One flew over the Cuckoos nest

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on One flew over the Cuckoos nest. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality One flew over the Cuckoos nest paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in One flew over the Cuckoos nest, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your One flew over the Cuckoos nest paper at affordable prices!

Biographical Data

Ken Kesey was born on September 17, 15 in La Junta, Colorado. Ken Kesey is world renowned for his best-selling novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. At an early age, Kesey had a love for Christian fables as well as the Christian ethical system. Although he had a love for these fables, Kesey never wrote anything or published anything till well after his high school career. In High School he was a champion wrestler setting long-standing state records in Oregon. Unlike most normal authors, Kesey always had a love for the wild side. He would always be doing crazy things and going to parties. While at Stanford, he was in an experience involving chemicals at the psychology department to earn extra money. Among these chemicals were psilocybin, mescaline, and "LSD" which is found in the drug, acid. This experience altered Kesey personally and professionally causing him to not be what he used to be, but instead a crazy and weird sort of individual. He became friends with a group of people that would later call themselves, the Merry Pranksters. Among these pranksters there were famous people like Jack Kerouac, and Neal Cassady. They bought a bus and all went on a trip to the Worlds Fair in New York. They recorded most of the trip and showed these clips to drugged up audiences at their parties. Kesey and the Merry Pranksters became known for their Acid tests as well as their extensive use of LSD and other drugs. Thomas Wolfe wrote a book about the merry pranksters called The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. Kesey and the Merry Pranksters fled to Mexico after their favorite drug, LSD, was made illegal. When they returned to the United States for a final performance of their band, Warlocks, or Grateful Dead, Kesey was arrested on a marijuana charge. After serving his time in Jail, Kesey decided to move to a farm in Pleasant Hill, Oregon to raise his family and try to forget his crazy past. Kesey, being a big partier as well as a drug addict, has made him be known as that. Till this day, Kesey has not settled down and still claims to get the urge every now and then to do Something Weird.

Critical Analysis

One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest

Custom writing service can write essays on One flew over the Cuckoos nest

Julian Moynahan, The New York Review of Books, September 10, 164, p.14.

"One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest was a very beautiful and

inventive book violated by a fifth-rate idea which made

Woman, in alliance with modern technology, the destroyer

of masculinity and sensuous enjoyment."

I do agree fully with this criticism. It is true that Ken Kesey does in a sense, focus on race and sex a lot in this novel. By putting Nurse Ratched as the mastermind and brains behind the whole operation, Kesey has stated that Nurse Ratched is an evil woman that wants to dominate and destroy whoever opposes her. He has made her look as a power hungry woman which likes to have things her way and wont change those ways for anyone. Practically throughout the whole novel Kesey also makes the orderlies that help Nurse Ratched look inferior and weak. Kesey could have put any type of man to portray an orderly but I feel, that because Kesey is a misogynist and a racist, he chose to put 5 black men as the orderlies. I also agree with this criticism because it states that "One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest" is a very beautiful and inventive book. Kesey's Novel is all that and more, and although he might focus on racism and sexual inferiority, (or evil superiority for this case) Kesey is still a master mind and his book is on of the greatest of all time.

Plot Summary

The novel basically opens up by giving the reader a feel of the ward, and how things are worked there. Chief Bromden, they narrarator, opens up the novel by doing his basic routine of sweeping the ward. He states how the black boys just stand around doing nothing until the head Nurse gets into the ward. The head nurse is Nurse Ratched. She is an evil woman that likes things done her way and no other way.Once she gets into her office, the black orderlies commence doing their daily morning routines. While the Chief is sweeping the floor, the Ward door opens and a man is walked to the admissions office. It is Randle McMurphy. He is the main character throughout the whole novel and the one that starts off all the conflicts in the ward. The first time he gets there he can already sense that there is going to be trouble. Right from the start he makes a bet with the men on the ward. This bet states that he can make Nurse Ratched crack and go crazy. He plans to go against her by doing things that wont provoke her to send him to the disturbed ward that's on the floor above their ward. Already in the beginning of the novel we begin to see a conflict start to arise. The event that seems to anger McMurphy the most is the group meeting that they have on the ward every day. In this first meeting Nurse Ratched asks Harding, a smarter man on the ward, what his problems with his wife are about. McMurphy doesn't like the idea of a person being singled out and made fun of by the rest of the ward. After this meeting he is very angry and nurse Ratched and calls her a "ball-cutter" because she likes to deprive men of their pride by constantly asking them embarrassing questions. The conflicts between Ratched and McMurphy provide some sort of entertainment for the other patients. However, as time goes on McMurphys conflict soon becomes their problem as he gets them involved in the conflict by encouraging their rebellion. As McMurphy's ongoing struggle to overturn the ward continues, it is soon stopped short when he fails to have his suggestion of changing the television schedule so they can watch the World Series approved. The Series was goibng to take place during the time scheduled for cleaning chores. McMurphy gets very angry at this and doesn't know what to do that wont cause him to go into the disturbed ward but that will anger Nurse Ratched. Mcmurphy and the other patients then stage a protest by sitting in front of the blank television instead of doing their work. This plan works and Nurse Ratched becomes very angery and screams at them to return to their work. After this Cheswick, another man on the ward that would always side on McMurphy's side, commits suicide. Cheswick decides his fate after he is denied one of his packs of cigarettes from inside the nurses' office. He becomes hysterical because he wants some of his own cigarettes and none of the men on the ward decide to back him up on his decision. He turns to McMurphy so that he can back him up, but all McMurphy does is continue shuffling his cards. This saddens Cheswick and causes him to scream loudly protesting that he gets his cigarettes back. These actions cause him to be sent to disturbed ward for a couple of days. Upon his return, he commits that horrifying act in the ward pool. McMurphys sudden change is due to the fact that he learns from the lifeguard that there are two types of patients on the ward, those who commit themselves voluntarily and those who are committed permanently and cannot leave the ward on their own free will but have to instead be given approval by the doctors and the nurse to leave the ward. McMurphy suddenly realizes that his insubordination could have probably had him committed to the ward for a very long time. This then makes him be more quiet and not to have his radical thoughts anymore. Since McMurphy cares about the rest of the men in the ward, he helps out his friend Big George and starts fighting with Nurse Ratched's aides. This causes McMurphy to be sent upstairs for Electric Shock Therapy. After going through that experience his "obligation" towards the other patients wears away his strength as well as his sanity. After these events, I feel that the most climactic part of the novel occurs. It all starts off the week after the men of the ward have their fishing trip. During this fishing trip, McMurphy sets up a date between Billy Bibbit and Candy Starr. McMurphy doesn't want to leave the ward until after he sets up the date between the two. McMurphy pays the orderly in charge of the night shift, Turkle, to open the window and let the two prostitutes in. Billy Bibbit goes in the other room with Candy while McMurphy and the other men on the ward get drunk and smoke marijuana outside. Mcmurphy then tells Turkle to unlock the window and to wake him up after he's done so that McMurphy can then escape. Turkle, being drunk and high, forgets his duty and falls asleep. Nobody wakes up until the morning when Nurse Ratched steps into the ward. She finds everyone drunk and thrown on the floor and her anger begins to rise to an all time high. She wakes everyone up and counts to see if everyone is there. She find out that Billy Bibbit is missing and begins to search for him. She then finds him in one of the rooms and confronts him about his sexual encounter with the prostitute Candy. After arguing with him and threatening to tell his mom, which just so happens to be a friend of hers, she tells one of the black orderlies to escort him to the doctors office so that she can have a word with him later. Billy is torn, worried, scared, and angry because he doesn't want Nurse Ratched to tell his mother. Since Billy is assured that she is definitely going to tell his mother, he feels that there is no way that he can confront his mother. Sadly, Billy Bibbit then procedes to killing himelf. He gets a glass cup from inside the doctors office and slits his neck. This completely angers McMurphy and causes him to snap. He goes into the nurses office where Nurse Ratched is thinking about the events that have just occurred, pulls her out, rips open the front of her shirt and starts strangling her. He is strangling her for a very long time until one of the orderlies hits him in the back of his head and starts beating him up so that he can be contained. After all of these events happen, Nurse Ratched orders McMurphy to get a Lobotomy done to him. Once his lobotomy has taken place, McMurphy cannot seem to understand anything anymore or reason for that matter. He is suffering and in pain. The Chief, which became one of McMurphy's closest friends throughout the course of the novel, is saddened by the course of events and he feels that its his duty, as a friend, to end McMurphy's suffering. That night, Chief Bromden gets a pillow and suffocates Randle McMurphy. After this is done, the Chief goes into the tub room and rips off the control station from the floor and breaks the glass window just like McMurphy had planned. The Chief escapes and flees to the land where his people once were to see if they might still be there. The Chief feels like its time that he caught up to how things are and that he started catching up to the things he was away from for many years of his life since he's "Been away a long time".

Characterization

The character that I feel had the most changes occur to him throughout the course of the novel would have to be Randle P. McMurphy. From what started off as a fun loving gambling man who was insubordinate and hated the way things were run, ultimately ended in him being a vegetable. McMurphy went through a series of changes. From changes in his personality, attitude, to changes in his perspectives on life. Many events cause him to change this way. For example, the deaths of Cheswick, and Bibbit, and the constant threat of Nurse Ratched. McMurphy changed from hating the system and wanting to bring it down, to understanding he had to follow certain rules. McMurphy hated the system but he wasn't stupid. He didn't want to do anything that would provoke Ratched to send him to the disturbed ward, so this in turn cause him to follow the rules for a short while. These changes in his personality and attitude soon change back to what they once were after the death of Billy Bibbit. He goes from a man that follows the rules and tries not to get in a very big deal of trouble, to the crazy insubordinate man that he came in as. This is shown after he attacks nurse Ratched for being the cold-hearted woman that she is. I personally was kind of disappointed in the way that Kesey decided to end this mans role in the book. But thinking about it, it was actually a good ending for a man that did so much for the other men on the ward. And of course, McMurphy ultimately succeeded in doing what he wanted to do in the first place. Which was bring down Nurse Ratcheds reign of terror, and to prove to her that she was not exactly what she thought she was. This in turn, makes McMurphy the most drastically changed character.

Relevance

The things that One Flew Over the Cuckoos nest teaches us are ideas that will never go away. The morals like, not letting people take advantage of you and abuse of you, are morals that will never go away. McMurphy's stand against Ratched's tyrannical rule proved that man will stand up for things that he believes aren't right and that he wont let anyone abuse of him. Now in the 1st century, this still holds to be true. You cannot let a person decide your fate and rule over you like as if they were more important than you. That's just not right, and Kesey does a good job of explaining this throughout the novel. Also, the personal problems that the men on the ward had with themselves and with others, will never go away. To this day many men in the world have problems with their wives, not just the men in this novel. Chief Bromden's problem of not thinking that he "big enough" is also a common problem among teens and people of various age groups these days. People lack confidence, when they shouldn't have to not believe in themselves. Bromsted learns at the end of the novel that he is "big enough" and that he is capable of standing up for him self. These are things that we have to learn about ourselves, that we have to make sure doesn't' happen to us. These key things that were important enough to be mentioned in this book, are still true to this day. Man won't ever get rid of the never-ending struggle between himself and his confidence. The only thing to do is make sure certain things don't happen to us as how they did in the novel. We can only hope that our marital, personal, and confidence problems aren't resolved on account of someone else's death.

Memorable Passage

I chose the last three paragraphs of One Flew Over the Cuckoos nest as my memorable passage because I feel that it finally lets the reader know exactly what the Chief wants and exactly what hes thinking. I'll never forget that because I never expected that it would be the chief that escapes and the chief that gets to leave the ward. This passage also gives the reader a sense of resolution. Like as if all the problems are over in the novel and everyone else can finally start living their own lives. The use of words that Ken Kesey uses on describing the way the Chief leaves, and what he feels, help give the reader a good understanding of what Bromsted is feeling as he is running away from the wretched ward that gave him so many problems throughout the course of his life. And although you couldn't really know how the chief interacted with other people, you can finally know that he really is a very good person inside. After he offers to pay the man back later when he gets back up on his feet, just goes to show that the chief was a very kind man. I personally liked the character of the Chief, because he didn't really say much throughout the whole novel, but he actually had a very significant impact and played a very important role on the outcome of certain events that transpired throughout the course of the novel.

Please note that this sample paper on One flew over the Cuckoos nest is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on One flew over the Cuckoos nest, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on One flew over the Cuckoos nest will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

TOO Good

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on TOO Good. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality TOO Good paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in TOO Good, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your TOO Good paper at affordable prices! Industrial Revolution This time period is quite an exciting period to be studying the Industrial Revolution, because of the fact that there is another revolution going on in the workplace. Every time technology changes, everything around it changes, and it is an exponential process. Technology increases, and then, using the new technology, it increases even more. 0 years ago, people used filing cabinets, and a pencil and paper, but recently, with the invention of computers, all that has been turned into hard disks, and emails, and gigabytes. Before the Industrial Revolution, people were farmers, and life was pretty slow, but with inventions like the cotton gin, and the assembly line, mass production evolved. Mass production is when companies can "pump" out the same product at a very efficient and inexpensive rate. The assembly line was one of these methods. An item would be sent down a treadmill, and at each point, there would be someone to work on one aspect of it. One person would punch a hole, and the next person would put in a screw, and so on, down the line, until the item was complete. This began something called division of labor. This was when people would repeat the same task over and over again, such as in an assembly line. This was very repetitive, and quite boring. England was a country that was the ideal for the Industrial Revolution it was on the water, so it was perfect for trade. It had lots of natural resources, and also a large population. The population both led to more ideas, and more workers. The country was also a wealthy one, with a good economy, and therefore there were ample investors for companies to begin. The revolution eventually spread to Western Europe, and even to the Americas. There is no doubt that inventions and technology was the key to the Industrial Revolution. It changed the way things are made, it changed the price, and it changed the working conditions. It was indeed, revolutionary. PART The Industrial Revolution in Britain changed the society profoundly; it caused a complete change in working conditions and the relationship between the working and middle classes. The working conditions became very harsh during the industrial revolution. Assembly lines led to mass production, which led to the division of labor. The division of labor was a method of working which involved doing the same task over and over. It was totally mindless, and it led to bitterness towards the middle class from the working class. The managers of the factories, whom were members of the working class, became more concerned with profit vs. expenses after learning about mass production, and started to cut wages to make a quick buck. This also led to bitterness on the part of the working class. The emergence of the strong middle class was part of the marked changed that occurred during the Industrial Revolution in Britain. These working conditions are still applicable to the factory workers of today; this shows how revolutionary they were. This was the first time in history the working and middle classes disputed over conditions, and wages. This relationship is still very common, and very important. If the workers don't complain, then they will not work as hard because of their feeling of resentment towards their bosses. And vice-versa, if the bosses don't try to lower wages, then they will have to make up for it with higher prices, and then the consumer suffers. The protest towards bosses led to the formation of unions, which are still a very important part of the economy. The Industrial Revolution affected the whole stability of a nation, not only the economy. It affected the relationships between classes, and also the relationships between countries. The most important part is how all of these concepts are very much applicable to today's economy, which is why the Industrial Revolution was such an important period of time in the history of the world.

Technology Application In 1 Century

A quote I heard many times when I was in high school and which I now know traces back to Sir Francis Bacon, one of our earliest scientist or philosophers as they were then called, is the statement Knowledge Is Power. Today, I believe that the fuller, more correct statement is to say, the application of knowledge is power. The study of science, and technology subjects will broader our opportunities in life. As we continue to advance to the 1st century- now lesser than 0 days away-we are well aware that technology is possibly the hottest industrial commodity around the world today. In the years ahead, it will be an increasingly critical factor in determining the success or failure of businesses. It is the fuel many of us are looking at to help us win this race to the 1st century. To do that, we should make technology matter. In this paper I am going to share my technology forecasts. I try to focus on my new forecasts a decade into the future - the first decade of the 1st century, because that is how far most businesses need to be looking ahead. There has never been a neutral or value-free, technology. All technologies are power. They evoke economic and social consequences in direct proportion to their dislocation of the existing economy and its institutions. I believe that technologies such as biotechnology and genetic engineering, intelligent materials, the miniaturization of electronics, and smart manufacturing systems, and controls, will be the hottest technologies in the next decade. I am going to put together a list of what I think as the top ten innovative products that will result from those technologies. Number one on the list is something we call genetic. There are pharmaceutical products that will come from the massive genetic research going on around the world today. In ten years, we will have new ways to treat many of our ills - from allergies to ADIS. We may see the discovery of new methods of treatment for various types of cancer, for multiple sclerosis, osteoporoses, Lou Gehrigs and Alzheimers disease, to name just a few. The biotechnology frontier, especially developments in the field of genetic, promises- and to some degree has already archived - a revolution in agriculture and human health care. But proving the means to develop plant species that are more disease-and-pest-resistant, more tolerant of drought, and able to grow during extended periods of adverse conditions. These technologies will very likely provide future increasing in agricultural productivity. So far, these techniques have not add much to world food production; recent grow has come primarily from increasing acreage in production, in response to higher grain prices. However, further expansion of productive land is limited, and the increased application of fertilizer appears to be reaching a point of diminishing returns. Therefore, increased agricultural productivity from this new field could be essential to feed the growing population. The mapping of human and plant genomes, a process already well underway, will provide greatly increased knowledge of genetic processes and, to some extend, information about how to control them. For humans, this will provide the means to deal with diseases that have genetic origins or result from man functioning of genetic material in the body. These diseases include potentially cancer, cystic fibrosis, Gauchers, hemophilia, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, hypercholesterolemia, and many others. Furthermore, genome analysis of an individual can indicate propensity to diseases whose symptoms have not yet been manifested. Scientists believe that many psychological and behavior attributes can be genetically controlled and therefore subject to diagnosis and eventually, for aberrant conditions, corrected. Such uses of this technology, of courses, raise serious social and ethical questions that must be considered. Other applications of biotechnology might produce novel protein for food replacing meat, stimulate awareness and evaluation of microbial threats (including archaea, ancient bacteria, being perhaps more adaptable and potentially hazardous than was previous thought), and creation of plantation to produce and distribute biological products in the ocean. The process of cloning was perfected; evidence by the fact that in 17 a sheep was successfully cloned in Scotland. Hence, biotechnology could eventually eliminate food shortages, improve health, and extend life expectancy. Number two on the list is the personalized computer. The personal computer now sitting on our desk will be replaced by a very powerful, personalized computer. It will be able to send and receive wireless data. It will recognize your voice and follow your voice commands. It will include a variety of security and service tools that will make the computer fit your own individual needs. When we turn on our personalized computer the intelligent agents built into it might automatically show us high-lights and stories from last nights football game. It could display the current stock report on your own portfolio and ask it you would like to make any changes. It would give us a traffic report for our normal commute to work and suggest an alternate, if necessary. Finally, it may let us know what the lunch specials are at our favorite restaurants and ask if we would like to make reservations. The third product on my list is the multi-fuel automobile. In ten years, our cars will have to meet even stricter requirements for emissions and efficiency. And to do that, we are going to see a gradual shift to other fuel and power sources. Barring a major oil crisis, we dont see a rapid shift to those alternatives. The internal combustion engine will still have a major place in ten years. But we will see an increase in vehicles running on energy sources like batteries, kinetic energy, fuel cells, and hybrid sources. At first, these will be used in low-weight vehicles that typically travel short distances. But as these alternative- powered vehicles are introduced into the general population, many of our experts believe that they will likely run on a combination of fuels - like reformulated gasoline, electricity, and compressed natural gas. The fourth product is the next generation television set. Ninety-nine percent of American homes have televisions, and over the next decade, we will be replacing them. These new television sets will be wide-screen, digital, high-definition models with extremely sharp clarity. Many will be so flat that we will hang them on the wall much like a large painting. Eventually, these televisions will merge with the personalized computer I mentioned earlier. Of course, we are going to have to pay for all these wonderful products, and we will probably be doing that will the fifth item on the list, electronic cash. We will be using electronic money for everything from buying soda in a vending machine to making an international transaction over our computer. In ten years, our pocket might not jingle, because credit-card-sized smart cards will have all but replaced our cash and keys. At colleges, we will developed a system that will allow students to pay their tuition, sign up for classes, download textbooks onto their computer, do their laundry, enter their dorm, and order a pizza, all with one smart card. That card, of course, will be directly linked to their parents bank account! The next product on my list is the home health monitor. These devices will be inexpensive, simple-to-use, and non-invasive (which basically means they wont puncture our skin). We will use them to monitor our health conditions right at home. They will be able to track a variety of our physical functions - like liver, levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, sugar, hormones, water, salt, and potassium. Monitoring our total health will be as simple as keeping track of our weight today. The future industrial applications of biology and computing will allow more people than ever before to participate in creating imaginative service, to build new markets and to generate personal wealth. Number seven on the list is another one for our cars. It is smart maps and global positioning systems. Already, we can get a global positioning system in our cars, and it will show us where we are on a map and plot routes. But it wont give us any information about whats going on around us. That is whats going to be different in ten years. We will be combining global position system with the traffic management infrastructure to help manage traffic flow. So, our dashboard map will show us where traffic problems are, and it will plot the best rout around them. We will also be using global positioning systems to help stop crime by giving us the power to monitor the location of our cars and other valuables. And we will be able to follow the exact location of our most precious valuable. Parents will be able to follow the location of their children as they walk home from school. The eighth product on my list is also one we might have in our cars, and we might also have it our office buildings, pipelines, airplanes, and even our sports equipments. These are new, smart materials that will give off warnings when they detect excessive stress. Materials in bridges or airplanes, for instance, could send a signal to a central operator when they detect stress, and that operator could send a return signal for the materials to respond to the stress. Automobile parts could give us a similar warning when they are approaching the point of breakdown. What is really amazing is that these materials will be designed with sensors built into the molecular structure of material. And, not too far in the future, they will be inexpensive enough to be in products all around us. Ninth on my list are anti-aging and weight-control products. That is something we would like to see. Over the next decade, we will see the development of a host of high-tech weight-control and anti-aging products for all the aging baby boomers. Unfortunately, no Fountain of Youth is on the horizon. If it was, I would be back in the lab working on it myself. Nevertheless, new products will make aging a little less traumatic. In fact, we think technology will allow us to look forward to active and comfortable retirements well into our 80s. These new products may include weight-control drugs that use the bodys natural weight-control mechanism, wrinkle creams that actually work foods with enhanced nutrients, and an effective cure for baldness. The final item on my list is not technically a single, specific product.

Cheap Custom Essays on TOO Good

Please note that this sample paper on TOO Good is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on TOO Good, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on TOO Good will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

COMMUNISM AND ANIMAL FARM

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on COMMUNISM AND ANIMAL FARM. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality COMMUNISM AND ANIMAL FARM paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in COMMUNISM AND ANIMAL FARM, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your COMMUNISM AND ANIMAL FARM paper at affordable prices!

Communism and Animal Farm

Imagine if you are one of the animals on Animal Farm. You stage a revolution to free yourself of Farmer Jones so that you can have rights. You will be tricked into thinking you are in a socialist government where everyone is equal, when in fact, you are in a communist government where there is a cruel leader. As an animal you will be treated unfairly not just once but many times by Napoleon, a pig, and by the other pigs who slowly take control of all the animals living on the farm, so that they could have absolute power.

One of the inequalities in Animal Farm is how the animals get less food then the pigs. One of the times where this happens is the milk and apples incident. This is the first sign of corruption. While the animals go out to harvest the fields, they leave Napoleon with the milk. They are surprised to find out the milk has disappeared. Later on this is all justified when Squealer a pig says, "Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health…. Do you know what would happen if we failed in our duty? Jones would come back!" (5) In other words, the pigs should deserve better than the rest of the animals because they are protecting the other animals. None of the animals like Jones, so they agree. 1

Order Custom COMMUNISM AND ANIMAL FARM paper

Another act of inequality is the way the animals have to work, while the pigs just supervise and don't have to earn their privileges. For instance, the animals have to work

for food, if they don't work they don't get food, while the pigs always get food. Towards the end of the book Orwell writes, "…[O]ut came Napoleon himself, he carried a whip in his trotter."(1). This tells how the pigs started using whips to get the animals to work.

Initially all the animals are equal, and the commandments are made for every animal to follow. The commandments are

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.

. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings is a friend.

. No animal shall wear clothes.

4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.

5. No animal shall drink alcohol.

6. No animal shall kill any other animal.

7. All animals are equal. (4)

Yet the commandments are all changed eventually by the pigs for their own needs. For instance commandment three, "No animal shall sleep in a bed", is changed to," No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets", ( ) so the pigs will be able to sleep in the house. Squealer justifies all this by saying, "A bed is just a sleeping place, all animals sleep in beds. While sheets are a human invention and the house is a more suitable place for us more suitable." ( ) This implies that as leaders, the pigs deserve a better place to live and sleep.

All of this has to do with how Animal Farm starts equal and what the commandments finally stated by the end of the book, "All animals are equal, but some are more equal then others."(1). Which means, that the pigs have more power then the other animals. This is just like communism, because communism is where there are two parties the communists who the pigs stood for because they are in charge, and the working class, which the animals stood for because they are the ones who work. All of this happened so Napoleon could lower the animals' privileges and raise his and the pigs' privileges so they could get absolute power.

Orwell, George, Animal Farm, Penguin Putnam Inc. NY, 156.

Please note that this sample paper on COMMUNISM AND ANIMAL FARM is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on COMMUNISM AND ANIMAL FARM, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on COMMUNISM AND ANIMAL FARM will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Critical issues in US foreign policy in Angola

If you order your cheap custom essaysessay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on critical issues in US foreign policy in Angola. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality critical issues in US foreign policy in Angola paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in critical issues in US foreign policy in Angola, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your critical issues in US foreign policy in Angola paper at affordable prices!

INTRODUCTION

United States foreign policy has been, and still is based primarily on the expansion of its economic, political and military interest . This imperialistic nature of the United States moreover has been triggered by an obsession to dominate, to maintain its global hegemony, and to maintain this disparity . In the process, many countries, especially in the Third world have been stumbled upon. Angola for instance, is a country that has been deliberately derailed and destroyed by the U.S. foreign policy objectives .

This paper, in examining the covert but important role that the U.S. has played in escalating the civil war in Angola, brings to light a major critical issue in U.S. foreign policy. First, it brings to clarity rhetoric in the supposed interdependence between U.S. foreign policy and liberal democracy- isolated strands of the relationship are recognized more easily than the overlapping patterns. This cleared it goes ahead to illustrate that in the new world order of globalization, capitalism and free trade are the determinants of the general direction of U.S. foreign policy. Globalized economic structure supports the warfare in Angola . This paper examines this perilous U.S. foreign policy objective in the country, as the value of human life is overlooked.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR HIGHLIGHTING U.S. INTERVENTION

Buy custom critical issues in US foreign policy in Angola term paper

Angola gained independence on 11 November 175, when the red and black flag with the yellow star representing independent Angola was raised over Luanda, the capital city, after five hundred years of Portuguese rule . This was after guerilla warfare raged against the fascist Portuguese by the three parties, MPLA, FNLA and UNITA. Since the MPLA, led by Agostinho Neto had a stronghold in Luanda at the time, victory was theirs and they become, legitimately, the first government in Angola .

Immediately after independence there was a threat of a catastrophe, since the three parties' talks on a transitional power-sharing agreement at Alvor in January 175 had collapsed. The MPLA invited Cuban military support in Angola since FNLA-under Holden Roberto-, and UNITA-under Jonas Savimbi-, were being backed mainly by the U.S., covertly .

On 10 February 176 Savimbi announced the beginning of a new war, producing a manifesto that threatened, "…No peace in Angola, no economic development…while the Luanda regime hangs on to power thanks to the Cuban soldiers and Russian armor and fighter planes" .

Post-independence also witnessed a period of South African insurgency. Since Angola had harbored the African National Congress (ANC) from South Africa, the South African apartheid government waged an undeclared war upon Angola . Pretoria and the CIA created Jamba, the Potemkin village in the southeast corner of Angola which was Savimbi's headquarters for 1 years , and from here UNITA launched bloody attacks to the southern towns in Cunene and Bie provinces . Savimbi was riding high.

The period of 181 to 188 saw the threat against the society as a whole as the country was drawn into the cold war by the U.S. via the policies of Constructive engagement and Linkage . With Chester Crocker as the architect, ‘constructive engagement' was the U.S. strategy to bring apartheid South Africa back from the brink of chaos. Pretoria was to cede Namibian Independence and give up its illegal military occupation of the country. This Crocker linked to the pullout of Cuban troops from Angola. This was the period when South Africans occupied the southern provinces of the country, and which ended with the defeat of South Africans at Cuito Cuanavale. The war continued between UNITA and MPLA up to the Bicesse Accord of 11 .

The Bicesse Accord was signed on 1 May 11 at Estrol in Portugal, and saw the exhausted sides agree to end the long post independence war . It provided for a cease-fire; disarming and demobilizing of both armies; the formation of a new national army with an equal number of soldiers from UNITA and the government's FAPLA, under Portuguese and British instructors; and multi-party elections which would be monitored by the UN .

Various indications of the gravity of the situation during post-Bicesse were ignored. Two of UNITA's top generals; Antonio da Costa Fernandes and Miguel Nzau Puna defected and sought political asylum in Portugal. They warned of Savimbi's 0,000-man secret army which he was not going to demobilize, and was preparing to return to war if he did not win the elections. The U.S. did not take them seriously enough to drop their support for Savimbi . Worst of all, UNITA remained in control of 4 municipalities and 16 communes against Bicesse. "If there is no opening up there will be no electoral registration, and no registration means no election- there can be no moral justification for this", head of UNAVEM warned. Yet the UN continued to act as if everything was on track as planned. When U.S. Assistant Secretary for African affairs, Herman Cohen visited Luanda, he reinforced the decision to, "…focus on technological difficulties, minimize them, and ignore the political implications" . U.S. foreign policy was so fixated on the need for change from the MPLA government in Luanda that the issues of human rights and of democracy were conveniently forgotten.

Not surprisingly, even before MPLA was announced to have won the elections-President Dos Santos had won 4.57% of the votes for presidency, compared with Savimbi's 40.07%, a result which meant a second round was to be held as no one had a clear majority - UNITA was preparing for war . The war after the 1 elections and the takeover of two thirds of the municipalities in the country in three months by UNITA was made possible by various factors. There was a vast re-supply and logistics operation from South Africa (both South Africa and the U.S. lacked good faith for MPLA, and were allies ); support by units of the Zairian army, which had been equipped by the U.S. as a contingency plan if Jamba fell ; monitoring of airstrips by allied Frontline states, which the U.S. had influenced through high diplomatic pressure ; and a network of former SADF (South African Defense Force) personnel working as mercenaries . The capture of diamond mines at Cafunfo and the oil town of Soyo provided UNITA with significant resources to fuel the war. This period of war, termed as ‘The Siege of the Cities' was the bloodiest (more than 1000 people died every day), and abated the sighing of the Lusaka Protocol in November 14 .

The Clinton Administration in 1 extended recognition of the Angolan government, after 0 years of diplomatic frost from Washington . However by then, MPLA was slowly experiencing death of principle and idealism, as had been advanced by Neto's dream ‘the most important thing is to solve the peoples' problems' . In December 15, Angola failed to vote in the annual United Nations General Assembly debate against the U.S. blockade of Cuba . The height of MPLA's degeneration has been the establishment of close links with the same forces that backed Savimbi and UNITA while they eulogized MPLA .

The Lusaka Accords called for a cease-fire, a new national army, and four ministries and seven vice-ministries for UNITA, plus ‘special status' for Savimbi . A massive war erupted again years later and is the fifth full-scale war in the country since it gained independence in 175 . The current Bush Administration is willing to end the war; but almost obviously, this is to the economic advantage of the United States. Peace in Angola would allow the Benguela railway to be brought back into use and would fit into U.S. plans for the whole of central Africa . After all, U.S. had already established itself by the policy of free markets.

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF U.S. FOREIGN POLICY INANGOLA

Democracy is the pillar of American political tradition . In the Gettysburg Address in 1864 Abraham Lincoln extolled the virtues of what he called, "Government of the people, for the people and by the people" . Liberal democracy is an indirect and representative form of democracy; based on competition and electoral choice; with a clear distinction between state and civil society, maintained through the existence of autonomous groups and interests; and the market or capitalist organization of economic life .

The American Executive, the key players of foreign policy, have paid so much lip service to the issues of human rights and of democracy, that these terms have been thought simultaneously to U.S. foreign policy. In his book ‘Promised Land, Crusader State' McDougall defines three U.S. foreign policies that directly link with liberty and democracy. ‘Exceptionalism', so called ‘liberty' that gives impetus to other U.S. policies; ‘Progressive Imperialism', making the world safe for democracy; and ‘Global Meliorism', making the world democratic .

During the Cold War, Washington was well aware that the Kremlin bureaucracy was not interested in exporting revolution. Stalin and his supporters had wiped out a generation of revolutionary leaders in the Moscow trials and hunted down Trotskyists all over the world. After the Second World War they had suppressed revolutionary movements in Europe, Asia and Africa . Yet the U.S. over exaggerated the threat of Russian communist menace to argue successfully the global crisis of the free world . This rendered states dependent on the United States for economic and military assistance, as the U.S. accessed their resources.

U.S. intervention in Angola began in the pre-independence years in the name of fighting communism. The CIA was directly but covertly involved in Angola. There were several incidences where the CIA manipulated the media for certain outcomes . One Lusaka fabrication accused Cuban soldiers of committing atrocities in Angola. It mentioned false reports of their rape of some Ovumbundu girls in the Washington Post that led to UNITA soldiers rage and executing of 16 Cuban soldiers . The CIA-manipulated media also ensures response of American citizens to enlist to fight communists in Angola on the FNLA front . They were also successful in exposing Soviet Arms program to the world while they effectively hid their hand in the war . The CIA was also involved in recruiting of mercenaries, building support for the factions of FNLA and UNITA and garnering allies from other African political leaders with the approximate goals of overthrowing a government, building up its replacement, and strengthening a friendly group in its drive to power . Weren't all these policies emanating from a simple frustration that the strong nationalistic forces would have pursued an independent foreign policy that would have posed a threat to America's interests in Angola? That the global meliorist emergency food and humanitarian assistance to the Angolan people was merely a means to a more selfish end, oblivious to human rights and democracy?

During independence, the U.S. did not extend recognition to the MPLA government in Angola. Instead, it continued to fuel UNITA even against the Clark Amendment of February 176 which specifically outlawed U.S. arming of opposition groups . By 18 U.S. support for Savimbi reached a record $50 million (the year that George Bush senior, former CIA chief came to power). Two military flights a day maintained a UNITA campaign that became increasingly destructive . Angola is the grim holder of the world record for mine victims . Malnutrition, Kwashiorkor and Marusmus were visible everywhere, where people died from dehydration because nobody had the strength to walk as far as the rivers . Yet U.S. continued support for UNITA despite these atrocities and consequences of the war.

The three major ‘peace accords' that were signed at Alvor in 175, at Bicesse in 11 and Lusaka in 14 never ushered in peace in Angola . From the period of Alvor to the Lusaka Protocol, the well being of the Angolan people was never a consideration in the formulation of strategies for peace. For instance, the preoccupation of the United States with the presence of Cuban troops in Angola led to UN Security Council under Resolution 66 of 188 to establish UNAVEM I which successfully saw the withdrawal of the Cuban troops . Bicesse Peace Accord and the UN Security Council 66 of 11 authorized the deployment of UNAVEM II. The U.S. State Department was convinced that the details of the accord would support a victory for UNITA in the elections that were to take place in 1 and the Bush Administration provided technical and financial support to UNITA. A visible sign of this support was the brand new four-wheel vehicles by the American company General Motors that UNITA forces cruised in during the elections . As indicated earlier above, indicators of UNITA's plan were ignored. Their losing the elections led to the failure of UNAVEM II. Some insights from UN officials, revealed that since the United Stated supported one of the parties at war, implementation of the peace agreement was difficult . The U.S. illustrated in Angola that it was the boss of the UN.

Clearly therefore, the drive for U.S. intervention in Angolan civil war was neither democracy and liberty nor human rights. In the words of Tom Hanahoe, ‘war has always been at the hart of U.S. foreign policy' . Not surprisingly, there exists a link between oil, militarism, liberalized markets and U.S. foreign policy in Angola.

Angola is the second most important oil producer in Africa after Nigeria. Oil was discovered in Angola in 155 and by 17 oil became the country's principal export. Crude oil accounts for 0% of total exports, more than 80% government revenue, and 4% of the country's GDP.

More than 7% of oil imports of the United States emanates from Angola. Chevron, Elf, Petrofina, BP, Texaco and Petrobas dominated the extraction of petroleum and the management of operations in the exploration blocs by 178. The establishment of the Angolan Exclusive Economic Zone attracted an investment of over $18 billion. With the discovery of massive oil fields the U.S. established a bi-national commission with Angola which supports further liberalization of the Angolan economy so that the vast wealth can still serve external forces.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Thomas J. McCormick, "America's Half Century; United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and after" (Baltimore John Hopkins University Press, 15)

Ellen Ray (Ed), "Dirty Work ; The CIA in Africa" (New Jersey Lyle Stuart Inc., 17)

Nincic Miroslav, "Democracy and Foreign Policy; The Fallacy of Political realism" (New York Colombia University Press, 1)

Victoria Brittain, "Death of Dignity; Angola's Civil War" (London Pluto Press, 18)

Stephen N. Ndegwa & Bradshaw York (Ed), "The Uncertain Promise of Southern Africa" (Bloomington Indiana University Press, 000)

Walter A. McDougall "Promised Land, Crusader State The American Frontier Encounter with the World since 1776" (Boston Houghton Muffin Co., 17)

Ann Talbot, "The Angolan Civil War and US foreign policy" World Socialist Website April 00 http//www.wsws.org/articles/00/apr00/ango-a1.shtml

Tom Hanahoe, "America Rules US Foreign Policy, Globalisation and Corporate USA (Dingle, Ireland Brandon, 00)

Please note that this sample paper on critical issues in US foreign policy in Angola is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on critical issues in US foreign policy in Angola, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on critical issues in US foreign policy in Angola will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought

If you order your Cheap Custom Essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! University of Canberra

Introduction to Management

Assignment Essay

A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought

Write my Essay on A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought cheap

Kylie McAvoy

Student ID 1

Tutor Alan Wheeley

Tutorial Tuesday 180 10

A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought.

Michael Porter is the Bishop William Lawrence University Professor at Harvard. He is seen by many as a leading authority on strategic management and competitiveness. Throughout the western world universities, chief executive officers of billion dollar corporations and governments have used his principles on competitive strategy. Porter's major contribution has been to detail carefully how management can create and sustain a competitive advantage that will achieve profitability above the industry average (Robbins, 17, p. 60). Evidence of his work in management thought is highlighted by his expansive writing. Porter has written 16 books and 75 articles to the area of strategic management. Three of his major contributions in strategic management have been the books ‘Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors (180)' which is now in it's 5rd printing, ‘Competitive Advantage Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (185)' and ‘The Competitive Advantage of Nations (10)'.

These three texts are concerned primarily with structure-conduct-performance theory (O'Shannassy, 1, p.1) where economics had an important role in the management context. From these theories Porter devised three main frameworks (the five forces analysis, the value chain and the diamond model). Within his writings these became valuable tools in the management world.

Although it is widely accepted that Michael Porter has made a huge contribution in the field of strategic management he is not without his critics. For instance, people such as Mintzberg and O'Shannesy believe that Porter's scientific approach does not pay enough attention to the firm itself or management intuition. Other studies suggest that Porter's one generic strategy model does not apply to all industries and his ‘stuck in the middle' theory is inconsistent.

Porter's main contributions

Strategic management came into trend in the 180's with a focus on competitive advantage. Michael Porter has made a strong contribution in understanding the external entities confronting organisations. Porter's major contribution to strategic management has been his ability to help organisations create and sustain a competitive advantage that delivers a higher than average industry profit.

In his first major work in 180, ‘Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors' Porter's goal was to

‘present a comprehensive framework of analytical techniques to help a firm analyze its industry as a whole and predict the industry's future evolution, to understand it's competitors and its own position, and to translate this analyse into a competitive strategy for a particular business' (Porter, 180, p. x).

In Porter's aim of trying to bridge the gap of business economics and strategy he developed the five competitive forces model. The forces involved consist of industry competitors, potential entrants, suppliers, buyers and substitutes. Porter believes that these forces dictate the rules of competition and determine industry profitability as they directly influence prices, cost structures and capital investment requirements and manager's should assess their organisation by evaluating it in the terms of these five factors.

Porter believed that companies needed to choose one of the following strategies cost-leadership, differentiation or focus. Cost-leadership related to striving to become the lowest cost producer in the relevant industry; differentiation meant striving to develop a product or service that was unique and also valued by buyers; and focus aims at segments of industries such as specific consumer groups or product lines.

Porter believed, also that for a company to be at a competitive advantage by pursuing a low cost approach they needed to adopt one of these three generic strategies. He believed by trying to be all things to all people companies are spreading themselves too thinly and therefore not obtaining in advantage or ‘difference' in the industry. These three specific generic strategies are considered a classic and have become a ‘dominant paradigm' in business policy and research (Hill, in Rubach, 18, p.1). Studies by Hambrick (18) have also found support for Porter's generic strategies. Research has clearly shown that among the higher producing firms all three generic strategies are present and that one strategy was clearly the focus in individual circumstances. (Rubach, 18, p.1).

Porter uses the term ‘stuck in the middle' to describe organisations that have failed to gain a competitive by using one of the above generic strategies. Such companies find it hard to achieve long term success unless they are apart of an industry doing particularly well or by coincidence all their competitors happen to be stuck in the middle as well. Porter believes that the secret to long term success is resisting the actions by their competitors or changes in the industry for a reason to change their strategy. Porter is the first to admit that this is no easy task due to technology and customer change and the fact that competitors can easy imitate advantages an organisation has. Ways of achieving long term success include strong economics of scale, reducing price gain to volume, tying up suppliers with contracts and encouraging government policies that reduce foreign competition (Robbins, 17, p. 61). Management must also stay on their toes in order to sustain competitive advantage and keep one step ahead of the competition.

However, despite the developments in the mid-80's strategic management, many believed it was developing short falls in the implementation of strategy. In 185 Porter felt that many companies had lost sight of competitive advantage in their struggle to pursue growth and diversification and turned to such tools as total quality management (TQM), benchmarking and reengineering (Porter, 185, p.x). This lead to his second major work entitled ‘Competitive advantage creating and sustaining superior performance'. Out of this work Porter developed the value chain. The value chain distinguishes centrally between activities that directly produce, market, and deliver the product and those that create or source inputs or factors (including planning and management) required to do so (Porter, 11, p. 0). The value chain is a tool that helps management to focus on value for their customers.

Porter's third major contribution to strategic management was his book ‘The competitive advantage of nations'. By the 10's Porter's theories were regarded highly across both institutions and the industry and his contribution to global competition was welcomed. This again provided management with another tool, the diamond model, toward implementing and maintaining a competitive advantage. The diamond model relates firm strategy, structure and rivalry, factor conditions, relating and supporting industries and demand conditions. Porter believes these attributes shape the information firms have available to perceive opportunities, the pool of inputs, skills and knowledge they can draw on, the goals that condition investment, and the pressure on firms to act (Porter, 11, p. 101)

Criticisms of Porter's contributions

Porter was the first to attempt to create a management strategy from economics; this did not come without its criticisms. It is felt that Porter pays far too much attention to the environment facing the firm and to how it should position itself in that environment and almost no attention to the firm itself (Langlois, 000, p.1) it would appear that Porter's organisation would be quite hollow relying heavily on an unpredictable environment.

Porter's 180 text proposes that for a company to sustain competitive advantage they needed to stay significantly different to their competitors. While Porter's generic strategies received considerable support there has also been doubt that these strategies can be separate. There have been a number of studies done by people such as Hill (188), Murray (188), Wright (187) and Miller (1) that disagree with Porter's one generic strategy method (Rubach, 18, p.1). These studies suggest that a combination of strategies can achieve superior performance, especially within mature industries that are experiencing technological change. The greatest complaint of Porters generic strategies model is that it does not fit all industries. A study done by Pitelis and Taylor suggests that they use of a variety of strategies combined is far more effective in the retail industry (Rubach, 18, p.1).

This leads to Porter's ‘stuck in the middle' concept. As some of the above studies have shown, a combination of generic strategies can work this suggest that Porter's ‘stuck in the middle' theory is not consistent with these results. Porter believed a company that was ‘stuck in the middle' would last or get ahead in its field, the above study by Pitelis and Taylor had shown that this is not so in the retail industry (Rubach, 18, p.1).

Another criticism of Porter is a study done by Dawes and Sharp reassess Hooley's interpretation of the Generic Marketing Structures clusters using the dimensions upon which Porter based his strategy scheme (Dawes, 16, p. 6). The study was done to provide insight into strategy clusters using a mapping technique; the results were designed to show whether or not similar strategies would result in similar performances or if unknown factors were influencing results (Dawes, 16, p. 6). Hooley felt the results of his research could lead managers to take a very different approach. Dawes and Sharp went against Hooley's findings and felt that Porter's generic competitive strategies were of little use in the interpretation of the clusters identified. Further they felt it provided no evidence that these generic strategies were routes to superior profit.

Porter's later work too has been criticised. It has been suggested by many that Porter developed a ‘theory of strategy'. However, economists and marketers tend to dispute this (Harfield, 18, p.1). Foss (16) used Porter as an example of the field becoming too pluralistic and that the later Porter is adding nothing to the ‘foundations' of the field (Harfield, 18, p.1). Hammonds believes that strategy has suffered simply because people tried it, had problems with it and turned instead to the fads of the time. While many people acknowledge Porter's contributions but found them extremely difficult to implement. There has been a view that if you had a strategy it was rigid, inflexible and out of date by the time that you used it. In an increasingly changing technological environment these issues were extremely important. Although Porter always pointed out that ‘technology changes, strategy doesn't' a lot of organisations got very confused about strategy and how to address it. Mintzberg (10) and Bartlett and Ghoshal (11) criticised Porter for narrowing the focus of strategic management by focusing on the industry and the situation confronting the firm regarding the position. Mintzberg also felt that the scientific approach to strategic management felt so wrong and that many managers favour intuition when making strategies (Mintzberg, 14, p.10).

Finally Porter acknowledged that there are four principle issues that challenge a theory of strategy (Porter, 11, p. 84-85). The four principles issues include approach to theory building; chain of causality; time horizon and empirical testing. The main problem behind these issues is that they are all situation/organisation specific where as Porter's frameworks and models are generic and suited to all. Therefore a company can not simply implement Porter's ideas without being faced with some seriously difficult questions.

Porters theories do not relate to practice as well as they do to theory for many. However, despite these criticisms Porter was amongst the first with the ability to analyse management in the competitive economic context. His highlighting the need to focus on external entities confronting organisations and how to gain a competitive edge in business has lead to scholarly thought and critical review of business, profit and context. The implementation of his theories and strategies by business has assisted many in the western world to gain the competitive edge for their company. As is always the case theories will continue to be critically examined and evolved within the changing economic context. At this stage, despite criticism, Porters contribution to management theory continues to have relevance for many in business practice.

Bibliography

Dawes, J & B Sharp (16) ‘Independent Empirical Support for Porter's Generic Marketing Strategies? A re-analysis using correspondence analysis' Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, 1 pp. 6-5. Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 http//msc.city.unisa.edu.au/msc/JEMS/Pubs/jems/Hooley/Hooley.html

Foss, N.J. (16) ‘Research in Strategy, Economics, and Michael Porter' Journal of Management Studies (January) pp. 1-4

Gavel, D (000) ‘Michael Porter named University Professor' Harvard University Gazette December 7. Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 http//www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/000/1.07/01-michaelporter.html

Hammonds, K.H. (001) ‘Michael Porter's Big Ideas' Fast Company, 44 p. 150. Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 http//www.fastcompany.com/online/44/porter.html

Harfield, T (18) ‘Strategic Management and Michael Porter a post modern reading'. Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 http//www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/depts/sml/journal/special/harfield.htm

Langlois, R.N. (000) ‘Integrating Management and Economics Perspectives on Competitive Strategy An Oasis or a Mirage?' Academy of Management Annual Meeting Toronto (August). Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 http//www.sp.uconn.edu/~langlois/AOM.html

Mintzberg, H. (14) ‘The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning' Harvard Business Review Jan-Feb pp. 107-114

O'Shannassy, T (1) ‘Lessons from the Evolution of the Strategy Paradigm' Working Paper Series RMIT Business, WP /0. Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 http//www.bf.rmit.edu.au/RDU/staffinfo/oshann_lessons.pdf

Porter M.E. (180) Competitive Strategy techniques for analyzing industries and competitors New York Free Press

Porter M.E. (185) Competitive Advantage creating and sustaining superior performance New York Free Press

Porter M.E. (10) The Competitive Advance of Nations London Macmillan

Porter M.E. (11) ‘Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy' Strategic Management Journal 1 pp. 5-117

Porter M.E. (16) ‘What is strategy?' Harvard Business Review Nov-Dec pp. 61-78

Robbins, S.P., R Bergman, I Stagg & M Coulter (000)) Management nd ed. Sydney Prentice Hall Australia

Rubach, M.J. & J.M. (18) ‘"Stuck in the middle" for retailers, perhaps not such a bad place to be' . Downloaded from web site on 0/04/01 www.sbaer.uca.edu/docs/proceedingsII/8asb.htm

Please note that this sample paper on A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on A critical examination of the central contributions of Michael Porter to the development of management thought will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from cheap essay writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

History: Uses for Today

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on History: Uses for Today. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality History: Uses for Today paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in History: Uses for Today, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your History: Uses for Today paper at affordable prices cheap custom writing service!

History is a broad subject. In fact, it takes up so much time, since the beginning of humanity until the present. Defined in Longman's Dictionary, history is ‘all things that happened in the past, especially in the political, social, or economic development of a nation' (Longman's 48). History explains why are things the way they are today, as history adds specific events, inventions or ideas that make a transformation, major or minor. History is almost unlimited, but what it contributes to our present will never be forgotten once we truly know why the study of history is significant.

The foundation, or base of history, is a very long but significant time (Rabb 7). History is built from one hundred thousand years, when the first humans, our ancestors, were populating Africa, Asia and Europe (7). During these times, history itself is a ‘blurred, almost invisible mist' (Fromkin ). However, as time goes on, historians try to ‘penetrate the mist' () for information, or simply finding artifacts or writings from the past to help us with our knowledge of history (Hartman ii).

Key moments in history have always enabled us to be, politically, socially, economically and technologically, what we are today. Agriculture was started when people learned to grow crops and herd animals, for supporting larger populations and surviving after the latest Ice Age (Rabb 7). Because of food surpluses, people can look forward to secondary needs after survival needs, like pottery and other goods, and this eventually led to civilization (Roberts 4). A civilization is formed when the people are as one in their culture, way of living and togetherness (5). The first seafarers opened the door to sea navigation, and they traveled to populate countless islands in the Pacific Ocean (Rabb 18). Their navigational abilities still puzze today's scientists (18). When civilizations reached the Iron Age, with the ability to smelt and produce iron tools and weapons, conflicts peaked at the highest in the ancient world with sharp and firm weapons that provided both offensive and defensive power (Roberts 11). When the Roman Empire fell in 476 AD, because of constant attacks and extortion by barbaric tribes, like the Goths and Vandals, which caused history to come to a standstill (). The Dark Age after the fall of the Roman Empire ended when Columbus discovered the Americas, and it was a miraculous event that restarted history (45). In 1776, USA declares itself independence after a revolution that saw Britain lose its grip on this land, eventually increasing its power in all sectors to become today's most powerful nation. (577). Japan is today's Asian powerhouse, because they were influenced by the Europeans during the 1800s, then adding European technologies to the nation, and though Japan failed to cruelly gain Asian colonies as they wanted, they have grown to be an economically and technologically advanced nation (61). These key moments help shape today's world and history, and it is almost certain that specific event will continue to modify the world.

Looking at history at a glance, we can see the plain diversity in history. From the changes of Asia and Africa to Europe, we can examine how the nations transformed from its earliest times (Roberts xii). Asian and African societies were much less developed than the rapidly advancing Europeans (xii). Also, the architecture, writing, religion and everything that has a relationship with society are contrasting in the ways they worked and the rate they advanced (xii). The Egyptian temples and Hebrew priest towers resemble different cultures and purposes, as monotheism in Jewish societies and polytheism in Egypt demonstrates different ways to worshipping gods in the ancient world (xii). There is an unlimited amount of ways to diverse history.

Custom Essays on History: Uses for Today History will also help us to understand how cultures and religions have evolved to this present state. For example, when USA was just independent, most of its people followed all of the teachings of Christianity, but today, only basic rules for Christianity are followed (Ellis 80). This is because of the fact that lifestyle has evolved more economically, and people will not be able to have the time to worship God (80). In addition, village life that focuses on worshipping a tribe's own god and practicing an own specific culture has faded away, because city life that is centered on economy and politics rather than cultures and religions has replaced them during the 1th and 0th centuries (80). As the world begins to concentrate on other areas rather than the traditional religion and culture, history will have different transformations in the future.

Dr. George Grant, Ph.D. in Education, explains to us about how history has a significant relation with religion. "Instead of a collection of dates and dead people, history should be in the Biblical viewpoint taught by example

(http//gileskirk.com/q_a_frame.com)". Also, he says that history is the main part of education, because most of the contents in the Bible shows how we came about and how certain people like Abraham, Moses and Jesus changed history (http//gileskirk.com/q_a_frame.com). He also mentioned that the Bible, which already teaches history, indirectly also explains literature, narrating, beliefs and other subjects (http//gileskirk.com/q_a_frame.com). Religion in different societies can have a relation with history, mostly in religious books with beliefs and stories.

Architecture has evolved over time and tracing its development will enable us to understand how architecture has reached this level today. Egyptian architecture was very advanced, and they proved this fact by build the Great Pyramid of Giza that is 750 feet on each side (Roberts 58). This wonder of the world required 100,000 men to pull stones from 500 miles away (58). Architecture continued to improve in stability and comfort (60). The next key point in the history of architecture is during the 180s, when the first true skyscraper, "The Reliance Building", was constructed and completed (Ellis 540). This building stood 16 storeys high (540). Elevators enabled skyscrapers to be built, so people could climb a great amount of floors conveniently (540). We could just stare at the Petronas Towers in Malaysia and wonder what advancements in architecture can be included in history.

If we look back in history, we can trace how health has been enhanced, especially at the component of lowering casualties during times of war. Before the 1800s, soldiers fell like dominoes in wars because of the lack of medics (Ellis 541). A Swiss banker established the Red Cross in 185 during an Italian war (541). This organization was meant for healing soldiers during wars, and the success of this new establishment gained reputation (541). As the Red Cross continued to aid the world in wars and basic healthcare, new technologies for decreasing deaths came up to significant use (541). We have looked back at history to examine the evolution of health to its acceptable state today.

History can be interpreted and taught to us in the form of entertainment, since youngsters prefer to enjoy entertainment rather than learn boring history. Revolutionary War plays are made comedy by adding in humorous dialogues and actions (Ellis ). At the Renaissance Fair, we participate in various activities that teach us about life in the Middle Ages (). We have probably had class trips to a museum that shows dinosaur bones, pictures, sculptures, traditional cultures, and many other exhibitions (). Almost everyone in the world would enjoy watching exhilarating and fascinating movies, whether it is about a past ship disaster, the legend of Robin Hood or King Arthur, or whatever else portrays the past (). Little does anyone know that what may seem to excite the mind also educates about history.

There are a couple of views of how to teach history, all involving different methods. The first method is by studying the Bible, so we can understand history in a religious perspective, how the world came about, and how it changed over time (http//gileskirk.com/q_a_frame.com). Another way, mentioned by Dr. Victor M. Uribe, though the most common method, is to teach in an encouraging way, rather than lecturing for hours after hours about specific topics, and this can be achieved by dedication and motivation to teach your students, and letting them read entertainment but educating books about history (http//lacc.fiu.edu/uribe/philosophy.html). He also added that history should be taught integrated with language arts, so assigning research papers and essays will improve the students' skills in expressing historical facts and theories through language (http//lacc.fiu.edu/.../philosophy.html). History can educate people in many ways, because of the various styles professionals look at the subject of history.

Today's countries' relations are fixed in a specific way, because of significant events, diplomatic or military activities, or various actions in history (Ellis 80). Trade relations are not established overnight but rather take years or even ages to open an effect and beneficial trade relation (80). In Singapore today, Asian countries such as China, India and Britain, all of which traded since Singapore was under British control in the 1800s, have a very good relation today (80). Relations are only at its peak when two nations share moments together (80). During the 18 Winter Olympics, where a wide range and race of people competed and cheered for their nation, relations were improved as one people share their own history with another people (80). Trade and sharing history and moments are ways to maintaining and improving relations from the past.

Warfare and conflicts add an important asset to history, as it brings destruction, revolutions, and other effects that enable the world to move forward. The first conflicts happened when the first great civilizations were at their height (Roberts 71). The Egyptians recorded wars with the Nubians, Greeks, Babylonians and other civilizations who struggled for power (71). Julius Caesar's personal book recorded the great battles of his great campaign that saw him conquer lots of land for the Roman Empire (71). Peace in Europe ended in 114, when Germany and Austro-Hungary declared war against England, France and Russia, who were the Allies, and this war decided who would lose power in Europe, and the war ended when the Allies won (707). After Germany's defeat in World War I, Adolf Hitler rose through the 10s, promising them a new Germany, but what he, as an individual, started ended as a devastating war (http//www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/516/history.html). World War II started when Germany invaded several neutral European nations, along with Italy and Japan, who also began invading powers, and these three nations became known as the Axis (Roberts 81). Again, the Allies, with the USA, defeated the Axis, marking the end of the war with the dropping of two nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Yokohama (84). The world has learnt from this mistake in the past by not trying cruelly to gain power by massacring millions of Jews as Hitler did (Ellis 674). Nuclear weapons started the Cold War, because of what the world saw that happened in Japan (675). USSR and USA built up weapons stockpiles, especially nuclear, and though no one died in the Cold War, the world had the fear never imagined before (Roberts 8). The Cuban Missile Crisis, which happened when USSR was sending and setting up nuclear weapons in Cuba as a possible attack base against the USA , almost started what would most likely be the most lethal war in history, and ended when USSR agreed to dismantle those nuclear weapons and take them back to USSR (0). This age of fear ended when USSR dismantled its nuclear weapons and army because of an economic crisis (16). Many wars have altered the course of history, but it has shaped up the world as it is today.

History is the story of our species, and whatever we do affects history and changes its course to what we desire. "History is story of human (Ellis )", and this means that the stories of an individual's life or society's events merge together to form the history of us (). Historians merge these stories in order to unveil a mystery we want to know about (). History explains the route we humans have taken to our position in the present day (http//ppp.unipv.it/Pages/Group/Group1.htm). In history, we examine how our technologies have evolved from the past, so we, as humans, will be able to continue history into the future from the ideas of the past (http//ppp.unipv.it/.../Group1.htm). As an individual, we merge all of our contributions into history as a generation to include as a portion of history, since our descendants have always been adding since the beginning of humankind (Ellis 7). These examples above will show the path humankind has taken to its present area and also how it will continue.

Historians are people who dedicate their life to the study, teaching or examining of the broad subject history. Dr. Victor M. Uribe changed from a law student to a historian, because he wanted to have an exciting and hard-working life and to serve the people of the world and contribute to the worldwide society (http//lacc.fiu.edu/uribe/philosophy.html). He also said that history can never be perfect and historians have a tough task to make history as perfect as possible (http//lacc.fiu.edu/.../philosophy.html). Dr. Uribe stated that devoting time to history is a low paid and overworking life, and only real passion and devotion will make a suitable historian (http//lacc.fiu.edu/.../philosophy.html). He also says that history is a lifetime experience, since the amount to learn in history is almost unlimited, from discovering hidden techniques to adding a new page in history (http//lacc.fiu.edu/.../philosophy.html). Charles K. Goodwill is a historian who is very dedicated and persistent to the study of the history of Southern Sahara Desert, and he revealed a lot of new information about the region, especially about their lifestyle (Reuters ). Emerging historians, such as Lori Walker, an undergraduate student in history, adds to the study of history by establishing a website that enables history teachers and emerging historians to improve their knowledge about history (http//scs.une.edu.au/StudentFiles/HomePages/HP_1_7/STME7/LoriWalker/LoriWalker.html). The life and philosophies of historians will always continue to prevail to add facts of history into history itself.

If children look into history, role models are there to help persuade youngsters to achieve specific goals for the future. History can help future generations to become significant but positive, especially revolutionists and people that changed the way we think (Ellis 178). There are also science geniuses, like Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton, explorers, like Christopher Columbus or Neil Armstrong, and many other types (178). The figureheads who changed the world positively today will be the role models for the future (17). They will be included in history, and most likely, children will be influenced by these people who have changed the world greatly (17). Children can be attempt to reach their potential by positive role models that have taken an important stand in the world.

We have all seen why history is unlimited, and what it holds is basically the key to unlocking the future and continuing history. Now, you would know that history is more than memorizing facts, dates or places. We look at the cultures, religions, technologies, architecture, health, education and whatever else we can think of. From their base of history since the beginning of humanity, it has been growing richer and larger. History will always continue to prevail, even in the future, and while the base of humanity will be gone, the base of history and history itself will be preserved until the end of time.

Works Cited

1. Burns, David. Geocities. History Page. http//www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/516/history.html . May 15, 00 150.

. Ellis, Elizabeth Gayner and Anthony Esler. World History Connections to Today. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 00.

. Fromkin, David. The Way of the World. New York Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 18.

4. Grant, George. Gileskirk. An Interview with George Grant, Ph.D.. http//gileskirk.com/q_a_frame.html. May 15, 00 11, May 16, 00 1.

5. Longman. Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow, Eng Clays Ltd., 187.

6. Rabb, Theodore K., ed. People and Nations A World History. Orlando Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 18.

7. Reuters. "African History in the south Saharan Desert." Canberra Time. 4 April 16 4

8. Roberts, J. M., ed., History of the World. New York Oxford University Press, 1.

. Uribe, Dr. Victor M. Florida International University. Teaching Statement. http//lacc.fiu.edu/uribe/philosophy.html. May 15, 00 11, May 17, 00 165.

10. Walker, Lori. University of New England. Lori's Homepage. http//scs.une.edu.au/StudentFiles/HomePages/HP_1_7/STME7/LoriWalker/LoriWalker.html. May 16, 00 1515.

11. Volta, A. Pavia University. Research of Pavia University's Department of Physics. http//ppp.unipv.it/Pages/Group/Group1.htm. May 15, 00 17, May 16, 00 1

Please note that this sample paper on History: Uses for Today is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on History: Uses for Today, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on History: Uses for Today will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment cheap custom writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Killing

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Killing. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Killing paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Killing, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Killing paper at affordable prices! ¡§She was not asleep, as her roommates had thought when they approached the bed of Joni Lenz on the afternoon of January 4, 174. They found her lying in a pool of blood that was seeping from her head and face. Terrified, her roommates removed the covers from Joni Lenzs body only to find an even more horrible sight. A bed rod had been torn away from the bed and savagely rammed into her vagina. Shortly after her discovery, Joni was transported to the hospital as she lay in a coma, suffering from brain damage that would affect her for the rest of her life. However, she was lucky to be alive. Joni was one of the few victims to survive an attack by Ted Bundy who reigned terror across the United States during the 170s. There were countless more victims before and after Joni who were not so fortunate to have lived. Some thirty-six women may have fallen prey to Bundy, but only he knew for sure. It is a number that Bundy has carried with him to his grave¡¨ (Bell, par. 1). No one could have imagined that the handsome young man by the name of Ted Bundy, a native of Philadelphia, could be responsible for the terrifying reign of vicious rapes and murders that left women across the state of Washington wondering if they would become the next victim on his criminal record. Or how could people fathom the fear that ran rampant as the serial killer known as David Berkowitz, otherwise known as the Son of Sam, brought the city of New York to its knees during the mid 70¡¦s. Then there is the case Albert DeSalvo, who till this very day still brings on debates as to whether or not he is the infamous Boston Strangler who¡¦s victims ranged from the age of 1 to 85 (Lester 1).

Regardless of geographical location, serial killers baffle police departments all across the globe. The obvious question raised when researching these criminals is how they were able to turn the corner from being law-abiding citizens to terrifying and in some cases sadistic maniacs. Upon labelling an individual as a serial killer one must

Tran

understand what exactly is it that separates a serial killer from just an ordinary murderer. By popular definition, an individual who attacks and kills and least three to four victims one by one in a series of incidents in a relatively short interval would be deemed a serial murderer. This however is a fairly subjective definition for many reasons. Firstly, if an individual goes to prison after a couple of murders and upon release continues his spree of killings, does his time in prison automatically reduce his victim count to zero? What if the killings were separated by years instead of months is the individual still considered to be a serial killer? Or even so, what if the individual kills twelve people is he only considered being a serial killer after the third victim or is he not a serial killer if he is caught after his second victim? For the sake of argument we will use the definition of a serial killer stated above as the tentative definition for our future references to a serial killer.

Do my essay on Killing CHEAP !

Sociologists have many theories as why people decide to live outside the accepted social standards of living and become deviants. Everything from Robert Merton¡¦s Strain Theory to other theories such as Control Theories, Opportunity Theories and finally Emile Durkheim reasoning that deviance has its positive benefits. Serial killers are the most extreme cases of deviant people who do not live within the constraints of the law but exercise their behaviour outside of the accepted norm. Is this behaviour genetic, hormonal, biological, or cultural? Do these people consciously kill or are they basically a slave to their uncontrollable urges? We all at some point in our lives experience irrepressible rage when we felt that following normal human conduct could take a little breather so we can act strictly on our impulses, but just as we all have these violent urges, we also have internal blockades that keep us from practicing these urges. Be it universal morality or cultural programming, these strongholds do not exist in the mind of a serial killer. Their mind operates seemingly outside of normal consciousness, or does it? Many people would assume that they would have to be insane to slaughter another human being and in some cases dismembering it for that momentary pleasure, but the most chilling fact about a number of serial killers is that they are many times fairly rational beings. As investigator Dennis Nilsen put it, ¡§a mind can be evil without being abnormal¡¨ (par. 4).

Tran

So how does a seemingly normal person take the path to becoming a serial killer? In most instances, sociologist looks to the individual¡¦s upbringing for explanations. Some serial killers are precociously sadistic from a very early age as Edmund Kemper, a sexual predator was. As a young child he was beheading his sisters dolls and engaged in sexual games. He once told his sister that he wanted to kiss his own teacher but ¡§if I kiss her I would have to kill her first¡¨ (Scott, par. 1). In other cases, early childhood head injuries could be put to blame as with Earle Leonard Nelson, otherwise known was the ¡§Gorilla Murderer¡¨ who suffered a severe head injury as a child, which left him permanently brain-damaged, which subsequently led to retardation (Lester ). It is important to examine serial killing from different perspectives, first from a ¡§what drives people to engage in this time of criminal activity¡¨ and secondly from a ¡§why some commit crime and why others do not¡¨ (Brym 455).

Roberts Merton, whose best-known work is of the ¡§Strain Theory,¡¨ is a believer that ¡§most criminal behaviour would not occur unless a social context exist that encourages our pushes a person toward crime¡¨ (Brym 455). This believes that criminal behaviour is influenced by society and does not derive directly from an individual. Criminals by default are thus generally brought up in low-income communities and the potential to move up the social rank is not a viable or seen to be an achievable. As a result of this, people resort to crime and other deviant activities as a means to rebel against the ¡§closed system.¡¨ Carl Panzram, a remorseless, vicious, child rapist, often known as the man with no soul, was born to a poor farming family in lower class rural Minnesota in 181. At a very young age he was forced to hard labour to earn money and life was made even more difficult when his parents divorced. A series of bad luck would follow Carl as grew up, ¡§everybody thought it was all right to deceive me, lie to me and kick me around whenever they felt like it, and they felt like it pretty regular¡¨ (Gado, par. 6). Lack of opportunities and economic success can lead people down a road of destruction when they start to believe that God has dealt them an unfair hand. Merton was a strong advocate on the lower class as being more prone to criminal activity, which did draw strong critical reactions (Brymm 455).

Tran 4

Control Theorist contends that, ¡§deviance and crime occur because of the absence of some kind of control¡¨ (Brymm 457). Young children who do not have close ties to social institutions such as their parents, teachers, and peers and with very weak bonds to conventional values find it easier to live outside society¡¦s norm and would therefore be more likely to submit to their deviant urges. On the other hand, adolescents with strong bonds with conventionality would be less likely to risk breaking society constraints (Brymm 457). Other versions of control theory centre on people with low self esteem who try to get what they want quickly and in some cases forcibly. Naturally this would lead to unconformity and rule breaking. Rapists are usually regarded in the manner of having low self-esteem with woman and therefore would exercise their supremacy over the opposite sex by raping them. Tend Bundy, was a young man who brutally raped and murdered young ladies. He was a very shy child and as he grew up his shyness was directed towards women especially when it was revealed to him that what he once thought was his older sister was actually his birth mother and the parents who he grew up with were actually his grandparents. His break-up with his girlfriend left him depressed and he was never completely able to recover from it (Bell, par. 7-8). According to sociologist, families are the major source of control that can prevent deviance. Early childhood socialization and proper punishment for misbehaviour is crucial in developing a strong foundation for the child. If these control measures are implemented early in life, children will be less likely to be susceptible to negative influences and would be less prone to resort to deviance when feeling strained (Brymm 457).

Opportunity theories make the claim that school shootings are not the product of negligent social institutions but occurred due to the fact that these teenagers have easy access to firearms. The theorist assume ¡§that in the absence of inner controls, such as a conscience, or external controls, such as a police officer on the corner or a lock in the door, most of us would engage in crime,¡¨ however, the type of crime we engage in is strictly dependent on the opportunity that is available to us at the moment (Brymm 458).

Tran 5

Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, who were dubbed as the trench coat mafia, were two teenage boys who were constantly bullied at school. Eventually they came to the conclusion they had no reason to live, as a result they decided to kill themselves but not before taking down some classmates along with them. It was astonishing to people how these kids were able to have the access as they did to weapons but more so, how no one was able to see the tragedy coming. In a letter to the police department, a day before they boys opened fire in their highschool, they blamed the people who ridiculed them and to parents who they believed was responsible for their intolerant children (Ramsland, par. -). Although being mocked at by their fellow peers was motivation enough to take some sort of action, the availability of guns created the opportunity for them to open fire. ¡§Where lethal weapons are more available, then, the opportunities for lethal violence are much greater¡¨ (Brymm 458).

Not everyone who experiences abuse as a child, or severe head injuries become serial killers in their adult years, but there are exceptions. In some cases, the barbaric treatment of a child leaves little wonder how anything less than a serial killer could be produced from such harsh treatments. Many sadistic criminals depict their childhood as an endless nightmare of sexual abuse and torture, leaving little room for a normal upbringing to be present. As we examine childhood abuse as a possible key to understanding how children grow up to be killers, it must be remembered that childhood abuse is not the sole reason why killers are present because very few females who are victimized as children grow up to be extremely violent (Scott, par. -4).

Parents, who abuse their children, instil values of reliance on violence every time a challenging situation approaches. Physical violence not only is damaging physically to a child but also has psychological affects that are hard to forget even as the child becomes an adult. As stated before, the family is the major form of control so naturally a weak bond derived from parental beatings is detrimental for the child who is still learning what is acceptable is society and what is not. The parental institution, which is generally believed to be the essential part of a child developing, is undergoing great social change. Many problems can occur from this social shift but ¡§the main result of this change is the

Tran 6

decline in the importance of the family¡¦s role in general social life¡¨ (Clinard 67). As a result of this change, other groups and institutions do the significant part of a child¡¦s socialization and because it is impossible for parental supervision to cover a child¡¦s social habits on a consistent basis, many times peers can socialize a child negatively.

Durheim believed that deviance was a necessary part of a functioning society given that it existed in all societies; therefore it must have some beneficial consequences (Brymm 45). He argues that deviant behaviour increases social solidarity because in those circumstances people are united under a common fear and a common need for retribution for the crime committed. He believes deviance allows people to clarify the group¡¦s moral boundaries and to allow societies to adapt to a changing world (Brymm 45). Durkheim realized that too much deviance can lead to chaos but a certain amount can be beneficial. Although it does seems plausible under the right circumstances that a community can be united when facing deviant behaviour it is not necessarily a necessity. Unification of society can occur in many other ways. A good amount of deaths by a serial killer although undoubtedly has the potential to unite a community, it is not an essential element for that community to function productively. The well being of a society can just as well be destroyed by a same amount of deviance that Durkheim argues is necessary for it to function.

Society plays a major role in the development of a serial killer. An atmosphere where violence is common and not controlled can influence children negatively as they see violence is only a natural part of the world. Society many times glorify killing, portraying it as exciting and the media plays a large role in bombarding youths with violence which subsequently leads to the desensitization of violent behaviour in our generation. Violence therefore becomes the norm and is no longer regarded as wrong in the eyes of the naive.

So what is it that makes a serial killer? Are serial killers born or is it forced upon them by unlucky circumstances. For the most part, serial killers are made. In many of the cases, nightmarish upbringings consisting of violence and torture either by the parents or

Tran 7

the authoritative figure is what most investigators link back to when interviewing serial killers. Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, John Wayne Gacy, and David Berkowitz etc, all of which had unfortunate childhood experiences. Despite the fact that most appear to be rational there are those that are clinically insane while killing. Some suffer from sever head injuries; others claim to be under the influence of demons or even have satanic undertones while killing. The majority of cases when examined can be traced back to mistreatment at a young age. So what does this mean to us as a society? Ideally it implies that serial killers can be prevented. When we exclude someone from a group, when we ridicule someone for not keeping with the latest fashion trend, or when we bully a fellow classmate, we should stop and think of the consequences. This negative treatment can leave behind permanent emotional scars on the individual that can further lead to violent behaviour. Although not every victim of harassment becomes a serial killer, it is to the betterment of society that we treat each other as equals and promote unity. Areas in which social solidarity is high as Durkheim argues, experiences lower levels of violence as people are more in touch with one another. Communities should work within themselves to promote social solidarity, thus decreases the opportunity for violent behaviour.

Please note that this sample paper on Killing is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Killing, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Killing will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!