Risk mapping to the Bullwhip Effect: VaR as a risk measure for supply chain

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One important mechanism for coordination in a supply chain is the information flows among members of the supply chain. These information flows have a direct impact on the production scheduling, inventory control and delivery plans of individual members in the supply chain. However, the distortion demand information, the retailer¡¦s orders do not coincide with the actual retail sales, tend to have larger variance orders to the supplier than sales to the buyer. This distortion of the demand in upstream activities is known as ¡§bullwhip effect¡¨(Lee et al. 17). Viewed more fundamentally, bullwhip refers to the amplification of end-customer order signals, whereby upstream replenishment demand and physical shipments exceed the original order quantity. The bullwhip effect, as defined by Lee et al.(17), is a phenomenon whereby

Information transferred in the form of orders tens to be distorted and can misguide upstream members in their inventory and production decisions¡K the variance of [replenishment] orders may be larger than that of sales [to end customers], and the distortion tends to increase as one moves upstream.

This concept paper is trying to apply the Value-at-risk (VaR) model in the supply chain management (SCM) and measure the bullwhip effect. VaR is being used in financial risk management as a measure of risk taken with a given confidence level over a specific time interval. VaR can be adopted to measure losses both on short term (1 day) and on long term (1 year) time horizon. In the financial applications only short term VaR are currently used, but there is no logical difficulty in using it also over period lager than the year in supply chain risk management. The purpose of applying VaR provides an approach to measure the supply chain risk under the uncertainty. Not only minimizes the cost and bullwhip effect, but also helps manager to make decision and adjust productivity base on an expected maximum loss under uncertainty demand.

Help with essay on Risk mapping to the Bullwhip Effect: VaR as a risk measure for supply chain

Use VaR to evaluate supply chain¡¦s performance by providing a risk quantification, expressed in monetary units, can helps supply chain managers to determine the most suitable risk management strategy for optimization supply chain.

Literature review

The bullwhip effect has been noted and assigned various causes across a range of academic disciplines. The first academic description of the bullwhip phenomenon is usually ascribed to Forrester(161). Forrester indicates that it is empirically common for the variance of perceived demand to the manufacturer to far exceed the variance of consumer demand and for seasonality to be larger for manufacturers than for retailers. Furthermore, he notes that the effect is amplified at each stage in the supply chain. He states that the principle cause of this is difficulties involving the information feedback loop between companies and systems are too complex for managerial intuition alone to ameliorate. Consequently, Forrester¡¦s remedy lies in understanding the system as a whole, and modeling that system with specific ¡§system dynamics¡¨ simulation models, so that managers can determine appropriate action.

Lee et al (17) have documented the effect in a number of specific businesses and have posited both causes and cures. In agreement with the economists, the bullwhip effect is purported to stem from rational, profit maximizing managers. Two specific sources are claimed for the effects that are relevant for this research

1. Forward buying practices for seasonal items by downstream wholesalers and retailers amplifies the seasonality seen by the manufacturers. As a general practice in the dry grocery industry, wholesales level buyers often induce larger seasonality for manufacturers by purchasing overly large quantities of product during the peak demand season for that product in an attempt to get reduced prices per unit.

. Batching of orders by downstream participants. Demand may be relatively continuous by consumers, but due to ordering costs or periodic ordering system runs it is batched early in the supply chain. This batching of orders induces demand variance up the supply chain that is not present at lower levels.

Towill (11) and Towill et al (1) use simulation techniques to evaluate the effects of various supply chain strategies on demand amplification. The strategies investigated are as follow

1. Eliminating the distribution echelon of the supply chain, by including the distribution function in the manufacturing echelon.

. Integrating the flow of information throughout the chain.

. Implementing a just-in-time (JIT) inventory policy to reduce time delays.

4. Improving the movement of intermediate products and materials by modifying the order quantity procedures.

5. Modifying the parameters of the existing order quantity procedures.

The objective of the simulation model is to determine which strategies are the most effective in smoothing the variations in the demand pattern.,

Research Question and Hypothesis

Uncertainty and distort demand are the major sources of bullwhip effect. For managers who wish to minimize unnecessary and costly variation in their supply chain, it is important to understand the specific causes of bullwhip. Uncertainty can broadly be identified as continuous changes in the echelon time-series for demand, distribution, production and inventory. Traditionally, researchers have limited their analyses and scope to minimum the cost within the effective supply chain. This paper will focus on the cause and effect between uncertainty demand and inventory by using the VaR model to calculate the maximum loss (cost) with distort or uncertainty demand. The key variables of this model are uncertainty demand order, distort order information upstream and lead-time.

The research hypotheses for this paper are

H1 The cost of bullwhip effect can be measured and expressed in a function with monetary units.

H The total cost of bullwhip effect would be the sum of bullwhip-related inventory swing costs, shortage cost, and profit margin lost due to poor availability.

H VaR model can optimize supply chain strategy under acceptable and expectable maximum loss over a certain period.

Methodology

The methodology for this study is based on the Value-at-risk (VaR) model to measure the risk of bullwhip effect in the supply chain management. This design focuses on uncertainty demand and the cost (loss) cause by bullwhip effect. Base on the supply chain ¡§Loss Function¡¨ model from Budiman (00). The minimum loss function expressed mathematically as below. Apply VaR to the loss function to calculate the maximum tolerable risk (loss). Use the result, acceptable risk, as the benchmark to adjust an optimization supply chain.

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Vehicles

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S stands for sport. The 00 Audi S4, equipped with a biturbo, 50 hours power engine with performance-boosting triple-intake manifold and sporty six-speed manual, delivers without hesitation. Two major factors contributed to a false sense of power the car gave me. These factors include control and the benefits the car came with.

Inside, sport seats hold you tight while an uncommonly broad torque band delivers power in any gear, giving a sense of control. While driving, I fully enjoy the exuberant S4 whether I am cruising city streets or challenging the open road. Others may settle for one turbocharger to boost performance, the S4 counters with two. One for each cylinder bank, making me feel proud. The S4s 50 hp, .7 litre V6 is just the beginning of its performance edge. With quattro all-wheel drive response steering, and a nimble suspension mark it as a car for all seasons, all reasons, managing time in case needed. Family, friends and co-workers trust me to get them to any destination. Trust comes not only from my ability to drive well, but in the car itself. In the event an airbag deploys, central locking is automatically released, interior lighting is switched on, fuel pump and engine switched off, and the hazard flashers are put to work. Finally, a feeling of importance is present when owning a lavish car. Acquiring such a car does not come easy; it was earned through difficult labor. To have a feeling of control is driving down a road and knowing that if something is desired from the car it is to deliver without any hesitation.

To maintain a car costs hundreds of dollars each month, but most of what is being paid for is its benefits. Convenience is one of the benefits. It is more expedient to get in a car and drive down to the mall rather then waiting for a bus to drive you. Flexibility is important to a successful day; with the greatest results. Means of where to go and when to go adds suppleness. Also, privacy is one the factors to own a car. When on the road, the S4 provides a state-of-the-art 150-watt eight speaker sound system at volume I prefer. Privacy ties to independence which can be used in many ways. When driving alone with no certain destination I feel independent, it is then my decision where to go or what to do. To achieve anything that is possible with my car gives me power. Power is conceived in decision making and that is the finest benefit of all. A car has many benefits that we sometimes never notice, but with a brief thought you might perceive how much a car can furnish us.

Until recent notion I had never thought control and the benefits of a car, could give me a false sense of power. The use of this false power can be viewed as benefactor or malevolence. Still many people are not aware of the power a car conceals.

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ETERNAL FLAME OF LOVE

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on ETERNAL FLAME OF LOVE. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality ETERNAL FLAME OF LOVE paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in ETERNAL FLAME OF LOVE, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your ETERNAL FLAME OF LOVE paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! "What do you think about this book, Alex?" I asked ask I browsed around the adequately stocked bookstore.

"Don't change the topic, Jimmy," Alex gave a resentful frown, obviously crossed. "I really think you ought to have a girlfriend by now."

"We come here to buy books, not to talk about love affairs," I protested, still looking at the book.

"But you are 5 already, Jimmy," Alex insisted. "Make hay while the sun shines. Well, look at Neil and me. We have our own children already but you are still a bachelor."

Cheap College Papers on ETERNAL FLAME OF LOVE Neil and Alex are my best buddies. We had been classmates since we studied in kindergarten. Nevertheless, they were all married long before.

"It's for your own good," he added. I kept silent, as I did not know what to say. Love could not pop out suddenly in the air, I thought.

As we shuffled to the counter, I was reading the book enthusiastically and did not see someone ahead of me. Then bang! A fairly young girl with a mass of flowing auburn hair greeted my sight, that was, with books scattering on the floor. She had a gaunt, flawless milk-coffee face with sparkling, sultry eyes that was as amiable as a fairy.

"I'm sorry," she said, flashing a charming smile at me.

There were a few awkward moments before I was aware of my surroundings again. I apologised on my part and I was down on my knees momentarily and helped her to collect her books on the floor. Then a book entitled ‘Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets' caught my sight.

"So you read the Harry Potter's series of books?" I asked, excited.

"Yeah," She replied shyly. "These stories are very interesting."

"Look, I'm reading the same book as you do," I said, thrilled.

And so we conversed together about books and found out that we were very compatible. She also told me her name was Kelly Jones and I introduced myself in return. Finally, I tried to invite her to dinner.

"Well, I - em - am thinking of em - that if you would em…" I stammered uncontrollably.

"Join you for dinner tomorrow?"

"Yeah, that's what I'm trying to tell you."

"7.0 at night?"

"Okay."

"At Palais Royal Restaurant?"

"Perfect."

See you till then."

"Bye!"

As I bade her goodbye, I experienced a mysterious feeling that I could not tell exactly what it was. It was a mixture of glee and exhilaration - and something else. Perhaps I had really fallen in love for the very first time! Indeed, love CAN pop out suddenly in the air.

"Looks like Jimmy my man is in love so soon," Alex said jokingly.

"Cut it out," I denied. Nonetheless, I think he was right for once.

Soon enough, Kelly and I got to know each other fairly well. I could feel our love for one another was getting deeper and deeper. Ever day, even every single second when she was not with me, my heart ached as if there was something missing in my heart. Finally, when the time was right, I invited her to a high-class French restaurant and she accepted the invitation.

That night, she was impeccably dressed in tight black leggings and leotard topped by a vividly striped yellow tunic top that emphasised her height. Matching with her high-heeled toe-peepers with ankle straps, I must confess that she looked like an angel and no one else could possibly compare with her beauty her lips as red as rose and her hair as fine as gold. As for me, I wore severely conservative dark grey suit - but most importantly - with a yellow ribbon. Though we had known each other for only about two months, I knew her favourite colour was yellow. Perhaps yellow resembled her personality cheerful and exultant at all times.

Suitable with my motive, the restaurant was well ventilated and tastefully decorated with decorative ornaments, In fact, the place looked like a Christmas tree with fancy decorations everywhere. With a diamond ring and a bouquet of roses in my hands, I recollect my composure and said,

"Kelly, marry me."

She was completely taken by surprise. Her faded blue eyes went wide with astonishment and a little gleeful, of course.

"Oh Jimmy, I don't know what to say," she exclaimed as she embraced me with suppressed happiness. For a moment or so, we were oblivious to our surroundings and we allowed the power of our love to drift us along to another world full of wonders.

"Why a girl from a poor family like me?" She asked inquiringly.

"Because I love you" was my gentle reply.

The next day, I brought Kelly to my house to introduce her to my parents. At first, everything went on quite well, or so I thought. My parents welcomed the good news that we were going to get married. However, luck was not with me. Unfortunately, when they knew that her father was nothing but a mere poor peasant in her village, they became ballistic. I could see that they were incandescent with boiling outrage and their sudden aloofness quickly evolved into genuine fury.

"You are not to marry her unless I say so," my father shrieked sternly. "And I disagree about the marriage with this poor, low-profiled family."

Tears could be seen glistening in Kelly's eyes, followed by shrill wails. My father not only had hurt her feelings; he also despised her and pulled down her family's image and reputation. Deeply disappointed, she dashed out of my house without another word. The dwindling flame of her enthusiasm went out with an ignominious puff of smoke.

"Dad, why do you…" My voice trailed off.

"Son, you deserve a much better wife, not a poor, indigent girl…"

I did not wait to listen to him but I chased Kelly instead. At that moment, my heart sank back to its normal low spot in my chest. I just could not understand why parents always discriminate one's family background. Just then, I heard something. Something very terrifying. Something that was enough to kill me ten times. I could hear the sound of screeching brakes growing louder till it become almost deafening. It rose, wordless until it stung at my bones and shrivelled the flesh.

Bang! A piercing cry of gnawing horror escaped my throat as I saw Kelly lying in the middle of the road. My heart plummeted like a revved-up V-8 engine as icy cold sweat streaked my face. My normal patterns of thought vanished and my whole nervous system and instincts whirred overdrive.

"Keeeelly!" I uttered a dreadful cry of terror.

Suddenly, an acute devastating ache clenched my stomach, causing me to blink ceaselessly. Taken completely by surprise, I felt a bizarre urge to burst into tears, but regardless how hard I tried, I failed to fight my emotions down. Without realising it, I began weeping copiously, springing tears to my eyes.

"Keeeelly!" My shriek echoed in the whole vicinity.

An overpowering odour of medicine attacked my nostrils, but it did not matter now. As I sat by Kelly's side near the bed, looking at her sallow face, I sang out the song ‘What Makes You Different' earnestly.

"Regardless of how poor you are, you will always be special to me," I whispered in her ears, sobbing noisily. "Although you couldn't be my wife, you are already my wife in my heart."

I saw a slight change on the electrocardiograph (ECG), followed by a low, continuous drawl.

"Nooooo…"

As her body was buried under an oak tree, I bow down at her.

"May our eternal flame of love last forever," I whispered in the wind.

And I tied a yellow ribbon around the old oak tree.

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PED for Lightbulbs

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in PED for Lightbulbs, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your PED for Lightbulbs paper at affordable prices! Introduction

This report has been produced to analyse the possible implications of increasing the price of our 100Watt light bulbs by 0%. Presently the cost of a light bulb is £0.80. This report will aim to fully assess and evaluate the price elasticity of demand of the product, which will enable an informed decision to be made on whether a price increase will be financially viable for the company.

Concept of price elasticity

The concept of price elasticity of demand (PED) is to measure the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to a price increase or decrease, with all other factors remaining the same. This is achieved by comparing the percentage change of the price of a product, in relation to the percentage change in demand for that product, and is calculated as follows,

PED (price elasticity of demand) = Percentage change in the quantity demanded

Percentage change in the price

The determining factor in the above calculation depends on whether the PED is above or below 1. The price elasticity of demand can be split into three different categories once the above calculation is completed

Price Elastic

If a product is deemed to be price elastic, the calculation will reveal that the PED is greater than 1, this shows that the percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than the % change in price.

Price Inelastic

If the price is inelastic, the calculation will reveal that the PED is less than 1 indicating that the percentage change in price is greater than the percentage change in quantity demanded.

Unitary elasticity

If the price is classed as unitary elasticity, the PED calculation will work out at exactly 1. This shows that percentage change in price is equal to the percentage change in quantity demanded.

The relevance of PED to pricing decisions

The price elasticity of demand is a very helpful tool in deciding how to price a product, as there is a direct link between price elasticity and revenue. If a product is price elastic it is susceptible to price change, this means that increases in price will have a negative effect on total revenue. Conversely, if the price is inelastic this indicates that there is a positive relationship between elasticity and revenue and the product is not particularly susceptible to price change, therefore if there is an increase in price there will be an increase in revenue. It can be seen that all firms aim to achieve an inelastic price of demand, because they can then increase their prices knowing that the customers will still be willing to purchase the product. This ties in with competitive advantage, meaning that once you are a market leader you can control prices to a certain degree.

Factors of demand for 100watt light bulbs

It is important to look at what factors may affect the demand for 100Watt light bulbs. Looking firstly at price

Price of our light bulbs

Last year a survey was carried out to assess the sensitivity of sales to price for our 100watt light bulbs, the results were as follows,

Price Sales (Million) Revenue (Million) % Change in price % Change in Sales

£0.80 5800 4640 5% 1.0%

£1.00 4000 4000

If we then apply these results to the aforementioned equation for PED,

PED = % Change in QD 1.0 = 1.4

%Change in P 5

It can be clearly see from the calculation above that the demand for 100Watt light bulbs is elastic, and therefore sensitive to price change.

The price of other companies light bulbs

Another factor in determining the demand for light bulbs may be the price of our competitor's products. We have already seen from the calculation above that the price is elastic. If another company making light bulbs offers consumers a lower price, or a better deal i.e. a two for one offer, we may find that demand for our product falls. Consumers may be unwilling to pay more for an identical product they can find cheaper elsewhere.

Availability of substitute products

Availability of substitute products may also play a part in the demand for 100watt light bulbs. It can be seen that over recent years the availability of energy saving light bulbs such as Incandescent and Halogen Light Bulbs are on the increase. These bulbs can last many times longer than a standard light bulb. Prices of these substitutes are currently high in comparison to standard 100W bulbs but may fall as the country and government strives to become more energy efficient, this may have a direct effect on the demand for our product. Conover (February 5, 00)

Recommendations

The above graph has been plotted to assess whether there should be a rise of 0% to the price of the companies light bulbs. It can be clearly seen from the graph that an increase of 0% would add and extra £0.16 of revenue per bulb sold, however the price rise also causes a loss in demand from 5800Million to 4400Million. The table below shows the predicted subsequent effect on revenue,

Price Sales (Million) Revenue (Million) % Change in price

£0.80 5800 4640 0%

£0.6 4400 44

Taking into consideration the earlier finding that the price of light bulbs is elastic, meaning any price rise will reduce demand, and the findings of the graph which indicates that a 0% increase in price would result in a predicted £416,000 of lost revenue, it is recommended that the price should not be raised.

Bibliography

Conover, C February 5, 00 ‘Light bulbs, Floodlights and Spotlights which bulbs to use? An extremely brief and incomplete tutorial and review', Available from

http//www.pitt.edu/~kconover/light_bulb_tutorial.htm (Accessed 1/11/00)

Worthington, I. & Britton, C, 00. The business environment. 4th Ed. Harlow Pearson Education.

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Karen Horney

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In Horney's book, New Ways In Psychoanalysis she significantly widened the limitations of Sigmund Freud's theories and prepared the theories to be obtainable to a wide-ranging public. Freud is considered the father of psychology and psychoanalysis. His theories are based on sexual instincts rather than biological. In Horney's book she disagrees with Freud's libido theory, views and emphasis of childhood, and female masochism. Horney emphasized the significance of communal, educational, and gender aspects in human maturity, disagreeing on Freud's focus on sexual disagreement as the origin of neurosis. Horney says, "Sexual problems, although they may sometimes prevail in the symptomatic picture, are no longer considered to be in the dynamic center of neuroses. Sexual difficulties are the effect rather than the cause of the neurotic character structure" (Horney p.10). These will be the three points discussed in the paper. It is important to know that she did base her beliefs on Freudian theory. She believed that change and contributions were necessary in order to further psychoanalysis. She believed that Freud did not pay attention to social factors that he emphasized physiological factors. Horney did agree with Freud that childhood is important to understand, however, she thought he spent an inordinate amount of time on it. Horney thought it was more important to find what in the past was causing the problem in the present not the psychosexual stages concentrated by Freud. Freud believed that masochism was natural to the female existence where as Horney believed masochism originated from personality conflicts. Her contributions and involvement in psychosomatic theory led her to be the first therapist to confront Freud's culture bound analysis of women. She believed that Freud's theories were made to explain the male's view and completely ignore female's view.

In Horney's book, New Ways in Psychoanalysis Horney rejected Freud's libido theory. Freud's libido theory is based on sexuality and its influence on the personality. Freud believed that all bodily sensations of a pleasurable nature, or strivings for them, are sexual in nature. Freud believed that after a baby nursed he/she felt the same sensation after someone having intercourse. Horney had her own theory about Freud's theory. Horney emphasized that woman's feelings of inferiority to men point to the defects in our society, and is not the result of women's lack of penis. "I realized… that my search for a better understanding had led me in directions that were at a variance with Freud. If so many factors that Freud regarded as instinctual were culturally determined, if so much that Freud considered libidinal was a neurotic need for affection, provoked by anxiety and aimed at feeling safe with others, then the libido theory was no longer tenable. Childhood experiences remained important, but the influence they exerted on our lives appeared in a new light" (Horney 1, p1). Horney questioned the role of gender in personality development and stressed the importance of society and culture as determining factors for normal and pathological development. Horney disagreed with Freud's penis envy. Horney believed that Freud was really detecting a women's justified envy of men's power in the world. While penis envy might occur occasionally in neurotic woman, she said womb envy occurs just as much in men. Horney felt that men were envious of a woman's ability to bear children. To the degree in which men are driven to succeed and to have their names live on. Horney believed that men compensated for their inherit ability to carry, nurture and bear children. Horney did not understand why Freud placed so much emphasis on the male anatomy. Furthermore, Horney desexualized Freud's oedipal complex, stating that clinging to one parent and jealousy of the other was simply the result of anxiety caused by a disturbance in the parent-child relationship. "When we realize the great impact of cultural conditions on neuroses, the biological and physiological conditions, which are considered by Freud to be their root, recede in to the background" (Horney 1, p.1) .

Horney did agree with Freud on the importance of anxiety-provoking childhood experiences in the development of maladjustment. However, Horney did not agree with Freud's theory of primary narcissism, infantile fixation, and repetition compulsion theories. Anxiety became a central aspect of Horney's theory, accounting for the personality's defensive and security operations. Horney believed that oral, anal, and genital drives do not exist in all human beings. Horney believed that the compulsive drive was not based on satisfying sexual instincts as Freud did, but to provide safety from feelings of isolation, helplessness, fear, and hostility. She did not question the influence of childhood development, but how it operated. Horney believed that adverse experiences in childhood affected development… "Let us say, anticipating evil rather than good, the old experiences enter directly into adult ones" (Horney 1 p15). She believed that all childhood experiences develop the personality not sexual instincts "the sum total of childhood experiences brings about a certain character structure, or rather starts its development" (Horney 1, p.67).

Horney also disagrees with Freud's theory that women are masochistic the desire to be hurt, even physically, a probable source of the myth that women wish to be raped. Horney states, "Masochistic drives are neither an essentially sexual phenomenon nor the result of biologically determined processes, but originate in personality conflicts" ( Horney 1, p. 80). Freud believed that masochism was natural to female existence. Freud's purpose was to discover the internal psychic reasons for the realities he observed. His theory, stated briefly, was that the original anatomical structure of both sexes was male which remains obvious in the boy (the penis) and in the girl (the clitoris). When children discover the difference between the sexes by seeing the external difference, girls suffer shock, they have no penis. Girls then envy the boys, loose their sadistic-aggressive tendencies, and develop feelings of inferiority. In the same experience, boys, however, find their aggressive self-confidence. Girls turn to their fathers in order to make up for their deficiencies. The girls think that the father relates to the boys because of the physical differences. Then the girls feelings of inferiority are greater and the fear of not being loved deepens their dependent relationship towards men. The relationship that the girls have towards females is resentment. Identity is tied to the loss of maleness, which can only be regained through the birth of a son. If girls are to have anything enjoyable, she must get over the chain of masochistic frustrations. Freud believed that male masochism is pathological; the female form is the normal psychic consequence of the difference of anatomy. Horney believed that Freud's view of female masochism stems not from Freud, the Psychoanalysis, but from Freud, the boy.

Write your Karen Horney research paper

Horney observed that her uncertainties about Freud's theories regarding women caused doubts concerning his theory as correct. After she immigrated to the United States in the 10's, these qualms were established in her book, New Ways in Psychoanalysis. Many of her colleagues said the she was abandoning the spirit of psychoanalysis.

Please note that this sample paper on Karen Horney is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Karen Horney, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Karen Horney will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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History of the Trombone research

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Trombone research

History

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In the late 14th century, a long straight trumpet was curved into an "s" shape and thus began the trombone. "Trombone" is from the Italian term for trumpet ("Tromba") and big trumpet ("one"). The English term for the same instrument is "Sackbut" which is thought to derive from the Spanish word "Sacabuche" meaning "draw pipe" and "boter" meaning "to push". If traveling in Germany, the trombone would be referred to as "posaune" which term derived from "buisine" which was a long straight trumpet from which the trombone was developed. "Buisine" became "Posaune" after the 16th century. Trombones were originally used to accompany trumpets and this grouping continued through the music of composers such as Giovanni Gabrieli, Heinrich Schutz and Henry Purcell.

Performers

http//www.jazztrombonehistory.com/Dorsey/history.php

http//ooz.tripod.com/cd/htm/60F1C174E47.htm#artist

Born in Mahoney Plane (or Shenandoah), Pennsylvania in 105, Tommy and his brother Jimmy were both musically talented and received music lessons from their father who was a high school band director. Through competition with each other, both Dorseys became excellent musicians but it was Tommy who wanted to master the trombone over all of the other instruments they played. Throughout the years, Tommy and Jimmy would play together in swing bands but went separate ways musically in 15 due to their inability to get along creatively. Tommy Dorsey and the Dorsey Brother's band is credited with launching such vocal talents as Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley. Tommy Dorsey died in Greenwich, Connecticut in 156 after being a huge influence during the big band era.

http//www.redhotjazz.com/ory.html

Kid Ory (born in 1886) kicked it up a notched playing jazz trombone and is said to be the "greatest trombone player is the early years of jazz". He started out as a banjo player who switched to trombone and developed the "tailgate" style of playing the trombone where the player plays the rhythmic line underneath the trumpet or cornet. His bands were named "Kid Ory's Creole Orchestra" and he recorded music in California under "Spike's Seven Pods of Pepper Orchestra". Kid Ory retired in 166 and died in 17.

Composers

http//www.allaboutjazz.com/reviews/r118_17.htm

Clifford Adams is a trombone player credited with starting the punkadelic group "Kool and the Gang" known for such great hits as "Jungle Boogie" and his currently available CD "Master Power" is a "warmly recommended" mix of "latinesque" and jazz music with excellent accompaniment and vocals.

http//www.glennmillerorchestra.com/history.html

Glenn Miller was both a trombone performer and composer of historical big band music from approximately 1 when he quit college to focus on his musical career until 144 when the plane he was traveling to Paris in was lost the musical world lost a renowned musician. Born in Iowa, Glenn Miller's first instrument was a mandolin his father brought home one day. He traded that in for a well used horn and played that all of the time. He formed his band in 17 after playing with many well known musicians as a solo trombonist and arranger. He played with Benny Goodman, Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey and accompanied Bing Crosby. The success of his first "orchestra" was disappointing and he dissolved that band and returned to playing for other orchestras until he came up with an idea of arranging trumpets and saxophones that Miller felt to set his orchestra apart from the others. He was right and the Glenn Miller Orchestra () enjoyed huge success and sold out shows.

Repertoire (most famous pieces)

http//www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B00000WRM/ref=ase_musiceducationon/10-680-548?v=glance&s=music#product-details

"Moonlight Serenade" performed by Glenn Miller Orchestra

"Sunrise Serenade" performed by Glenn Miller Orchestra

"Sentimental Journey" performed by Tommy Dorsey Band

http//www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005Z0G/qid=105748857/sr=-/ref=sr__/10-680-548#product-details

"Sweet Time Suite" Kenny Wheeler

http//www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B000006GG/ref=pd_sbs_m_1/10-680-548?v=glance&s=music#product-details

"Appalachian Spring" composer, Aaron Copland

http//www.oldhouseweb.com/ourStore/classical-6681B00000C.shtml

"Carnival Overture" composer, Antonin Dvorak

Famous Orchestras

http//www.barberusa.com/orchestra/miller_glenn.html

Glenn Miller's Orchestra

The Glenn Miller Orchestra still entertains sold out crowds today through the ownership of the Miller Estate. The Glenn Miller Orchestra consists of four trombone players, five saxophone players, four trumpeters as well as a rhythm sections which is comprised of piano, bass and drums. Today's Glenn Miller Orchestra tours and plays the original scores.

http//www.barberusa.com/orchestra/andrew_michael.html

Michael Andrew and Swingerhead (based in Orlando); Michael Andrew Retro-Swing wing Band; The Coconut Club Orchestra; Michael Andrew and Rainbow Room Orchestra;

Michael Andrew loves big band music and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree and major in theatre from the University of Wisconsin and started performing on the Carnival Cruise Line until he (and the orchestra he formed) was asked to become a regular performer at the Rainbow Room in New York City. An illustrious career was begun and continues to this day on the East coast of the US and theWest coast of US.

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Historic Antecedents of MERCOSUR and the Challenge of Liberalization

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Historic Antecedents of Mercosur and the Challenge of Liberalization

Shortly after the creation of the European Community, Latin America started its process in working toward regional integration. To remove trade barriers, and ensure the free circulation of goods in 160, the treaty of Montevideo established the Latin American Free Trade Association (ALALC). Liberalization was starting to flourish; however it proved to be controversial and difficult. The end of 178 needed a restructuring of the Association.

The market liberalization programs starting in the 170's (and continuing in the 180's in Mexico and 10's in Brazil and Argentina) adopted by a number of Latin American countries were meant to improve industrial efficiency which was hampered from developing due to the inward looking Import Substitution Strategies faced by many of the Latin American Governments. Trade reforms were implemented and many of these countries not only joined treaties of regional integration but also engaged in substantial trade liberalization. Privatization and deregulation were measures on the government agendas to increase domestic competitiveness and proceed with the liberalization of trade.

Not all agree however with the rapid transition of trade liberalization. In Chile, for instance, one of the first countries to start adopting Neoliberal policies, many of its domestic industries suffered. During liberalization, an effect contrary to stabilization was taking place as more and more firms went to bankruptcy. The costly social effects of such move was taken upon the government, who was unable to meet the with the social burden. The question of how transition should be made is still depending on how fast trade liberalization proceeds.

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Under protectionism, Latin America was not totally stagnant economically . However Neoliberal doctrines and the shift to a more dynamic and integrated trade pattern has revived the region . Import substitution was definitely being questioned as the belief that it had gone too far in restricting an open economy in countries.

Regional integration was backed by many as a way of deepening economic integration in the hemisphere. The dynamic integration process was revived by political change underway in Southern countries. Democratization of Latin America, disdaining the national security doctrine, a loosening of foreign debt tension were effects in the renewed economic values .

Deepening integration therefore was successfully followed with structural reforms and programs that stabilized and increased the international capital mobility. Domestic producers were more exposed to international competition from imports and policy makers had their freedom reduced in respect to designing targeted responses to economic restructuring. Political and security concerns play a decisive role in trade arrangements taking in consideration the many net economic losses there could be.

The main incentive to design a common market in preferential agreements is the dynamic gains obtained from liberalization. Regional integration is definitely a constructive way to improve allocation of resources and higher economic growth through the use of scale economic production. Higher technology and investment are gains that are brought by the larger markets. Other gains involve the bargaining stance against other trade partners and credibility in domestic policies implemented by the Government.

Trade liberalization was extremely limited under the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), which was established in 160 . Greater problems for unbalanced terms of trade arose due to the wider range of size and economic development of the eleven countries in LAFTA. Because of LAFTA's intention in deepening Import Substitution strategies (which in a way is opposed to free trade) among country members, many of the protective tariffs were kept, and the attempt of integration was unsuccessful.

In 180 LAFTA was ended and the Latin America Integration Association (LAIA) was then created in order to promote bilateral trade between member countries through bilateral and multilateral agreements, with the objective of achieving regional free trade. In the last 40 years, Latin America countries have participated to the creation of new

economic blocks (free trade areas, customs unions and common markets) as they responded to the demands of new dynamics to the world economy. An economic preference zone was established and regional integration was stimulated by the growth of bilateral and multilateral agreements.

However as previously mentioned, because of the sizes of the eleven countries' economies other factors led to the frustration in this attempt. Because of the overly ambitious definitions of commitments like the establishment of a free trade zone, and later the establishment of a Latin America common market. It caused an imbalance between the broad geographic territory and the objectives of deepening. It generated a big distance between the articulation of commitments and the actual conventional commitments.

In 186 respective presidents Afonsin from Argentina and Sarney from Brazil agreed to form a committee in order to achieve economic integration. A "Preferred association" was proposed by Argentina and Brazil displayed an interest in pursuing the economic integration with Argentina .

In 186, Brazil and Argentina started negotiations in the Integration Program for Economic Cooperation (PICE) that had as its objectives the improvement of their countries' economies by enlarging their markets and accelerating economic development. More efficient use of resources and the preservation of the environment were also addressed. Communication improvement, coordination of macroeconomic policies and harmonization of different sectors of the economies such as capital goods, automobile, wheat industries were among the objectives of the program . Technology and energy supply were also included in the regulation of numerous industries and thus economic integration . The twenty four protocols signed during PICE's first three years of existence was meant to expand trade, encourage bilateral investment flows, foster cooperation in areas such as nuclear energy and biotechnology and facilitate transportation. The idea of an economical and political past was met with a lot of skepticism and many doubts because of the history of such pacts in Latin America. In 186, the only viable economic pact in the world was the European Common market. PICE successfully restored Argentinean and Brazilian trade flows reached prior to the external debt crisis of the early 180's , but the liberalization process did not proceed with the same velocity especially after the non-conflicting phase of reciprocal trade liberalization process was worn out. The establishment of a common market moving to stabilization was still the long-term objective.

It can be said therefore that regional integration was a fundamental requirement to insure and speed up economic development

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