basic life lessons, and theyre learning via these dogs (pathwaystohope.org).

Chris Rogers says that, for the first years of his 17-year stretch in prison, he led a lonesome existence, spending most of his time on his own, reading. Then, after he begged and begged to get into the Puppies Behind Bars program, came Doris, a tiny Labrador retriever (pathwaystohope.org).

Prison went from being a dead space to a place that was alive, says Rogers, 6, who's been on parole for six months. He began to make friends, and gained a sense of purpose. "Puppies Behind Bars has contributed enormously to my success outside of prison", replies Rogers, who now has an apartment in upper Manhattan and a job as an assistant with the program (pathwaystohope.org).

The benefits from all of the programs affect the inmates, animals, staff, and the community that receives the trained animals.

Dogs benefit from these programs by often being saved from near death and given a second chance. The training and grooming they receive by the inmates allows the animals to be more presentable and desired by potential owners. The dogs that become assistants to the physically disabled, hearing impaired or senior citizens are a valuable contribution to the population.

In addition to saving the lives of dogs on death row at local shelters, the program also positively affects the lives of inmates, who learn valuable job skills they can use when they resume life outside prison walls. Prisoners work toward pet care, technician certification, or companion animal hygienist certifications. The inmate behavior and self-esteem improve. The programs teach discipline, cooperation, and respect for others.

The staff members who work with these programs see the difference in the inmates and the benefits to the animals. The staff believes that the dogs make the work environment less hectic and easier to manage. It relaxes the mood of the situation and promotes better communication with the inmates.

The community, especially those who are physically disabled, hearing impaired, or the elderly have been extremely pleased with the program results. They believe that not only are the dogs being trained to assist them, but also the inmates are using their time constructively. The society has shown to be eager to accept these dogs into their homes, and to correspond with their trainers.

There are ,0,1 inmates in the prison system (Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics), ,,78 unwanted dogs in shelters (NCPPSP), 100 million visually disabled Americans (census.gov) and 4.7 million people with long-lasting disabilities (census.gov). They will fight the battle for trust and companionship together, all come out winners.

American Humane Association. "Animal Shelter Euthanasia." 00 http//aha.convio.net

Clemence, Sara. "Puppies from Prison Succeed at a Dog's Toughest Job."

Columbia News Service, April , 00.

Cook, Rebecca. ""Dog Training Program Offers New Hope to Inmates." The Seattle Times, June 11, 000.

Jones, Hugh. "Prison Dogs Hard Time, Soft Hearts." OK Pet Gazette, 001.

Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics. http//ojp.usdoj.gov

National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy. "The Shelter's Statistics Survey." 17. http//petpopulation.org

O'Connor, James V. "Puppies Behind Bars." The New York Times, August , 1.

"Puppies Behind Bars." Movie Clip (http//puppiesbehindbars.com) USA Network.

Quinn, Pauline Sr. "Prison Dog Project." http//pathwaystohope.org

Renda, Kathleen. "A New Leash on Life." Good Housekeeping, April 001.

United States Census Bureau. http//.census.gov

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Rogers Communications

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Introduction Primary Market Problem

In 15 a changing regulatory environment is compelling Rogers Communications, one of Canada's largest industrial corporations, to consider the prospect of market share erosion in its cable television division. Political climate changes aside, management views increasing Internet usage among consumers as both a possible opportunity and a threat to advancing the mission of the firm to gain competitive advantage through the delivery of information and entertainment. Primarily, Rogers confronts whether to seize first-mover status and make the necessary investment to provide Internet access over the firm's own cable wires.

Introducing WAVE, or broadband Internet access to PC users with modems, in the Newmarket suburb of Toronto represents a diversification strategy for growth. Based on figures provided in the case, we derived a market size calculation (Exhibit A) used in our analyses. Rogers needs to identify project goals, and determine which marketing strategy would most likely achieve those goals. In terms of market attractiveness, launching broadband Internet access poses high entry costs partially offset by an anticipated high growth rate and the absence of competitive services. A sound launch strategy should include analyses of market segmentation variables, such as age, income, occupation, gender, lifestyle, benefits sought, usage rate, buyer readiness and loyalty. In determining a marketing strategy, Rogers should also consider relevant positioning differentiators such as reliability, customer service, price and benefits provided.

Strategy 1 The Profitability Maximization Approach

Rogers could launch service in Newmarket from a profitability approach. This option minimizes risk by targeting service to likely early adopters identified in market research, the Computer Jock segment. A fair prediction would estimate that adoption in other market segments would come at a slower rate. Thus, targeting a to Computer Jocks as technically superior service under the Rogers brand would enable Rogers to minimize initial acquisition and customer support costs associated with diversification.

Based on market segmentation, new customer forecasts for 15 illustrate penetration estimates of 75%, 0%, and 1% for the Computer Jock, Aware, and Neophyte market segments, respectively (page 1, Exhibit B). Post-demonstration surveys supports these proportional estimates. Surveys demonstrated innovators and early adopters were heavy users of the Internet. Therefore they the least price sensitive for a highly valued technologically superior service. Market segment sizes were net of churn rates that were based off of rates from cellular and local phone industries a churn rate of 5% for Computer Jocks represents users exiting Newmarket. A churn rate of 10% and 15% for the Awares and Neophytes, respectively, represented subscribers lost due to lower-priced Internet service substitutes with brand awareness (i.e. AOL, DSL, etc.).

Page of Exhibit B details the forecasted Cash Flows from Operations of the WAVE project. Cash inflows come from two sources cash from recurring monthly subscription fees and cash from one-time installation fees. Monthly subscription fees were forecasted with higher fees decreasing steadily over five years. Rogers should assume the Computer Jocks, in contrast to Awares and Neophytes, would shop for the speediest Internet access available with less regard to price. The latter segments, given adequate customer support and high quality of service, could be expected to pay less for WAVE monthly. Installation revenue should remain at $. during the rollout for the sake of consistency with the post-demonstration survey results.

Page of Exhibit B forecasts the related cash disbursements for this approach Capital Costs, Annual Operating Costs, Installation Costs, Customer Acquisition Costs, and Customer Support Costs. Market forces such as heightened demand and supplier competition should reduce the costs of ethernet cards and cable modem, thus reducing installation and capital costs for Rogers' WAVE service over the long term. Targeting service primarily to Computer Jocks should require lower customer support in the near term, based on computer jocks' penchants for independent problem solving.

Alternative 1 demonstrates a conservative WAVE rollout in terms of market share. The potential upside positive net cash flows in the fifth year of operations, with a net present value (NPV) of -$47,540.64 by the sixth year, according to pro forma cash flow (Exhibit B) estimates. In addition, Rogers would gain first-mover advantage and broader positioning flexibility in the absence of technologically equivalent competition.

Strategy The Market Share Optimization Approach

Rogers could launch Wave Service based on maximizing market share. Targeting all three market segments identified in market research would broaden the potential customer pool. However, this goal will result in high initial acquisition costs and high customer support costs. Awares and Neophytes are likely more price sensitive buyers whose lower Internet usage reduces the value of a technically superior connection. As a result, Rogers will have to spend more money in targeting, acquiring, and retaining these customers.

Page 1 of Exhibit C illustrates the estimated market penetration percentage over five years for all three segments. Notice higher customer acquisition costs and support costs increase compared to the previous approach. Another assumption in this scenario is that better customer service will be valued highly by Awares and Neophytes, thus reducing customer churn. Proportionally, Awares' and Neophytes' price sensitivity won't win over more customers than Computer Jocks, despite more customer service.

To spur demand in a wider target, monthly fees must be lower than in the previous approach. Rogers should price WAVE service at rates that are close to existing ISP fees and utility bills. With proper positioning under the Rogers brand, Awares and Neophytes should respond to a competitively priced service that offers superior service and speed. Page of Exhibit C forecasts the related cash disbursements for the project. This first mover approach may appeal to a broader segment; thus increasing market share. However, higher expenses associated with increased market penetration demonstrate Rogers will not be able to record a net gain by year 000. Pro forma cash flow estimates show a NPV of -$1,16,1 by the end of year 000.

Strategy The Market Share Optimization with Minimum Churn Approach

In this scenario Rogers can pursue increased market share with added customer support. Higher quality of customer service would likely lower the customer churn rate to 5% for all the segments in the market. Specifically, customer support cost per customer is increased to $15.00 (Exhibit D page ), which is the highest amongst all the models. Rogers would focus on building a larger customer base and appealing to price sensitive Awares and Neophytes who have low buyer readiness and usage rate. Although they may be less swayed by the technically superiority of the WAVE service, their loyalty may be gained through maximum reliability and customer service.. As a result, in this scenario expenses increase. Revenues and net cash flow numbers are remain in the red until year 000; NPV is estimated to be -$1,14,.

Recommendation

All three market approaches fail to realize a forecasted positive real or adjusted (by the proposed corporate hurdle rate of a 15% return per annum) cumulative gain within five years. Thus, we recommend delaying a launch of WAVE service in Newmarket given that it will be unable to fund itself through subscription fees within the Rogers' Board deadline of five years.

Despite lack of competition in this category, the anticipated growth rate is not enough to offset service rollout costs. We predict that due to a lack of positioning differentiators, the vast majority of potential customers are unwilling to pay a monthly subscription fee of $50 with a limit of $70 for the most avid users. Also, focus group research suggests consumers would not pay more than a $100 installation fee. These constraints make it impossible to overcome costs. The primary culprit is the high cost of the cable modem itself and other associated installation fees. Our installation cost plus cable modem projections range from $70 in 15 down to $08 in 000 for each installation. With an installation fee limit of $100 per installation, the WAVE project loses 08% to 60% for every installation.

Also, reducing installation fees won't bring Rogers closer to financial gain, due to increasing customer acquisition and support costs. It should be noted that estimated monthly service fees produce healthy gross margins after recouping installation costs. Unfortunately, this time horizon is beyond the board-mandated five years. Therefore, we recommend delaying the launch until technology improvements reduce installation costs to a more favorable level. Meantime, Rogers should conduct more market research to gain specific data on key positioning differentiators and on slicing market segments narrower. In lieu of an immediate launch, it would behoove Rogers to explore other markets; increasing the sample size may produce a market segmentation breakdown that better supports a WAVE rollout.

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The English Pattern of Thematic Progression and Chinese-English Translation

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Abstract

An English discourse, to a big degree, manages to achieve its cohesion and coherence through thematic progression in certain patterns, which, nevertheless, may not play as important a role in a Chinese text that is formally less strict but depends more on the inner logic for its fluency and integrity. Therefore, in the practice of Chinese-English translation, if one simply copies the Chines flow of the discourse, in the English version the thematic progression may become confused, and so will the English reader; on the other hand, if adaptations can be made with consideration of the English thematic progression patterns, it will certainly make a difference.

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Custom Essays on The English Pattern of Thematic Progression and Chinese-English Translation

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Every English sentence has its theme-rheme structure, which is closely linked with the themes and rhemes in the neighboring clauses so that the fluency and integrity of the discourse may be achieved. This kind of relations and variations of the themes and rhemes of the clauses in the same structure is called progression, which shows how the discourse develops until a meaningful unit of text is produced. Research shows that there are a certain number of patterns of such kind of progression that works behind the seemingly contingent discourses, and some linguists have found four basic patterns of thematic progression in English, namely

A. Common -theme mode, in which two clauses share the same theme

T1-----R1

¦

T(=T1) ---R

Tn (=T1) -----Rn

For example

The brain contains 10 billion nerve cells, making thousands of billions of connections with each other. It is the most powerful data processor we know.

B. Common -rheme mode, in which two clauses share the same rheme

T1----R1

¦

T---R(=R1)

Tn---Rn(=R1)

For example

England is a country; France is a country; Turkey is another country; Egypt, Italy, Poland are other countries.

C. Continuing mode, in which the rheme of the first sentence serves as the theme of the second.

T1-----R1

¦

T(=R1)------R

Tn(=R-1)------Rn

For example

Outside my window is a big lawn. In the middle of the lawn is a flower bed. This bed is full of daffodils.

D. Overlapping-mode, in which the theme of the first sentence serve as the rheme of the second.

T1-------R1

¦

T ---R(=T1)

Tn----Rn(=Tn-1)

The play was interesting, but I didn't enjoy it. A young man and a young woman troubled me. I turned around and looked at them, but they didn't pay any attention to me.

Actually, most texts develop in a more complicated manner, combining more than one single mode of thematic progression. Nevertheless, the general tendency to follow certain mode or modes of thematic progression in a clear way is always obvious, and this tendency is so strong to a native English speaker that it is only natural for him to expect such patterns in his reading so that he will not be confused.

On the other hand, the Chinese is different in this respect. It is a language more free in form. What serves most to keep the whole discourse cohesive is the central idea underneath the words, or, as the Chinese critics often put it, the Chinese writings may be loose in the form but they must never be loose in the spirit. So the kind of strict requirement of thematic progression in English texts are not a must in Chinese texts. Therefore, in Chinese-English translation, if this looseness in a Chinese text is transplanted into English without any adjustment, the version will very likely cause difficulties to the English reader's easy understanding.

The following is a Chinese text with its two English versions

ÖЪÃñ×åÊÇÉ56¸öÃñ×å׳ɵÄó¼Í¥¡££¶µÄ¹ÅúÆð£¬Î¹ú¸÷×åÈËÃñ¾Í½¨Á¢Á˽ÃܵÄÕþÖξ­¼ÃÎįÁªÏµ£¬¹²Í¬¿ª·¢ÁË×æ¹úµÄºÉ½£¬ Á½Ç§¶àÄêÇ°¾ÍÐγÉÁË·ù±¹ãÀµÄͳ¹ú¼¡£Æ¾ÃµÄÖЪÎį£¬³ÉΪάϵÃñ×åÍŽáºÍ¹ú¼Í³µÄÀιÌŦø¡£ÍŽáͳ£¬ÉîÉî¡ÚÖйúÈ˵ÄÃñ×åâʶÖС£ÖйúÀúÊ·ÉÏËäø³öÏÖ¹ýÝʱµÄ·ÖÁÏÖÏ󣬵Ãñ×åÍŽáºÍ¹ú¼Í³Ê¼ÖÕÊÇÖЪÃñ×åÀúÊ·µÄÖ÷Á÷£¬ÊÇÖйú·¢Õ¹½ø²½µÄÖت±£ÕÏ¡£

Version1

The Chinese nation is a big family composed of 56 nationalities. Since time immemorial,

T1 R1 T

people of all nationalities have established closely-knit political, economic and cultural links

R

and have joined hands in developing the vast land of our country. China became a huge

T R

unified country more than ,000 years ago. The deep-rooted Chinese culture became a strong

T4 R4

bond preserving ethic harmony and national unity. Solidarity and unity have been inscribed

T5 R5

in the hearts of the Chinese people as part of their national identity. Despite occasional

T6

divisions in Chinese history, ethnic harmony and national unity have remained the

R6

mainstream of the history of the Chinese nation and an important guarantee of China's

development and progress.

The thematic progression of this version might be described in chart as follows

T1---------R1

¦(?)

T-------R

¦(?)

T--------R

T4----R4

¦

T5 ------R5

¦

T6------R6

Clause tries to be connected with clause 1 through the phrase ¡°people of all nationalities in its rheme, but the connection is doubtful as this phrase is not finite and may not be able to hang on to the phrase ¡°the 56 nationalities in the rheme of the previous clause.

The connection between clause and clause is also shaky, as the theme in clause , ¡°China, and the phrase in the rheme of clause , ¡°the vast land of our country, are not in the same category, so clause seems to be talking of an irrelevant matter.

Clause has nothing to do with clause 4, which reaches back to the rheme of clause to seek coherence in its phrase ¡°closely linked political, economic and cultural links.

In addition to these dubious or false progression steps, the translator, following closely to the structure of the original, uses two marked themes, in clause and clause6, where it is not only unnecessary but also unwelcome. The use of marked thematic structure, or the thematic fronting, is an obvious divide line between English and Chinese. While it can be easily proved that this structure is of normal order in Chinese, it certainly produces some kind of unusualness to native English speakers and is used only when calling for more attention. These two phrases, though foregrounded in the original, do not try cause any extra attention to a Chinese reader. But when their positions are copied in the English version, they attract more attention, and, at the same time, by changing topics arbitrarily, affect the easy flow of information, which always try to move from the given to the new unless necessary.

Therefore, because of its failures in a good thematic progression, this version lacks fluency and integrity and is unsatisfactory in spite of its otherwise successful work.

Version

The Chinese nation is a big family composed of 56 nationalities, the people of which, since

T1' R1' T'

time immemorial, have established closely-knit political, economic and cultural links by jointly

R'

developing the country's vast land. The deep-rooted Chinese culture that made it possible for

T'

China to become a huge unified country more than ,000 years ago has served as a strong bond

R'

for ethic harmony and national unity, which have ever since remained the mainstream in the

T4' R4'

history of the Chinese nation despite occasional divisions. Ethnic solidarity and national unity

T5'

are not only inscribed in the hearts of the Chinese people as part of their national consciousness,

R5'

but also regarded by them as an important guarantee of China's development and progress.

Version has a route of development as follows

T1'-------------R1'

¦

T'--------R'

¦

T'-----------R'

¦

T4'---------R4'

¦

T5'----------R5'

It is a clear progression of themes, mostly in the continuing pattern, the last step in the common-theme pattern to achieve strength

This version is obviously an attempted improvement of the previous one, making many changes in structure to avoid the flaws in the first. The using of a relative clause as the theme of clause ' certainly establish a much clearer link with clause 1'. In order to keep this coherence, the old clause and clause 4 in the first version are combined, with clause turned into a relative clause, so that the phrase of the deep rooted Chinese culture, which used to be the theme of clause, is moved forward as the theme of the new clause, clause ', which can thus be firmly connected with the rheme of clause ' through the culture. The uneasy theme of clause 6 of version1, the foregrounded phrase ¡°despite occasional divisions in Chinese history, with the first part of its rheme, ethnic harmony and national unity has maintained the main stream of the history of the Chinese nation, has been converted into another relative clause, which makes a very good attachment to clause' and has saved much trouble. So, with these skillful adjustments in thematic progression, the version speaks loud and clear now.

A conclusion may be drawn at this point the individual clauses and sentences of a translated version might look good; however, the version as a whole may look broken and irrelevant because of the poor thematic links among clauses. Therefore the condition of thematic progression deserves as much consideration in translation as many other issues that often get more.

Bibliography

Halliday, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 14

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Can you find influences in 1940/50's to show how Orwell formulated his initial ideas for his distopian world for "1984"

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One of George Orwell's most controversial novels "184" is bursting with his

own views and ideas about the world in which he most distastefully lived in, and more

importantly the corruptions which enticed the world to a self-destruct position. "184"

Cheap Custom Essays on Can you find influences in 1940/50's to show how Orwell formulated his initial ideas for his distopian world for "1984"

was primarily based on Orwell's ideas and feelings in which circled his life on a day

to day basis, they appeared to be like a unwanted disease that would not leave his

thought on any account, and this could not be shown more apparently then in "184".

One of the major themes that are inflicted upon the people in Oceania is

totalitarianism. This theme runs continuously throughout the whole novel, but when it

is at its most dominance is when Winston is being created into a lover of the Party and

Big Brother, and not someone who see's it for it's true motives.

‘How many fingers, Winston?'

‘Four! Stop it, stop it! How can you go on? Four! Four!'

‘How many fingers, Winston?'

‘How many fingers, Winston?'

‘Five! Five! Five!'

The one main figure in the novel that represents totalitarianism fully is Big Brother,

us as the audience do not have any contact with him as a character and this was

purposely done, so the emphasis of the novel lies entirely on Winston's feelings and

nobody else's. If the audience got too close to other characters then it would be

impossible for Orwell to have his feelings expressed and learned intently. If there is

anyone in the world of history that Orwell depicted Big Brother on I think it would be

the legendary but feared Joseph Stalin.

(1) "Stalin was in many respects a most unlikely leader of a great nation. Physically unattractive devoid of warmth and spontaneous enthusiasm, not a good speaker and not a great thinker, Stalin failed to project any charisma at all, nor did he give the impression of being a great villain. Nevertheless, he left his mark on Soviet and world history like no other figure in this century".

I believe this indestructible figure was more closely related to Big Brother then what

had once been perceived. Big Brother was a mere figure whom had an impact on

everybody's lives, whether they realised this or not. This is proved most indefinitely

by the increasing follow ship of once ordinary people, who now have a pure hatred

towards people they have never been in contact with.

"The little sandy-haired woman gave a squeak of mingled fear and disgust. Goldstein was the renegade and backslider who once, long ago (how long ago, nobody quite remembered), had been one of the leading figures of the party,"

The process in which the people of Oceania have changed in absolutely unnerving,

they appear to be faceless objects, and the only thing they seem to be hanging on for

is the repulsive Hate week. It sounds quite simplistic in its title, but it leads motives

go deeper then Outer party members realise. In an animal state way everybody

prepares for Hate Week as an occasion that is celebrated much like we now celebrate

Christmas.

"For Hate Week. You know-the house-by-house fund. I'm treasurer for our block. We're making an all-out effort-going to put on a tremendous show. I tell you, it won't be my fault if old Victory Mansions doesn't have the biggest outfit of flags in the whole street".

The outer party members have been moulded into a finely tuned army that

hate whomever they are told to hate, and Winston finds in unbearable to believe that

one week they are at war with Eastasia, and the next they are at war with Eurasia, this

mere possibility is frustrating because it appears at the beginning he is alone in his

quest for a normal life, with accurate answers for his never ending questions, and

finally when he does find refuge in O'Brien he is betrayed, and it seems like he is

alone like he once was, and all his hope has been diminished.

" ‘At this moment, which power is Oceania at war with?'

‘When I was arrested, Oceania was at with Eastasia.'

‘With Eastasia. Good. And Oceania has always been at war with Eastasia, has it not?'

Winston drew in his breath. He opened his mouth to speak and then did not speak. He could not take his eyes away from the dial.

‘The truth, please, Winston. Your truth. Tell me what you think you remember.'

‘I remember that until only a week before I was arrested, we were not at war with Eastasia at all. We were in alliance with them. The war was against Eurasia. That had lasted for four years. Before that'"

The setting which "184" is created in was a very important technique used by

Orwell, so that his social comments could be understood more clearly, then just

reading the story. The fact that Oceania is based on the famous London can lead us as

the reader to ask many questions about Orwell's thoughts and feelings about

England's Capital. Straight from the beginning of the novel the audience is unleashed

into a gritty dusty world that we would all like to be disassociated with.

" slipped quickly through the glass doors of Victory Mansions, though not quickly enough to prevent a swirl of gritty dust from entering along with him.

The hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats"

There is a strong sense of irony in the beginning of the novel, the flats in which he

inhabits are called Victory Mansions but there is nothing Victorious about living in

the dingy infested block of down trodden flats.

() "Life is shabby, the streets of London are shabby".

The fact that Orwell uses a main capital to tell his story in, leads us into

conclusion that he obviously felt that after the war, London was turning into

something worst then it was before the war, and even though the people of England

faced a terrible war together, people where still selfish and money/power crazy;

() "Orwell had opposed a war with Germany, declaring that the British Empire was worst worse than Hitler".

The fact that London simply dismissed the war and tried to progress in being the best

in every way is highlighted by the three massive buildings in "184";

() "London is forever dominated by the skyscrapers of the Ministry of Truth, where lies are fabricated, the Ministry of Love, where prisoners are tortured by the party, and the Ministry of Plenty, which arranges strict food rationing".

The main objective of the Party is to make an elite system and population

without flaws and imperfections; however what we see in this new civilization is

selfishness and people who are brandished with blemishes that they can never be rid

off. There is even a black market that gives Winston and the reader hope that there are

still normal human beings who have wants and misfortunes.

‘Real sugar. Not saccharine, sugar. And here's a loaf of bread proper white bread, not our bloody stuff and a little pot of jam. And here's a tin of milk but look! This is the one I am really proud of. I had to wrap a bit of sacking round it, because ‘

There are many infinite reasons why this so-called supreme society has subjected

itself to the wheeling and dealings of the villains, and the main culprit is that the outer

party who would be considered the Lower class have no voice in public matters. What

is scarier is that George Orwell's pessimistic tale seems to have come true more than

we realise. It is only recently that the Prime Minister Tony Blair decided to go to war

when there were so many people against it, and no matter what they believed in they

had no real voice to which could be heard.

The community of Oceania follows a strict hierarchical institutionalised

regime, which is most closely related to the church. That is why George Orwell places

Winston as the unusual hero of this pessimistic tale of destruction. It is a hard fact that

everyone loves the underdog, so Orwell has used this fact to his advantage, and more

fittingly he has projected himself into this ungainly creature that attracts the attention

of a youthful young woman.

() "Orwell has as it were projected himself into the story in the shape of his wretched hero Winston Smith".

In every community throughout the world there are poverty stricken places,

and in Oceania there is no exception, the outer Party are fooled into believing they are

better off then they once was, and this is only because the inner party who live in

luxury do not want to be found out that they are really better of then anyone else;

"The whole atmosphere of the huge block of flats, the richness and spaciousness of everything, the unfamiliar smells of good food and good tobacco, the silent and incredibly rapid lifts sliding up and down"

I think this comes down to the fact that the inner party are completely capitalist in

their way of thinking and acting. They believe that one person should be at the top

and their only objective of living is to make as much money as they possibly can. I

think that Orwell had a more Communist way of thinking, and that everybody should

have a role to play in life, and the audience feels his pain most intently because of the

literary techniques used by Orwell. The complete sense of helplessness and loneliness

plants itself on Winston and his only target in his worthless life is to believe there is a

Brotherhood, which Goldstein leads.

"But there was a fraction of a second when their eyes met, and for as long as it took to happen Winston knew-yes, he knew! That O'Brien was thinking the same thing as himself".

Orwell was a man who believed there were many injustices in the world in

which he lived in, and I think he was quite an opionated man, but like Winston Smith

he is one single man whose opinion could not be heard vocally, so the only way he

felt that his feelings and comments could be heard was through the use of literature,

and it worked, as "184" has become a revolutionary novel that so many of us can

relate to, emotionally and politically. I think he wanted to abuse those in power and

leave a mark on the society that naively surrounded him.

(4)"Political writing is usually written for immediate effect rather than long-term scrutiny".

Bibliography

1. "Stalin The Glasnost revelations

Walter Laquer

. "George Orwell a personal memoir"

T.R.Fryvel

.www.kirjasto.sci.fi/gorwell.htm

4."New Casebooks, George Orwell-Contemporary Critical Essays"

Edited by Graham Holderness, Brian Loughrey and Nahem Yousef.

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