The Pardoner's Tale

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The Medieval Period, a time of Lords and Knights, pilgrimages to visit famous shrines, and the profound power held by the church. Due to this power, certain members of the clergy take their authority a little too far and abuse their rights. Power is not easily contended, and there are certain characteristics to be administered in order for one to be a member of the power-holding church. Because of this limitation, the clergy are identified as ideal or hypocritical. Having to demonstrate actions of humbleness and simplicity are two of the many characteristics required among one member of the clergy, the Pardoner. In the poem, The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer displays the Pardoners physical description and personality as apart of his hypocrisy and how in the Pardoners Tale he manages to create a story during his pilgrimage of how greed can lead to corruption and death.

With the use of physiognomy and physical description, the author creates the Pardoner to be more female than male. Being called effeminate gives him a perfidious or hypocritical characteristic. Also the personality of the Pardoner is to be humble and selfless, being a member of the clergy, but he is the exact opposite endowing him a deceptive classification. He also manages to stratagem others into believing in holy objects to profit off of them when they are all made up. An example of his deceptiveness is shown when Chaucer writes, There was no pardoner of equal grace for in his trunk he had a pillow case which he asserted was Our Ladys

Veil on one short day, in money down, he drew more than the parson in a month or two. It is obvious that the pardoners attention is not set on the responsibility to the church especially when he made monkeys of the priest and congregation, but rather to fulfill his greed.

During his journey to Canterbury, the Pardoner devises a story stating, greed is the root to all evil. To have him create this story and say this instinctively identifies him as a hypocrite because he demonstrates the same attitude as the characters in the story. When the author writes the story of the Pardoner telling about the three riders, he exemplifies their greed by stating, And here is a lot of gold that is to be divided equally among us three nevertheless, if I could shape things thus so that we share it out- the two of us. The greed among the three riders eventually lead them to their deaths. Ironically, the intention in this story is to establish the truth of moral, but the pardoner does not even follow his own advice.

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The power given to the Pardoner is abused when he uses it for his own greedy implications and therefore confirms his hypocritical statement of greed being the root of all evil. By using the pilgrimage as the opportunity for the Pardoner to be shown allows the power of the church and the effect on the people come together.

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Critical Review of "The Problem of Free Will" by Walter T. Stace

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Upon the assumptions made by Walter T. Stace, free will is the right bestowed upon us by god with the ability to make a decision between a set of options we come across throughout life. Further assumption has to be made into that there are no influential external factors over these decisions made. For example, in situations where the circumstances leave us with no alternatives, e.g. held at gunpoint, this is not at our own free will as in the example it is not under your authority, your life is on the line. On the other hand, situations where the agent has rational control over and responsibility for his own actions could be a strong argument for free will, as with my choice to discuss this topic. An incompatible theory to that of the believer in free will is that of the Determinist. Determinism is the hypothesis that every event and concurrent choice made as a result of that event is predetermined by some antecedent sufficient condition for its occurrence, commonly recognised as karma or fate. This concept has many schools of philosophical thought with situations befalling due to laws of nature, inevitability or your choice being altered as a result of previous situations in which you either carried out or experienced the action in point. If this is in fact true then everything is predestined to happen and all control of your life is non existent, therefore it does not matter what you do, your future and legacy has sometime in the past been decided.

Staces argument is primarily concerned with the basic nature of morality and its relevance to the problem of free will. His point being that it is almost certain that if there is no free will there can be no morality. If morality is taken to be of fictitious nature, the question of what is fundamentally right and wrong can now be contested, as universally everything has already been predetermined. In essence, the public perception of a criminal act does not exist as a criminal has been destined to commit the act almost without his navigation and therefore it would not be of his choice to perform said conduct.

He then disputes that philosophers who contradict the existence of free will only do so to increase their knowledge on the subject within their studies and professional moments. This is based on the belief that when it comes down to everyday choice all human like to believe that there is some element of freedom of preference present as a solace. The comfort suggests a fondness to boundaries and the self-chosen fate even in the more trivial matters. The discussion then diverges into the case of justifying the punishing an infant for being dishonest. This can be counter by the fact that at the age of the infant they could not have built up a decent reserve of righteous distinctions between equity and immorality. In line with that, the combination of the ease of impression children possess and the fact that many people have lied in the past, it is inevitable that children will grow up to imitate and follow in the footsteps of their ancestors. If that holds then it is ethically wrong to discipline your children in certain situations, excluding that of actual damage.

Stace then challenges the definition of free will, as he believes that it is the mediocre terminology associated with free will that has lead to all the confusion over its existence. Free will currently is seen essentially as a state of indeterminism, in that nothing is predetermined. The author then gives a few exemplary models of restricted acts and alleged acts of free will, which all contain a common factor that is the supposed to be the new definition of free will. In actuality, all cases given, free and unfree alike, could be interpreted to contain principles of a will that is not entirely free. Gandhis fasting because he wanted to free India is prime example as this is a historically remembered case that if, in fact, Gandhi had not fasted India might not have been released government oppression. Consequently, the situation was predetermined by the situation in India and his beliefs he was instilled with as a citizen of India and as a human being. Stealing bread because one in hungry too can be construed to include an aspect of determinism.

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In stealing bread the starving being has been, from a lifetime of routine, compelled with the necessity to carry out feeding rituals. The only consolidation in Staces argument is that the individual may or may not steal from a wide variety of products to be consumed, the free will exists due to his preference for bread or the moral justification that "only" stealing a loaf of bread would achieve. This could then give rise to a basis for compatibility between free will and determinism. Choices are therefore subject to limitations, similar to boundaries, that we are allowed to, with use of our free will, let pass by and select between. The endless alternatives are thus set to a predetermined state, has comparable similarities with that of a soft determinist viewpoint and not the infiniteness associated with time and space.

Stace suggests that the same theory could be applied to non-human and inanimate objects, if they act in a way that strays from the norm we perceive. The example of both the poorly bloomed roses and that of the automobile, which is in need of oil, provides a good explanation for this as he tries to show that everything in the world needs something for it to carryout its designated task. Furthermore, different kind of things require different kinds of causes to make them do what they should so, every decision has a set reaction that is only appropriated if a certain chain of events takes place, different events are triggered by different catalysts. This again is a point that can be read as both of free will and determinism as although the chain of events can vary the outcomes are limited. With the example of injecting motor oil into a small child and beating a motor, a relevant point is put forward in that there is limitations on decisions. The absurdity of the examples is strength alone to predetermined purpose in life, but does not rule out the freedom involved. As strange as it sounds some people find it therapeutic to beat their automobile is it breaks down, they may even believe it may fix it and too in the fact that there must exist a mind that daily dreams up weird things to do with engine oil.

At last, Stace goes on to say that where as it is believed that for morality and punishment to be fitting then the existence of free will must be certain. In reality, determinism is required for moral responsibility to exist in the punishment involved in established conditioning methods. If punishment and reward are equally methods of developing a trained human behaviour then human behaviour can be directly linked to determination. If human actions are uncaused, punishment is useless and thus beings would have no grasp on reality and would be as unpredictable as an atom's movement and therefore irresponsible in all actions. So, a balance of the two is more realistic to explain life, a series of choices with predetermined outcomes.

In conclusion, Stace makes various relevantly interesting points that are both valid and questionable. This could be put down to the fact that he has not considered the argument from several viewpoints as evident in Descartes Meditations, through the use of different personas. As Staces philosophised back in the fifties, it may be possible that there may not have been a wide enough or open views on free will and determinism, so his knowledge was inferior in respect to a twenty first century philosophy student. With free will being the majority's ideology it may be that it is predetermined that we were to believe that we are free to live the way we want and not that of a set route, to settle any further uncertainty in life.

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Singaporeans are too pragmatic to appreciate the finer things in life

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Singaporeans are too pragmatic to appreciate the finer things of life. Do I agree? Well, to some extent, yes. Our main mission in Singapore either to get a good job, a better post or make more money. We often do focus on the bigger picture and neglect the finer details Think about it. Do we often neglect our family members and friends when rushing to meet deadlines or reach a goal? Do we take it for granted that they are there? And when was the last time you actually stopped to admire a flower's beauty?

In some families, parents work late nights to finish up a project, to meet a client's needs. Sometimes, this goes to the extent that their children are not even able to catch a glimpse of them or talk to them in that day. Sometimes you think have they ever questioned their purpose of working so hard till late at night? They do it for money. They do it for a more comfortable life. They do it to bring up their children but don't you find them actually neglecting them instead? Most of my friends spend their time at home alone in the afternoons while their parents are out at work. Some even have to have dinner alone because their parents do not return till late at night. Why do they let their professions come first, before their families? In my opinion, being with your family and spending time with your love ones is more important and of course, more enjoyable than slogging away at work. After all, if satisfying your material needs take precedence over satisfying your emotional needs, you're never going to be a happy person.

An example more familiar to us most of us study for the sake of taking a test. Don't we often heave a sigh of relief after every test then conveniently forget about what we just studied as we proceed to prepare for the next test? Are we not exam-orientated in our classes? We are learning our syllabus to deal with exams. If there is any knowledge that does not concern us nor has no relevance with the upcoming test or exam that we are about to face, I doubt any of us will take the initiative to learn it. Instead, our reaction would be ah, forget it. I can't even understand the facts in the textbook; would you expect me to remember something that has nothing to do with the test at all? We neglect the finer details, the additional information because we study for the sake of studying and not to actually learn and appreciate the subject.

In addition, if anyone asked us out for a movie or a girls' day out, we would probably say "Sorry, I can't, you see I have a test tomorrow" or "I have homework to do." There is definitely no problem with studying, but sometimes we get all typically Singaporean and "kiasu" that we keep cramming ourselves with information, continuously doing questions from assessment books. Why don't we study smart, then drop our books and relax with our friends? If we keep studying, would there ever be an end to this? Are you going to keep studying, without taking some time off homework or your books, until you graduate from your university, then continue to center your life around work? In the end, after we graduate, sure, you've got your degree, but do you have a social life? In my opinion, Singaporeans work too hard to enjoy friends and fellowship, as well as to appreciate the simple gifts of nature.

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Perhaps in Singapore, you can't a place where you could sit back and enjoy the azure blue skies over an open field of wild flowers, smell the autumn breeze or admire snow capped mountains, but we could always make do with a simpler thing which is as beautiful, be it the sunset, listening to a bird tweet or just laughing and enjoying the presence of close friends. There's still East Coast Park, Botanical Gardens or Siloso beach The question is, do you have the time?

But, if you think about it, is it possible to not be too pragmatic yet being able to survive in our society today? I guess not. Graduates from recognized universities all over the world have to fight to get a place in a successful company, and because of this we students are all studying hard to get good marks, to later get into a good university, to build up your "brownie points" so you get an upper hand over the others. So you see, Singapore has a competitive society which somehow forces us to being pragmatic, and it is not exactly our choice. If we were given a chance, we would probably take life easier and have the time to appreciate most of the greater things in life, but if we manage our time properly and set some time for family and friends, as well as paid attention to the small but beautiful things in the world, we could actually enjoy the finer things in life and appreciate them. It is possible for our lives to actually be more meaningful.

There was once a saying "Yesterday was the past which we cannot change, tomorrow is the future which we are unsure of. Today is a gift, that's why it's called the present." Should we not live each day to the fullest and appreciate every little detail in life?

Before you rush off to do something else, think about it. You could make a difference in your world.

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Paradoxically, Darwinism provided a justification for both social conservatism and social reform in the period from 1870-1915. Discuss this statement.

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Paradoxically, Darwinism provided a justification for both social conservatism and social reform in the period from 1870-1915. Discuss this statement., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Paradoxically, Darwinism provided a justification for both social conservatism and social reform in the period from 1870-1915. Discuss this statement. paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Darwinism, the belief that nature was a random process in which either the strongest survived and persisted, was a philosophy widely discussed and used during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During this time period, it was used to justify both social conservatism, the maintaining of the status quo in society, and social reform. From both sides, this philosophy was augmented upon and interpreted in many different ways. For those who believed in social conservatism, Darwinism justified the current social structure, whether it was exclusion of immigrants or the pyramid social structure. On the other hand, social reform came in many branches of Darwinism. Some, such as Walter Rauschenbusch interpreted the message of Darwinism as to have all individuals work to better society. Others used Darwinism to justify their reform of the idea of professions. Although, having their differences, both social conservatism and reform branched off from the same roots.

Social conservatism was a belief that most elites of the time period followed. Darwinism provided the necessary justification for their belief. In society, the number of elites was few while there was a huge population of lower class citizens, hence, creating a "pyramid" social structure. These elites had only one thing in mind, to make profit. To do so would require a huge supply of cheap labor, one that would stay ignorant as to not understand how to question the corporation's authority when being oppressed. Naturally, the tycoons were quick to take advantage of the influx of immigrants during this period by lowering wages and forcing immigrants to work in unbearable conditions. As the poor immigrants became chained to the factories, they could not afford to miss a single day of work in fear of being replaced. They would send their entire family, young or old, to work there. As a result, they had little time to educate themselves or go on strike during this struggle to survive. This allowed the corporate leaders to gain even more leverage on the workers. Their justification for this was Darwinism. They stated that the poor were poor due to their own incompetence and that they, themselves, were rich due to their own skills. In reality, the poor were living in squalor not due to their laziness or incompetence, but due to the cruel nature of the corporate leaders. Also, corporate leaders were did not become elite simply because of their competence, but also because of the fierce methods they used to deal with their competitors.

Not only did the elites justify social conservatism through Darwinism, but those in the middle class did as well. These people were the nativists in society that looked upon immigrants with contempt. As a result of this contempt, while they could not prevent them from taking their jobs, they shut out the immigrants from as many aspects of American society as possible. Their justification for this exclusion was eugenics. Eugenics was a derived "science" from Darwinism. This science ranked races in order of superiority. Naturally, Americans ranked themselves highest and immigrant races lower and therefore justified their actions against them.

Opposite from the social conservatives were the social reformers who also used Darwinism to justify their actions. One of the interpretations of Darwinism was the social gospel. One of the leading proponents of this was Walter Rauschenbusch. He, as well as others, advocated the working of individuals for a better society for all. Darwinism justified this belief in stating the strong would persist. The social gospel continued augmented upon it and stated that if everyone were to help society in general, everyone could be strong enough to persist. This became a backbone for the argument for reform.

Cheap Custom Essays on Paradoxically, Darwinism provided a justification for both social conservatism and social reform in the period from 1870-1915. Discuss this statement. Darwinism justified social reform for the poor. It also, however, justified the reform for the middle class as well. The most well known is that of the professionalism reform. In the time period between 1870-115, those who were modern day professionals sought to cleanse their name from the charlatans and incompetents that existed within. To cleanse their name, they began a reform movement. Starting from the field of medicine, regulations began to be set up that would only allow those who had been properly trained and tested to become a professional. This soon spread to all other modern day professions such as law and others. The justification for this was Darwinism. Those who were incompetent and lacked the proper ability would not be allowed to continue in order to ensure a proper future or capable "offspring".

Although paradoxically so, both social reform and conservatism both originated from Darwinism. Many of the results of social conservatism and social reform that originated from Darwinism functioned independently of each other, such as eugenics and professionalism. However, many results of these ends worked against each other, and resulted in great turmoil within the United States.

Please note that this sample paper on Paradoxically, Darwinism provided a justification for both social conservatism and social reform in the period from 1870-1915. Discuss this statement. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Paradoxically, Darwinism provided a justification for both social conservatism and social reform in the period from 1870-1915. Discuss this statement., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Paradoxically, Darwinism provided a justification for both social conservatism and social reform in the period from 1870-1915. Discuss this statement. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sexuality, Repression, and Power

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Sexuality, its repression, and the power responsible for this repression are the central themes in Michel Foucault's History of Sexuality. Sexuality, according to Foucault, is a repressed entity in modern society, and has been so for the past two hundred years. The sexual openness once common in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries became carefully confined and "moved into the home…silence became the rule." (page ) Though he believes that we are repressed he advocates that we have been forced into this repression by some form of power we have been made to believe that we are repressed. Personally, I do not think that Western societies today are repressed in any sense of the word. In all aspects of life whether it is on TV, in the movies, in the songs we listen to, in the books we read, in the advertisements we see, or just in public sex and sexuality are prominently displayed. I think it is fair to go as far as to say that nowadays very little sells without sex or anything sexual.

Foucault believes that the repression of sexuality was established by some kind of authority, which included the government and heads of families. This authority used its power to ensure that "not only did [sex] not exist, it had no right to exist and would be made to disappear upon its least manifestation." (page 4) This is not to say that sex was not acknowledged at all; it was, but mostly only for reproductive purposes. In addition, concessions were made for "illegitimate sexualities" (page 4), which included brothels and mental hospitals. According to Foucault, in light of this power advocating repression, any talk or action pertaining to sexuality was seen as a defiance of power, a "deliberate transgression." (page 6) Any person taking part in this infringement "places himself…outside the reach of power; he upsets established law." (page 6)

Although the leap into sexual frankness may have been a result of disregard for power, it has now become the norm. There is no longer any power which requires challenging. Nowadays, people, in general, have no problems with openly expressing their sexuality and, at times, do so even if it is highly inappropriate. If ours was a repressed society, we would not hear about pregnant 1 year olds; we would not have easily-accessible pornographic material; we would not see barely-clad Victoria Secret's models; TV shows and movies would not have prevalent sexual scenes; people wouldn't go around displaying affection in public. The extent to which Western societies have integrated sexuality into their everyday lives is evidence enough that any previous power repressing sexuality is definitely either non-existent or on its way to becoming so. Despite evidence to the contrary, a lot of people still think that our society is repressed.

These people believe that since there are certain rules or limitations against doing particular things, society is sexually repressed. A lady gets asked to leave a restaurant because she is breast-feeding her child while waiting for her food to arrive. Immediately there is talk of our society being sexually repressed; that sexuality is not accepted. There are some things are not appropriate to do in certain places. I personally would not breast-feed my child in public, and not because I am repressed or I feel that people will judge me if I do, but because I feel that some things are just not proper if carried out in public. If I was stuck and had to feed my child and I was out somewhere, I would find a place that was sparsely populated, and only because I would not feel comfortable baring myself to others. I don't think that a woman who chooses not to breast-feed in public is prudish; there is a just proper place for everything.

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Foucault believed that society's position on repression was a hypocritical one since he considers that there has always been discourse on sexuality, and that this verbalization in itself thwarts the whole idea of repression. He says his aim is to "examine the case of a society which has been loudly castigating itself for hypocrisy for more than a century, which speaks verbosely of its own silence, takes great pains to relate in detail the things it does not say, denounces the powers it exercises, and promises to liberate itself from the very laws that have made it function" (page 8). Despite the fact that this was what he thought about society's take on repression, Foucault did believe that we, as a society, believe we are repressed sexually. He believed that the relationship between sex and power is characterized by repression and that to not think so was to "[run] counter to a well-accepted argument." (page 8) He believes that repression is firmly anchored in our society and that to overcome the power that enforces it will take a long time; talking about and accepting sex in its reality is such an alien concept historically, that "it is bound to make little headway for a long time before succeeding in its mission." (page 10) He couldn't have been more wrong!

Writing this is 178, Foucault may have felt that society was repressed and that getting to a society in which sex was openly discussed and prevalent was going to be a major feat. However, it seems like overcoming ‘repression' wasn't such a conquest after all since sex is now a firm and much accepted presence in everyday life. It doesn't seem like there were any major obstacles to overcome to get to where we are today it was just a natural progression from where we were before. Sexuality (not the reproductive kind) has always been a part of society, and has just progressed from being something that was not very prevalent to something that has become very common.

Despite what he refers to as the repressive hypothesis, Foucault does believe that talk of sex has become more widespread, but he feels that it has progressed mostly as a means to gather more knowledge about it as a form of science. It is true that knowledge about sex has increased dramatically, and that is due to the fact that the subject has been approached with a scientifically, biologically and psychologically; however, other, non-scientific factors, especially forms of media entertainment, have also furthered our acceptance of sex, and these have probably played a larger role in establishing sexuality in Western societies. However, he doesn't believe that we have made sex more established in our societies because we wanted to; he thinks that it came about due to our repression of the repression.

According to Foucault, "one adjusts [the time repression began] to coincide with the development of capitalism." (page 5) This gives the impression that sex is severely restricted, not because society wants it that way, but because it is "incompatible with a general and intensive work imperative." (page 6) This means that we did not want to show that we are repressed and hence tried to cover it up by making is seem like that is the way it had to be. So mentioning sex gave the impression that talking about it was not out of the ordinary and hence this caused the surge in our knowledge about sexuality. This is another way in which Foucault believes society to be hypocritical. Personally, I don't think that any repression of repression took place. Repression, if you can call it that, was present in the past, and that led to our society today, where sex is more accepted and fewer things are taboo; and mostly these things are unacceptable because they are morally wrong or just unsuitable.

All in all, it seems that Foucault has a set idea on society and its repression of sexuality, and he believes that there is a certain power associated with this repression, causing it. It is this authority that has led us to where we are today, in terms of our acceptance of sex, since our pursuit for the want for sexual freedom has made us go against the roadblocks against discourse on sex. Personally, I believe that this is not the case, and that our acknowledgment of sex has had a natural evolution from being in a society where sex was present, but slightly common, to a society in which sex is highly rampant.

Please note that this sample paper on Sexuality, Repression, and Power is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sexuality, Repression, and Power, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Sexuality, Repression, and Power will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Al Capone: The myth the legend

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Al Capone was a heartless man, who did not care about the well being of others; because of this, he killed many people. He led a life of showboating and other such means of a rich and immoral man. His thoughts were only of what would help him to succeed not of what would help others. Al Capones mother was named Teresina Capone. Despite having many growing boys, she was still able to take in sewing piecework. Teresina was a mother of four, and also, she was a housewife. She made sure that the Capones were taken care of. Because of this, it is hard to understand why Al Capone became such a hated criminal. Gabriele Capone was Al Capones father. Since he had the ability to read and write, he was able to get a job in a grocery store, until he was able to get enough money to open his own barber shop. He also wrote literature and poems, when he had the time. Capone grew up in a loving family. His father never hit the kids; he only talked to them. There were no disturbances, violence, or dishonesty about this family. The killer in Capone was thought to have come from when he had gotten his first job. Capone was a role model to many of the boys in the community. He worked for a man named Johnny Torrio. He ran errands, and got paid for it, so he had pocket change. Torrio was a new type of gangster. He was one of the firsts of this new breed and helped with the development of a newly found criminal enterprise. There were other Capone children; not just Al. James Capone was the oldest child. The two other kids in the family at this time, other than Al, were Ralph and Frank. James, Ralph, and Frank were not as well known as Al. This was because Al was the only one working for Torrio. Johnny Torrio moved to Chicago, when 10 came around. Since he moved, Capone started getting into other things. One of these things was gangs. There were many gangs. These gangs were made up of what race they were, and where they were from. Even though he was in street gangs, and was good friends with Johnny Torrio, there was no sign as to how bad this man was going to be. There was only one real disruption in the Capone family. This was when James left the family and went west. Frankie Yale built his turf on aggression and muscle. The Harvard Inn was a bar that was opened by him on Coney Island. Yale hired Capone because Torrio had recommended him. Capone worked as the bartender. Capone learned from Yale that he should control his temper, or soon Capone would be killed. Capone was taken under Yales wing.

Al Capone then met a woman. After awhile, they were married and had a child. He focused mostly on his family and a good career. He moved to Baltimore after he stopped working for Yale. He worked as a bookkeeper for a construction firm. Capone was very reliable and smart, so he was very successful. One of the most perfect places to build a criminal empire, was Chicago. It was open to anyone with enough money to buy it. It was a rowdy, wild, and heavy-drinking place, so it came very cheap. Al Capone came to the city of Chicago in 10. The province of organized crime had become the flesh trade. It was starting to be the main way of organized crime. Big Jim Colosimo was the headman of this city. Together, they earned $50,000 a month. Colosimo owned a top club in Chicago. It was called Colosimos Cafe. He was a pimp, but it seemed that no one cared. Colosimo flashed his richness and glamour around by wearing diamonds and other flashy jewelry all the time. He was a true man of Chicago society; this was because he was handsome, generous, and larger than life. As Colosimos business grew, he brought in Torrio to help in operating and growing this empire. Torrio was able to expand the business unnoticeably. He was not interested in fooling around; he was a serious businessman. Colosimo divorced his present wife, and married a singer, who had stolen his heart. Yale had heard about this, and muscled in on Colosimos enormous empire. Colosimo was assassinated in his own nightclub by Yale. The police eventually figured out that Yale had killed Colosimo. There was a waiter who had witnessed who it was, but would not testify against Yale. So, Yale was able to get away from prosecution. He failed at his attempt to take over Colosimos empire. This was because Torrio was able to keep a hold of the business after Colosimo had been killed. Torrio had offered Capone money and opportunity for advancement, so it was hard for Capone to keep with the bookkeeping job. Soon after all of this had happened, Al Capone began to run Chicago. While he was running it, the mayor was William Thompson, who got along very well with the Syndicate. There has been a succession of Democratic mayors in Chicago, but organized crime leaders had always been running Chicago. There was a political group called the West Side Bloc, who were put together in the days of Al Capone. This political group is still together to this day. As Capone reached his thirtieth birthday, he appeared absolutely invulnerable. He had built a coalition that had reached across ethnic boundaries, and included many different cultures and people. He dominated the business of bootlegging, although he was not the only one in the business. It was the same in gambling and vice trade. Capone manageably arose to his position of absolute eminence, within only a seven-year span. He had the greatest success story that Chicago had seen in 100 years. The government forces began to gather momentum because Capones success gave them the influence. They knew that if they did not hurry up and catch him, that more people would become involved under Capones business. Destiny alternately wanted Capone, although he thought that he was in control. Capone wore clothes that made him out to be a gangster. One style of which was custom-made suits. He loved flattery, and he generously rewarded those who provided it to him. He was a man who showed that he had money, he was not the type who would simply hide all of his wealth, he would flash it around. He especially loved the good life. His explanation of the good life was the best women, food, liquor, diamonds, and silk underwear. Whenever Capone was crossed, he became overcome with rage. It has been reported that he knocked the brains out of several of his boys, using a baseball bat. He did this after he had decided that they had betrayed him. Because Capone was such a violent man, Torrio could use him. This was because Torrio enjoyed the use of power rather than other means. Direct action was the way that Torrio would rather do, than the ability to plan and keep the loyalty of his Troops. Torrio had to use fear to get respect. When he was at the top of his power reign, he sent orders through Capone to the Troops. Torrio was killed. After he had been killed, Capone rose to the top. He celebrated his return to the top with a banquet at the Western Hotel. After many of Capones friends had been killed, he felt he was out of danger, but really was not out of it. Al Capone had been sent into a trial, because of his tax evasions. He had anticipated that he would have to pay heavy fines. He also anticipated that he would be in jail for about five years. He had also figured that he could transact all of his business while still in jail. Capone went to Alcatraz prison for five years. While there, he was living like a king. He had all of the luxuries, except one. That one, was that he could not run anything from Alcatraz, so he would not know what was going on outside. He then went back to court. The judge decided that it would be much better if Capone spent the rest of his sentence in the Cook County prison. Within days of his arrival there, this jail was the newest outpost for him. He handled a lot of his business there. After his sentence was served, he was released. He had slowly begun to deteriorate, until finally, he died of cardiac arrest. In his 48 years of being a well-known Mafia man, he had left his well-known marks all over. Capone has been remembered from all of the things he did. Although these were all bad, and he did nothing for the good, he is still remembered.

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Marketing

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Jo Smith

MBA 515-Management

Dr. Little

December 4, 00

"Motivating Employees"

Businesses and organizations are increasingly implementing new and innovative incentive programs in order to motivate employees, increase productivity, and reduce absenteeism. One such company is International Paper (IP), a liquid packaging firm that manufactures juice and dairy cartons, located in Plant City, Florida. According to Sandy Smith (00), International Paper has recently begun using rewards and recognition programs in order to motivate its employees to pay greater attention to safety practices. Age-old trends of rewarding employees based on accident statistics are a thing of the past, according to Smith (00). Instead, IP is looking for ways to motivate its employees to improve safety practices at the plant.

According to Seth Marshall, President of Safety Pays Inc, "The point of motivational programs is to make the work force pay attention to the safety infrastructure" (Smith, 00, p. ). Thus, IP chose to implement incentive programs and rewards, which would hopefully help motivate employees to pay attention to standard safety practices. For instance, one such motivational tool is a "gain sharing", or profit sharing, program at the plant. Each employee earns a cash bonus for specific activities related to waste reduction and safety. For example, every month at IP, each employee is expected to conduct four safety observations of their co-workers. Each employee who completes the observations receives an additional 5 percent toward the profit-sharing amount. Further, if every employee at the plant conducts their observations, all employees receive yet another 5 percent.

In addition to gain-sharing programs, IP is working on other safety incentive programs, which aim to "recognize team performance utilizing injury and illness rates…Structured like a horse race, teams will ‘race' each other for points, and prizes will be awarded…"(Smith, 00, p.4). IP's safety incentive programs will include both monthly and quarterly grand prizes, such as vacation cruises. According to Theresa Childers, EHS coordinator at IP, "I can't tell you how much we're going to spend on [the incentive reward program], but it's substantial. The rewards are worth it" (Smith, 00, p.4). The rewards Childers speaks of are significant decreases in job-related accidents and injuries, as well as increased productivity and a reduction in absenteeism.

Although Childers believes that IP's incentive programs do indeed motivate employees to pay closer attention to safety procedures and hazards, some critics argue that such reward-based programs merely serve to keep injuries and accidents under-cover. That is, some managers believe incentive programs only motivate employees to hide their injuries in order to obtain rewards.

However, Mike Hadlow, president of US-Motivation in Atlanta, reviewed some recent findings that suggest incentive programs do indeed increase employee motivation. For instance

· Incentive programs aimed at individual workers increase performance by 7 percent

· Programs aimed at teams increase performance by 45 percent

· Incentive programs have an equal, positive impact on quality and quantity goals

· Long-term incentives are more powerful than short-term (44 percent gain v. 0 percent gain)

(Smith, 00, p. )

Thus, incentive programs clearly do have an impact on employee motivation. According to Buck Peavy, president of Peavey Performance Systems, "In theory, we shouldn't have to have incentive programs to motivate people to work safely. In reality, rewards and recognition will boost safe behavior and motivate people" (Smith, 00, p. ).

A second firm cited in Smith's article was West Valley Nuclear Services. Cathy Atkinson, administrator of the Pollution Prevention Program, came up with a new way to motivate employees to pay attention to pollution standards. For example, each employee received points for coming up with a pollution prevention idea, more points for developing a plan to implement the idea, and even more points for actually implementing the plan. Employees used these points to purchase products such as sporting equipments and gas grills. And, each quarter, like IP, West Valley had a grand prize drawing for employees with the most points, and usually gave away a vacation cruise.

According to Atkinson, "Our motivation program was extremely successful and the payback was substantial" (Smith, 00, p. ). For example, employee suggestions resulted in saving West Valley $. million over an 18-month period. One particular employee simply suggested saving energy by installing timers on the light switches. This suggestion saved West Valley $0,000 to $0,000. Other employees suggested ideas such as using recycled paper and buying "green" software. Apparently, the reward program both motivated employees and rewarded the firm as a whole.

Smith's article clearly conveys how successful incentive programs can really motivate employees with respect to many aspects of a firm's operations. Although the programs may indeed be costly, the benefits appear to exceed the costs, and result in a higher degree of employee motivation. Since employees are primarily increasing their inputs in order to obtain tangible gift-based rewards, as most other employees are doing, equity theory certainly applies to such firms as IP and West Valley. That is, the firms are not necessarily relying on classic motivational theories that suggest employees are motivated by a need for power, achievement or responsibility. On the contrary, the firms are aiming to increase employee inputs by providing tangible rewards. Expectancy theory also applies, with respect to performance-reward linkage. That is, if an employee truly desires the rewards that the firm offers, he or she can be expected to perform at a level that would provide the employee with such a reward. All in all, IP and West Valley's reward-based incentive programs do indeed appear to strongly increase motivation.

References

Smith, S. (00). "Safety incentive it's not just a breakfast anymore; coffee and donuts

are giving way to increasingly creative ways to motivate and reward employees

for their safety and environmental management efforts". Occupational Hazards.

June 00. Retrieved Nov. , 00 from

http//findarticles.com/cf_0/m4/6_64/8778458.html

Please note that this sample paper on marketing is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on marketing, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on marketing will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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