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[[ Human Geography Textbook Chapter 1 ]]
• What is the global assembly line?
• What new patterns of industrial activity has it produced?
Write my Essay on THE GLOBAL ASSEMBLY LINE[[ Human Geography Textbook: Chapter 12 ]]• What is the global assembly line?• What new patterns of industrial activity has it produced?• Why are Nike's made in China?• How has the new global assembly line affected local and region for me
• Why are Nikes made in China?
• How has the new global assembly line affected local and regional societies,
economies and environments?
1. Characteristics of the Global Assembly Line
From Fordism (p.50) to post-Fordism (p.5)
- see Table 1.1 on page 61.
- increased locational flexibility in time and space.
-from a spatially fixed to a spatially dispersed assembly line
- is this the end of geography? no…
An increasingly complex and interdependent system
Global scale spatial separation of manufacturing operations.
- example the global car.
Increased global outsourcing of materials and components.
- what is meant by outsourcing?
Global production chains the integration of production.
- just in time manufacturing on regional and global scales.
- note the dominance of TNCs in controlling these chains.
- borderless businesses and stateless organizations?
. Spatial Shifts in the Production of Goods and Services
Traditional Manufacturing Spaces
The G-7 and the OECD countries -- Western Europe, North America and Japan -- still
dominate global production with 80% of world manufacturing production by value. The U.S,
Japan and Germany account for 60%.
But the W.European and N.American shares have been declining the U.S. share declined
from 40% in 16 to 7% in 14.
This has resulted in the decline and abandonment of old industrial regions = rust belts. (
de-industrialization - see section 1.6 )
But also more recent manufacturing regions like Silicon Valley in California where the
computer industry first developed, have experienced decline as production moved offshore to
other regions.
New Economic Regions
- 160s rise of Japan, whose share of world manufacturing by value rose from 6% in 16 to
4% in 14.
The biggest shift has been to the Newly Industrial Countries (N.I.C.s)
- 160-80s South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong
- 180s early 0s Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, China.
- 10s to present Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, India, Eastern Europe
Overall we have seen the creation of new industrial zones and clusters of economic activity.
- new industrial spaces (p.p.68-70 in Human Geography)
. What Drives the Global Assembly Line ?
( Why are Nikes made in China ? - see box 1.6 )
Increased mobility of capital massive increase in foreign direct investment.
- see p.0 box 11.7 in the textbook.
The new and newer international divisions of labour.
- what is meant by division of labour?
- Nikes international subcontracting networks.
New technologies in materials and production systems.
- can you think of examples of new technologies which would influence the globalisation
of manufacturing?
Changing government policies.
- weakening labour laws (weakened safety net)
-the establishment of export production zones and maquiladoras.
- Transportation and trade, especially the move towards global free trade.
The Consumers World
( Read all of Chapter 14 in Human Geography )
Is there a geography of consumption?
Is there a global consumer culture?
How does consumerism relate to leisure and tourism?
__________________________________________
I. Consumer Society and Culture
The social production of false needs. A quote from Herbert Marcuses book
(164) One-Dimensional Man.
Marcuse believed that the products of consumer capitalism indoctrinate and
manipulate society to promote a false consciousness of needs which become a way
of life.
He saw this as another form of totalitarianism which binds consumers to producers
and uses the pleasures of consumer lifestyle as instruments of control and
domination.
Is this a profound threat to freedom and individuality?
Do you agree with Marcuses argument?
What arguments could you make against it?
II. The Geography of Consumerism
A. Local Consumer Spaces and Landscapes
- Consuming as a leisure activity.
- Your neighbourhood = living space = consumption space.
- Urban landscapes are consumed. How?
- The human geography of shopping malls
a) They are planned retail environments.
-developed, designed and managed as a single unit.
-tenancy and common areas are under private control.
-dominated by national and international retail chains.
b) Large suburban, planned malls emerged in the 160s.
-part of the private land development industry.
-synergy of developers and major retail chains.
c) The hollowing-out of many CBDs.
-especially along main streets of mid-sized towns.
-the major retail chain store moves to a suburban mall.
d) The privatization of public space.
-the internal space is built to encourage consumption.
-video cameras and guards = safety, but also monitoring
-operated for profit, not as an open space for gathering.
-the interaction of people is controlled.
B. Global Dispersal of Consumer Culture
Is there a global consumer culture?
( read the argument on pp. 407-414 of Human Geography )
What does indigenization mean?
How is it different from the concept homogenization?
The symbols of consumer culture may spread globally…
Coca-Cola, McDonalds, Microsoft, Marlboro, etc.
… but the meaning of these symbols changes in each new context. They may even
seem exotic.
Each symbol is incoporated into the local (indigenous) culture differently in
different places (at different times).
see the discussion of McDonalds on pp.411-41
If the values of the consumer society are becoming adopted in more and more places around the world…
…does this jeopardize the prospects for environmentally sustainable
development?
III. The Global Tourism Industry
Tourism, especially mass tourism is a good example of the globalization of
consumer culture in two ways
-it involves consumption by tourists of goods and services on a global scale (many
places in many countries).
-it plays a significant role in spreading the values and the material expressions of
consumer culture around the world.
A. The Rise of the Leisure Industry
The fastest growing sector of the global economy.
Sub-sectors include
Entertainment, shopping, fashion, travel, sports
Factors contributing to its emergence
growth of leisure time and expectations
increased real incomes
demographic and social change
changes in the nature of work
affluent retirement
the marketing of leisure
B. The Rise of Global Tourism
Increased demand for tourism…
emergence of leisure culture
escapism, desire to be elsewhere
desire for travel, to experience other places
education, to learn about other places
business travel
Increased supply of tourism opportunities…
transportation revolution
economic development policies
tour companies, travel agents
airlines and cruiselines
hotel and resort chains
travel credit plans - Air Miles
foreign direct investment in tourism
marketing of tourist destinations
C. Where Do the Tourists Go?
Dominance of W.Europe and N.America as both a source of tourists and a tourist
destination…
… however, the LDCs are increasingly popular.
Tourist visitors to the Caribbean
15 1.5million
165 .5 million
170 4.5 million
11 11.65 million (excluding cruise arrivals)
Since 185, this is an annual rate of increase of 7%, compared with the world average of
5.8%.
D. What are the Tourists Looking For?
The mass tourist experience
sun, sea and sand - the winter getaway, heliotropic landscape
entertainment - resorts, casinos
sports - golf, skiing, watersports
shopping
the complete package - enclaves, cruises
The selective experience scenery - the tourist gaze
history and heritage - the nostalgia industry
culture - art, architecture, folk tradition
environment - ecotourism
adventure - trekking, rafting
sex
E. Problems Associated With Tourism
The invasion syndrome.
Tourism as a questionable basis for development
a) economic concerns
-Appropriation of local business, property and employment to serve the needs of
tourists.
-Fabrication of a new, externally dependent sector that does not serve local needs.
-Exploitation of the local labour force with low wage, gender discrimination and
underemployment.
-Commodifying basic needs, e.g. supermarkets and fast-food.
b) environmental concerns
-Appropriating scenic areas, e.g. parks and coasts
-Fabricating tourist environments hotels, resorts, golf courses, theme parks =
reshaping the physical and cultural landscapes.
-Exploiting and degrading natural resources loss of agricultural land, coastal
erosion, animal habitat destruction, water depletion and pollution.
F. The Commodification of Nature
Ecotourism
Safari parks
Nature reserves
Is this a trend to be hopeful about? or is it an extension of past practices,
marketed in a new way?
Can tourism help to promote environmentally sustainable development?
Uneven Development, Marginalization and Poverty
• What is development?
• Why is it globally uneven?
• Does the Third World exist?
• What are the obstacles to sustainable and equitable development?
______________________________________________________________________________
I. The Meaning of Development
Evidence suggests that, despite recent increases in rates of global economic growth, the gap
between rich and poor countries, regions and people persists and even shows signs of
widening.
See 00 UN Report on the World Social Situation
http//www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/rwss00.htm
Canada, Income changes, 18-
Highest fifth +6.6% ($6,175)
Middle fifth - 1.0% ($44,01)
Lowest fifth - 5.% ($17,66)
In 18 the top 0% received $5.40 for every dollar that went to the bottom 0% = increase
from $4.80 in 14.
Global trends
Since 160, the start of the first United Nations Development Decade, disparities in global
wealth distribution have doubled.
By 1, wealthiest fifth of the world population controlled
86% of world income (GNP), 8% of world export markets,
68% of FDI, and 74% of the worlds phone lines.
The lowest fifth had 1% of world income.
In 160 the top 0% of countries had 0 times the average incomes of the poorest 0%.
By 15 this had risen to 8 times.
Increasing GDP in Latin America, but roughly same % living in poverty. A definition of development
Wealth is distributed throughout the population, is increasing faster than population growth, is
creating capital which is invested in infrastructure, both public and private, which stimulates
social and economic improvements.
Sustainable development
Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. (UN Commission on Environment and Development,
184)
This embodies concepts of
• basic needs, and
• limitations on present and future carrying capacity of the environment, i.e. limits to growth.
II. Measurements of Disparity and Development
A. Financial
• Gross National (domestic) Product crude and per capita.
What are the problems with this as a measure of wealth?
Overall GDP in any country may increase, but this masks disparities between regions, sectors,
families and individuals.
• Distribution of income and wealth
e.g. the Gini Coefficient of Disparity
0 = perfect equality
1= perfect inequality
If you're particularly interested in the inequality issue go to this part of the World Bank
website
http//www.worldbank.org/poverty/inequal/index.htm
Gini coefficients Canada
18 total income 0.
after tax income 0.
14 total 0.4 (+1.4%)
after tax 0. (0%)
18 total 0.57 (+ 6.4%)
after tax 0.15 (+ 7.%)
Gini coefficients Mexico
184 total 0.41
14 total 0.54 (+11.8%)
Can you think of any weaknesses in this method of measuring income inequality?
What about looking at poverty levels?
For Canadian poverty rates, see the Canadian Council on Social Development website
http//www.ccsd.ca/facts.html
What are the problems of using poverty levels to measure disparities in levels of living?
For Developing countries we can use foreign debt ratio.
Measured as % of GDP over 00% in poorest countries.
What are the limitations of using income levels and distributions as indicators of levels of
development?
B. Social
Education and literacy
-Ratio of teachers to students
-Percent who complete various grade levels
-Percent who can read and write
Health and Welfare
-Nutrition
-Infant Mortality
-Medical Services
Employment
-Unemployment levels
-Working conditions, e.g. child labour
C. Infrastructure
Sanitation, Roads, Housing, Telecommunications
e.g. Haiti average per capita income = $50 per annum,
cell phone=$550 plus $0/month.
OECD countries have 16% of the world population but 1% of the internet users.
D. United Nations Human Development Index
Combines several measures of development
- Life expectancy at birth
- Adjusted GDP/capita
- Knowledge (literacy and education)
III. Concentrations of Wealth and Spreads of Poverty
• Structural
- concentrations of wealth in high tech industry; spreads of poverty in agriculture.
- concentrations of wealth in the hands of owners of capital and investors; spreads of
poverty amongst workers.
• Urban/rural
- metropolitan affluence, rural poverty
• Cores and Peripheries
- wealth at the centre, poverty around the edges
• Marginal Regions and Places
- the places left behind
- degraded environments
IV. Defining the Spaces of Development
(( Read pp. 75-7 in the Human Geography textbook ))
There are problems with the concept the Third World.
The arbitrariness of the North-South division - The Brandt Line.
The idea of two distinct worlds -- developed and underdeveloped -- is based on neo-colonial
attitudes and western values of development.
Are these concepts out-dated now because of globalization?
V. Theories of Development
(( Read pp. 80-8 in the Human Geography textbook ))
schools of thought (paradigms)
Modernization theory and Dependency theory
What are the main differences between these schools of thought ?
Which approach would you support and why?
VI. Globalization and Uneven Development
•Development occurs wherever investment yields the highest return.
•Capital is invested unevenly in time and space.
•Wealth concentrates in major capital centres the world cities.
As a result, flexibility of the system on a global scale in time and space causes shifts in
locations of development.
VII. Conclusion
How do the main elements of globalization that we have studied in the course cause uneven
development and increased disparity?
The Global Supermarket
e.g.
declining farm incomes
shift from local food production to export production
Global Assembly Line e.g.
maquiladoras and sweatshops
economic power of TNCs
Global Tourism
e.g.
dependency on foreign investment
vulnerability to global economic conditions
labour exploitation
The New World Order
e.g.
World Bank and IMF structural adjustment programmes and debt.
Free trade (WTO) and downward harmonization
Power of G-7
The New World Order
( read pp.444-45 and Chapter 16 in Human Geography )
Is there a new world order?
What are its main institutions?
Who controls it?
What are its underlying ideologies?
___________________________________________
U.S. President George Bush, Sr. - Sept.17, 10
Out of these troubled times… a new world order can emerge; a new era
- free from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and
more secure in the quest for peace; an era in which the nations of the
world, east and West, North and South, can prosper and live in
harmony.
I. Geography of the Cold War, 14-18
( read pp.444-448 in the textbook )
Capitalist West vs. Communist East
U.S.A. vs. U.S.S.R.
Contrasting socio-economic systems private vs. public ownership of the means of
production.
Global scale nuclear military stand-off
Mutually Assured Destruction (M.A.D.)
The Iron Curtain in Europe
… therefore a cold war between superpowers
But… also, hot zones of containment
These are located in the rd World
Examples Korea, Cuba, Vietnam
… the domino effect metaphor of geo-politics
II. A New Global Political Economy
18 Collapse of the Soviet Bloc, end of the Cold War
New power relations one superpower (the U.S.A. and its satellites - N.A.T.O.
and the U.N.)
Breakdown of the last barriers to the global economy
now there is more and freer international commerce
shifts in trade patterns - U.S.A. is the worlds market
But… does the Cold War continue in Asia? ( see p.450 )
III. Institutions of the New World Order
A. Dominance of Nation-States
Issues of sovereignty and independence.
How are nations perceived/imagined?
- race, religion
- they identify a common history
- they represent an ideal social form
Are there nations without (place) states?
( see Box 16.1 on p.457 )
B. Sub-State Threats to this Dominance
Nationalist movements ( see Box 16. on p.464 )
Ethno-religious factionalism
Decline of central planning and state intervention
Privatisation of public institutions
De-regulation of free enterprise
C. Supra-State Threats
Political institutions and relations NATO, UN, EU
Economic institutions and activities
World Bank and I.M.F., World Trade Org.,
N.A.F.T.A., O.E.C.D., O.P.E.C., TNCs…
The global media
C.N.N., B.B.C., Al-Jazeera…
International non-governmental organisations
Greenpeace, Amnesty Intl., labour unions…
IV. Control of the New World Order
A. The Establishment
Trans-national corporations
Nation-states working together
G-8, E.U., U.N. Security Council
Financial institutions, investor organizations
The U.S. military
Technological dominance
Why attack Iraq
B. The Anti-Establishment
NGOs environmental, human rights, anti-poverty
The anti-globalization movement
Anarchists, union members, feminists…
Seattle, Quebec City fence, Montreal…
Canadians N. Klein, M. Barlow, J. Singh…
V. The Underlying Ideologies in Conflict
Neo-liberal the global free market, wealth trickles
Social democratic interdependence
Marxist global capitalism vs. international socialism
AlsoGreen the global commons, universal stewardship
(true) Anarchist smaller communities are better
Self-determination and human rights, respect diversity
Is there a Cyber-ideology? ...freedom of information
Is there really a clash of civilizations?
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